It has been suggested that association between hypothyroidism with dyslipidemia might be present already at the stage of normal thyroid function through altered insulin sensitivity. We analyzed the role of insulin sensitivity as a mediator of thyroid-induced lipid changes in euthyroid type 1 diabetic patients. Study included 304 patients with ...

OBJECTIVE: Glucose intolerance is often observed in autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), although its long-term prognosis after steroid treatment (ST) is still unclear. METHODS: A total of 47 patients with AIP were enrolled. On the basis of the change in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and the use of diabetic medication, prognosis was classified ...

BACKGROUND: The purpose was to characterize the clinical, biochemical, and immunological features of newly diagnosed adult-onset nonobese diabetic patients in China. METHODS: Newly diagnosed diabetic patients aged 18-45 years with body mass index<23 kg/m(2) were included. Excluding one mitochondrial diabetes patient, there were 102 diabetic patients enrolled in this study. ...

OTHER THEMES PUBLISHED IN THIS IMMUNOLOGY IN THE CLINIC REVIEW SERIES Allergy, Host Responses, Cancer, Autoinflammatory Diseases, Type 1 diabetes and viruses. SUMMARY: Historically, the development of type 2 diabetes has been considered not to have an autoimmune component, in contrast to the autoimmune pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. In ...

Context:Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) is a form of autoimmune diabetes that has been classified as part of type 1 diabetes or as a distinct clinical entity. Its precise place as a disease category is therefore controversial.Objective:The objective of this study was to further examine this issue by comparing ...

Purpose: To report a case of a child with near-simultaneous onset of Vogt Koyanagi Harada disease (VKH) and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Design: Interventional case report. Methods: An 11-year-old child with known psoriasis presented with headache and bilateral granulomatous panuveitis. Nine weeks later, he presented with diabetic ketoacidosis and IDDM. ...

Any classification is a step forward and it should help to determine the reason, the course, the prognosis, the treatment of a disease. The current classification of diabetes mellitus (DM) is really very convenient for work, but it has some drawbacks, and the absence of differentiation of type 2 diabetes ...

Aims:  Systemic concentrations of adhesion molecules and chemokines are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular complications. We compared these factors between patients with Type 2 diabetes vs. Type 1 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Methods:  Serum concentrations of adhesion molecules sE-selectin, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1, and chemokines CCL2, CCL3 and CCL4 ...

The global obesity epidemic has led to dramatic increases in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among youth worldwide. In today's clinical practice it has become increasingly difficult to distinguish type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) from T2DM as many children with T1DM are overweight at diagnosis. ...

Highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays have been validated for autoantibodies reacting with the four major autoantigens identified so far in autoimmune diabetes. However, the analysis of this large number of autoantigens has increased the costs and time necessary for complete autoantibody screenings. Our aim was to demonstrate that it is ...

Type 1 diabetes is a disease involving autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells in genetically predisposed individuals. Identifying factors that trigger initiation and progression of autoimmunity may provide opportunities for directed prophylactic and therapeutic measures to prevent and/or treat type 1 diabetes. The human intestinal microbiome is a complex, symbiotic ...

A subset of children develops persistent insulin autoantibodies (IAA; almost always as the only islet autoantibody) without evidence of progression to diabetes. The aim of the current study was the development and characterization of the performance of a nonradioactive fluid phase insulin autoantibody assay in relation to standard IAA radioassay. ...

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets. There is an immediate need to restore both β-cell function and immune tolerance to control disease progression and ultimately cure T1D. Currently, there is no effective treatment strategy to restore glucose regulation in patients with ...

The long-held view that many autoimmune disorders are primarily driven by a Th1 response has been challenged by the discovery of Th17 cells. Since the identification of this distinct T cell subset, Th17 cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. ...

The incidence of type I diabetes is rising worldwide, particularly in young children. Type I diabetes is considered a multifactorial disease with genetic predisposition and environmental factors participating. Currently, despite years of research, there is no consensus regarding the factors that initiate the autoimmune response. Type I diabetes is preceded ...

Rewers M. The fallacy of reduction. The "accelerator hypothesis" has made a significant impact on research into the etiology of type 1 diabetes. Some, but not all prospective studies have confirmed a weak association between insulin resistance and faster progression to diabetes among persons with advanced islet autoimmunity. However, there ...

Wilkin TJ. The accelerator hypothesis. It seems likely that type 1 and type 2 diabetes lie at different points of the same spectrum, separated by the misunderstanding that one belongs to childhood and the other to adulthood. The spectrum is that of tempo - the rate at which beta cell ...

The destruction of beta cells in type 1 diabetes in humans and in autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse model is a consequence of chronic islet inflammation in the pancreas. The T cell-driven autoimmune response is initiated by environmental triggers which are influenced by the state of intestinal homeostasis and ...

Type 1 diabetes is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease against pancreatic beta cells. T cells target various antigens such as insulin, chromogranin A, glutamic acid decarboxylase and islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein. Elimination of insulin dramatically prevents diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model and response to insulin occurs prior ...

Our recent review of the literature revealed that approximately 20 antigens are now known to be targeted by T cells in the NOD mouse model of the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes. Of these, insulin has received considerable attention and has been described by some in the research community as ...

Thioredoxin as a biological antioxidant plays an important role in regulating the redox system. The administration of recombinant thioredoxin has been demonstrated to be anti-inflammatory. In this study, the effect of recombinant human thioredoxin-1 (rhTrx-1) in preventing type 1 diabetes (T1D) in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice was evaluated. Eight-week-old NOD ...

Identification of unique inflammatory markers may facilitate prediction of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We previously compared transcript profiles of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from non-obese diabetic mice with those from non-obese non-diabetic mice and found that bone marrow-derived dendritic cells' expressions of inflammatory mediators, including chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand ...

Some type 1 diabetic patients do not require insulin at diagnosis of diabetes, and they progress to insulin dependence only after several years (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults). However, not all patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults progress to insulin dependence. We compared the characteristics of patients with high ...

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a form of autoimmune-mediated diabetes in adults, usually defined by GAD autoantibody positivity. Few epidemiological surveys on LADA in Asians did not come to a conclusive answer regarding prevalence and incidence, because of different criteria used in patient ascertainment. We estimated LADA prevalence ...

Objective:  Central diabetes insipidus is a rare clinical condition with a heterogenous aetiology. Up to 40% of cases are classified as idiopathic, though many of these are thought to have an autoimmune basis. Published data has suggested that anterior hypopituitarism is common in childhood onset idiopathic diabetes insipidus. We aimed ...

Aims:Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is an endocrine factor with multiple beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in animals. This study aimed to investigate the association of serum FGF21 levels with type 1 diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and type 2 diabetes.Methods:Serum FGF21 levels were determined by ...

OBJECTIVEAutoimmune diabetes is a T cell-mediated disease in which insulin-producing β-cells are destroyed. Autoreactive T cells play a central role in mediating β-cell destruction. B7-H4 is a negative cosignaling molecule that downregulates T-cell responses. In this study, we aim to determine the role of B7-H4 on regulation of β-cell-specific autoimmune ...

Background - Diabetic retinopathy seriously impairs patients' quality of life, since it represents the first cause of blindness in industrialized countries. Aim - To estimate prevalence of retinopathy in young type 1 diabetes patients using a Nonmydriatic Digital Stereoscopic Retinal Imaging (NMDSRI), and to evaluate the impact of socio-demographic, clinical ...

Human fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) is an extremely aggressive disease. The delay of proper diagnosis results in high mortality. However, the pathophysiology of this disease remains unclear. We took advantage of CD28-deficient NOD (CD28(-/-) NOD) mice, which have limited numbers of regulatory T cells and develop aggressive autoimmune diabetes, ...

Recent evidence from serum metabolomics indicates that specific metabolic disturbances precede β-cell autoimmunity in humans and can be used to identify those children who subsequently progress to type 1 diabetes. The mechanisms behind these disturbances are unknown. Here we show the specificity of the pre-autoimmune metabolic changes, as indicated by ...

Classical genetic studies established a link between Type 1 diabetes, a common childhood autoimmune disease and genes that encode MHC antigens and several immune-related determinants. The mechanisms by which these genes contribute to the initiation and perpetuation of Type 1 diabetes remain enigmatic. Emerging data indicate a role for epigenetic ...

Statins have marked beneficial effects on lipid profile, but also have pleiotropic actions. A previous study in an iodine-deficient area suggested that statin use is associated with reduced thyroid volume and nodularity. We performed this study to investigate how long-term statin use in type 2 diabetic patients affects thyroid nodularity ...

Wolfram Syndrome (WS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder that causes non-autoimmune type 1 diabetes. The etiology involves a single gene mutation of the wolframin protein inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in selected cell types with resultant diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and sensory-neural deafness. Symptoms are initially ...

Autoantibodies to zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) constitute an additional marker of autoimmune diabetes, complementing those already used in diagnosis support. ZnT8A could also be found in latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of ZnT8A in adult-onset diabetic patients in Argentinian ...

OBJECTIVEIn contrast with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes, the genetics of autoimmune diabetes in adults are not well understood. We have therefore investigated the genetics of diabetes diagnosed in adults positive for autoantibodies.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSGAD autoantibodies (GADAs), insulinoma-associated antigen-2 antibodies (IA-2As), and islet cell autoantibodies were measured at time of ...

Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disease most often associated with elevated and uncontrolled blood glucose levels. Therefore patient education and treatment compliance is often focused on disease maintenance through insulin treatment and blood glucose control. Unfortunately insulin therapy alone does not prevent the formation of diabetic complications. In order ...

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. It was thus logical to attempt preventing or stopping the progression of the disease by immunotherapy. Following the strategies used in organ transplantation, the first trials in the 80s used cyclosporin in patients presenting recently diagnosed Type 1 diabetes. The effect was spectacular ...

OBJECTIVE The TrialNet Study Group evaluated rituximab, a B-cell-depleting monoclonal antibody, for its effect in new-onset patients with type 1A diabetes. Rituximab decreased the loss of C-peptide over the first year of follow-up and markedly depleted B-lymphocytes for 6 months after administration. This article analyzes the specific effect of rituximab ...

Recent studies have shown that IL-17 can contribute beneficially to pathogen defense but also that excessive IL-17 levels are associated with chronic inflammation and autoimmune disorders. To date, the role of IL-17 in viral infections and type 1 diabetes is ambiguous. In this study, we used IL-17A enhanced green fluorescent ...

The authors discuss the case of a 32-year-old woman, with history of Graves' disease, who was noncompliant with her medications. She presented with thyroid storm and concomitant diabetic ketoacidosis. She had no history of diabetes, and this was the first presentation of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and Graves' disease ...

Diabet. Med. 28, 896-899 (2011) ABSTRACT: Aims  Type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroiditis are common autoimmune diseases characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against tissue-specific components. Non-thyroid-specific autoantibodies are frequent in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. The prevalence of Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis is unknown. Methods  The prevalence ...

To update on the clinical trials using antigen-specific therapies in autoimmune diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is now a predictable disease with the measurement of islet autoantibodies, and the incidence is increasing dramatically. Well tolerated and effective interventions are needed to stop the underlying autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Beta-cell ...

Several polymers were used to delivery genes to diabetic animals. Polyaminobutyl glycolic acid was utilized to deliver IL-10 plasmid DNA to prevent autoimmune insulitis of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Polyethylene glycol grafted polylysine was combined with antisense glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) MRNA to represent GAD autoantigene expression. GLP1 and TSTA ...

AIM: To develop a preclinical large animal model of autoimmune diabetes to facilitate the translational research of autoimmune diabetes in human. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine young rhesus monkeys received multiple-low-dose (MLD) intravenous injections of streptozotocin for five consecutive days, followed by two additional boosting injections of STZ given 1week apart. ...

Glycated albumin (GA) is a new glycemic control indicator. GA/HbA1c ratio in autoimmune acute-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus patients was significantly higher than in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at the time of diagnosis. This difference might reflect speed of increase in plasma glucose after the onset of diabetes.

Exosomes (EXO) are secreted intracellular microparticles that can trigger inflammation and induce Ag-specific immune responses. To test possible roles of EXO in autoimmunity, we isolated small microparticles, mainly EXO, from mouse insulinoma and examined their activities to stimulate the autoimmune responses in NOD mice, a model for human type 1 ...

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: The presentation, diagnosis, clinical course and treatment of a young man with hyperthyroidism secondary to autoimmune thyroiditis in the setting of type 1 diabetes mellitus has not previously been described. Case Presentation: A 32 year old European-American man with an eight year history of type 1 diabetes presented ...

BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a clinically heterogeneous disease. The presence of associated autoimmune diseases (AAIDs) may represent a distinct form of autoimmune diabetes, with involvement of specific mechanisms. The aim of this study was to find predictors of AAIDs in the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium data set. ...

OBJECTIVE: Autoimmune diabetes can be reversed with mixed chimerism. However, the myelotoxic agents currently required to establish chimerism have prevented the translation of this approach to the clinic. Here, we investigated whether multimodal co-stimulatory blockade would enhance chimerism and promote islet allograft tolerance in spontaneously diabetic NOD mice METHODS: Pre-diabetic ...

The origins of autoimmunity are still elusive despite significant advances in immunology. There is cumulative evidence that, beyond simple genetics, the maternal environment plays a critical role in the development of common autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis or diabetes. In recent years, the trafficking of maternal cells to the ...