BACKGROUND: Prior national surveys suggested that treatment and control of hypertension were poor in individuals with diabetes. Using measured blood pressures, we estimated prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension between 2007 and 2009 among Canadians with diabetes and sought to determine whether a treatment gap still exists for individuals ...

Agents interfering with the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) system were consistently shown to lower the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), as compared to other antihypertensive drugs, in hypertensive high-risk populations. The mechanisms underlying this protective effect of RAS blockade using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) ...

Insulin pathways were demonstrated from invertebrates to vertebrates to be involved in the regulation of numerous processes including storage metabolism and reproduction. In addition, insulin system may integrate variations of environmental conditions like dietary restrictions. In the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, reproductive and storage compartments are closely intricated in the ...

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has mainly been categorized as a circulating and a local tissue RAS. A new component of the local system, known as the intracellular RAS, has recently been described. The intracellular RAS is defined as synthesis and action of Ang II intracellularly. This RAS appears to differ ...

A comparison of the efficacy of the copper chelator, trientine, with combined renin angiotensin system (RAS) blockade on the progression of glomerular pathology in the diabetic (mREN-2)27 rat is reported. Animals were treated for 2 months with trientine, combined RAS blockers, combined trientine plus RAS blockers or none. Treatments began after ...

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is classically known for its role in regulation of blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance. Recently, several local RASs in organs such as brain, heart, pancreas and adipose tissue have also been identified. Evidence from clinical trials suggests that in addition to anti-hypertensive effects, pharmacological inhibition ...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of oral administration of the insulin-like growth factor-I-rich fraction (IGF-I-RF) from bovine colostral whey on the regulation of blood glucose levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. We obtained a peptide fraction containing IGF-I (10 ng/mg protein) from Holstein colostrum within ...

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of TNF-α inhibitor use and the risk of developing diabetes in a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inception cohort. METHODS: Adults diagnosed with RA between 1/1/2001 - 12/31/2009 were identified (n=1881). Prevalent cases of diabetes (n=294) were excluded. Information on sociodemographic data, medical history, body mass index ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate dose-related effects of glucocorticoid (GC) treatment on glucose tolerance, beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in patients with early active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: A randomized controlled, single-blind trial was conducted in 41 drug-naive patients with early active RA. Patients were randomized to receive prednisolone 60mg q.d. (PRED60) ...

BACKGROUND: Free fatty acids (FFAs) affect insulin signaling and are implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) increase lipolysis and thus levels of FFAs. We hypothesized that increased IL-6 concentrations are associated with increased FFAs resulting in insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in ...

OBJECTIVES: To compare glucose tolerance and parameters of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function between chronic glucocorticoid (GC)-using and GC-naive patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).METHODS: Frequently sampled 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests were performed in 58 chronic GC-using and 82 GC-naive patients with RA with established disease, with no known ...

OBJECTIVE While metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes confer greater cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, recent evidence suggests that these individuals have a wide range of risk. We evaluated whether screening for coronary artery calcium (CAC) and carotid intimal medial thickness (CIMT) can improve CVD risk stratification over traditional risk factors (RFs) ...

BACKGROUND: The aim of his study was to compare the efficacy of pioglitazone with metformin on the reduction of albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension and microalbuminuria treated with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RAS-Is). METHODS: The open-label, randomized trial was performed in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension and ...

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is the most important mechanism leading to cardiovascular and renal damage in diabetic patients. Studies conducted until now have unequivocally demonstrated that antihypertensive treatment with RAS blockers (angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers) improve the prognosis of patients with diabetes, by reducing rates of cardiovascular ...

Despite evidence that hyperactivity of the vasodeleterious axis (ACE/angiotensin II (Ang II)/AT1 receptor) of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) use of the inhibitors of this axis has met with limited success in the control of this pathophysiology. We investigated the hypothesis that ...

  Numerous wrinkles are observed in the skin of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats, which are similar to those seen in vitamin A-deficient (VAD) rats. Retinoic acid (RA), the active form of vitamin A, promotes the production of collagen in dermis and induces cell growth and inhibition of epidermal ...

Aims To compare the effect and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) with insulin therapy on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients inadequately controlled with metformin (MET) and/or sulfonylurea (SU). Methods A systematic literature search on Medline, Embase and Cochrane for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted using specific ...

In the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, H-Ras (a small molecular weight G-protein) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) act as pro-apoptotic, accelerating the apoptosis of retinal capillary cells, a phenomenon that predicts its development and the activation of MMP9 is under the control of H-Ras. The goal of this study is to ...

Background: We sought to identify the biomechanical characteristics of the feet of patients with diabetes mellitus and the interrelationship with diabetic neuropathy by determining the range of joint mobility and the presence and locations of calluses and foot deformities. Methods: This observational comparative study involved 281 patients with diabetes mellitus ...

The Joint British Diabetes Societies guidelines for the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (these do not cover Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic Syndrome) are available in full at: (i) http://www.diabetes.org.uk/About_us/Our_Views/Care_recommendations/The-Management-of-Diabetic-Ketoacidosis-in-Adults; (ii)  http://www.diabetes.nhs.uk/publications_and_resources/reports_and_guidance; (iii) http://www.diabetologists-abcd.org.uk/JBDS_DKA_Management.pdf. This article summarizes the main changes from previous guidelines and discusses the rationale for the new recommendations. The key points ...

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is reportedly involved in chronic diabetic complications such as diabetic nephropathy, but changes of the RAS in diabetic skin remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of angiotensin (Ang) II and its type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors in ...

Fetuses that develop in diabetic mothers have a higher incidence of birth defects that include cardiovascular defects, but the signaling pathways that mediate these developmental effects are poorly understood. It is reasonable to hypothesize that diabetic maternal effects are mediated by 1 or more pathways activated downstream of aberrant glucose ...

Rehmannia Six Formula (RF) is a formula which is commonly used to treat patient with diabetes in Traditional Chinese Medicine. A search in PubMed was performed for the years from 2000 to 2009 using keywords including RF, Rehmannia glutinosa, Corni fructus, Dioscorea alata/Dioscorea opposita/Dioscorea batatas, Poria cocos, Alisma orientalis/Alisma plantago ...

To perform a systematic literature review of the potential association among molecular markers of inflammation, alterations in body composition, and insulin resistance (IR), a precursor to type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. To determine the impact of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) as a pivotal proinflammatory ...

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:: Several studies have associated hydroxychloroquine use with decreased risk of diabetes mellitus (diabetes) or improved glycemic control in rheumatoid arthritis patients, but the studies were small or used data from self-report. The present study sought to replicate this protective relationship in a health system using electronic health records with ...

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and is the leading cause of blindness amongst working-age adults in Western countries. Large observational and randomized studies have consistently shown that optimal blood glucose and blood pressure control is the key component of intervention strategies aimed to halt ...

Scope: Previous results suggested that the effects of Salvia fruticosa tea (SFT) drinking on glucose regulation might be at the intestinal level. Here we aim to characterize the effects of SFT treatment and of its main phenolic constituent - rosmarinic acid (RA) - on the levels and localization of the ...

The study aim was to investigate NOS3 VNTR, NOS3 G894T, EDN1 C8002T, ACE I/D, AGT M235T and AGTR1 A1166C in nonobese and obese T2DM patients, and their interaction with the incidence of microangiopathy. T2DM subjects (n=250; 166 nonobese, and 84 obese) were genotyped for the gene variants by PCR/RFLP. The ...

The traditional renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components have been studied extensively since the rate-limiting component of RAS, renin, was first characterized. The ongoing identification of various novel RAS components and signaling pathways continues to elaborate the complexity of this system. Regulation of RAS according to the conventional and contemporary views of ...

The rate of appearance, Ra, of exogenous glucose in plasma after glucose ingestion is presently measured by tracer techniques that cannot be used in standard clinical testing, such as the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). We propose a mathematical model that represents in a simple way the gastric emptying, the ...

Musculoskeletal disorders are common in diabetic subjects. The pathophysiology of these disorders in diabetic patients is not obvious. It could be due to connective tissue disorders, glycosylated end products, vasculopathy, neuropathy or combinations. A wide range of musculoskeletal syndromes have been described in association with diabetes, namely diabetic cheiro-arthropathy, adhesive ...

To test the hypothesis that: (i) functional microvascular dilator capacity is independently associated with insulin sensitivity and age in individuals with central adiposity at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); and (ii) functional microvascular dilator capacity is improved by high dose statin treatment. Functional dilator capacity (measured as change in laser ...

Reduced glucose uptake due to insulin resistance is a pivotal mechanism in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. It is also associated with increased inflammation. Ras inhibition downregulates inflammation in various experimental models. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Ras inhibition on insulin sensitivity and ...

Reducing dietary fat intake and excess adiposity, the cornerstones of behavioral treatment of insulin resistance(IR), are marginally successful over the long term. Ad36, a human adenovirus, offers a template to improve IR, independent of dietary fat intake or adiposity. Ad36 increases cellular glucose uptake via a Ras-mediated activation of phosphatidyl ...

"Treat-to-target" of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is similar in many respects to hypertension and diabetes. All three diseases involve a dysregulation of normal physiologic functions, which results in long-term organ damage if not treated. "Treat-to-target" strategies, based on values of specific quantitative measures, lead to improved outcomes, including longer survival. However, ...

Reduction of proteinuria and blood pressure (BP) with blockers of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) impairs the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aldosterone antagonist spironolactone has an antiproteinuric effect, but its use is limited by side effects. The present study evaluated the short-term antiproteinuric effect and safety of the ...

Diabetic retinopathy, a vision-threatening disease, has been regarded as a vascular disorder. However, impaired oscillatory potentials (OPs) in the electroretinogram (ERG) and visual dysfunction are recorded before severe vascular lesions appear. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms underlying the retinal neural degeneration observed in the streptozotocin-(STZ-) induced type 1 diabetes ...

Osteoarthritis patients with diabetes who receive total knee arthroplasty are more vulnerable to complications, including aseptic loosening and need for revision surgery. To elucidate mechanisms related to arthroplasty failure in diabetes, we examined serum and synovial fluid markers as well as collagen crosslinks in bone and cartilage of 20 patients ...

To investigate the effects of daily chromium picolinate supplementation on serum measures of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in patients at high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, modified cross-over clinical trial with 6-month sequences of intervention and placebo followed by a 6-month postintervention ...

OBJECTIVE:: To perform a systematic literature review of the potential association between molecular markers of inflammation, alterations in body composition, and insulin resistance (IR)-a precursor to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. To determine the impact of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α as a pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokine in ...

STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the main cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade is the standard of care; however, a significant proportion of patients progress to ESRD. Pentoxifylline (PTF) possesses properties suggesting potential renoprotective efficacy. The aim of the Pentoxifylline for Renoprotection in ...

The study aimed to investigate early-stage atherosclerosis in patients with impaired fasting glucose compared with patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, lipid variables, ankle-brachial pressure index and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity were measured in 2842 subjects from Takasaki city located approximately 100 ...

The development of diabetic cardiomyopathy is multifactorial. Insulin resistance (IR) and excessive activity of the renin-angiotensin system are confirmed reasons for diabetic cardiomyopathy. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors can reduce tissue Ang II levels, with beneficial effects on cardiovascular function. Therefore, in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), blockade of the RAS may ...

Diabetic nephropathy has been the cause of lot of morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is considered to be involved in most of the pathological processes that result in diabetic nephropathy. This system has various subsystems which contribute to the disease pathology. One of ...

to investigate first-phase insulin release and peripheral insulin sensitivity of non-obese, normal-glucose tolerant, first-degree relatives of Chinese type 2 diabetic patients. 12 euglycemic first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients (ERDM), 12 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients (DM-2) and 12 healthy individuals (control) participated in the study. All subjects ...

No previous study has determined the impact of statins on lymphocyte secretory function in patients with the early stages of glucose metabolism abnormalities. Our study aimed at assessing the strength of a lymphocyte-suppressing effect of simvastatin in patients with impaired fasting glucose with reference to its action in dyslipidemic subjects. ...

To evaluate association of serum visfatin with CKD secondary to diabetic nephropathy and to compare it with patients of CKD secondary to other risk factors. Seventy eight individuals including 28 healthy controls and 50 patients of CKD were included in this study. Patients with CKD were further grouped based on ...

The aim of this study was to investigate the energy substrate requirements of the common brushtailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) using intravenous tolerance tests for glucose, alanine, and propionate in five adult male and female animals under standardized conditions. Significant differences (p<0.01) were observed for fasting blood glucose values between males ...

The aim of the study was to estimate the pancreatic beta cell function and insulin resistance indexes in a group of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) patients with normal kidney function and no previous diabetes mellitus diagnosis. A total of 49 adult patients with ADPKD aged 36 ± 11 ...

Several studies have suggested that risperidone is superior to olanzapine in glucose tolerance; however, there is little information available about the risk of impaired glucose metabolism induced by atypical antipsychotics in the same patients. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in 22 mildly obese, diabetes-free, Japanese patients ...