Insulin resistance is a risk factor in the development of type 2 diabetes and is a major cause of atherosclerosis. Reduction in heme oxygenase (HO-1) has been shown to exacerbate vascular dysfunction and insulin resistance in obese mice and involves a decrease in adiponectin levels. Adiponectin is released from mesenchymal ...

Background:Cellular glucose uptake can be enhanced by upregulating Ras signaling in either insulin-dependent or -independent manner. In presence of insulin and intact insulin signaling, Ras has a negligible role in glucose uptake. Conversely, when insulin signaling is impaired in obesity or diabetes, the insulin-independent Ras pathway may be valuable for ...

We sought to determine whether obese adolescents with high-"normal" 2-h post-oral glucose tolerance test glucose levels display defects in insulin secretion and sensitivity associated with future development of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and insulin secretion by applying mathematical modeling during the hyperglycemic clamp ...

The stress protein heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) induces secretion of proinflammatory mediators from murine adipocytes. This study aimed to study Hsp60 as a mediator of adipose tissue inflammation and skeletal muscle cell (SkMC) insulin sensitivity and to quantify plasma Hsp60 concentrations in lean and obese individuals. Regulation of Hsp60 ...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders including hyperglycemia and impaired insulin action and/or insulin secretion. Obesity T2DM has become a serious problem in Japan as in Western countries, with over-eating and physical inactivity. Obese Asians have mild degree of adiposity, compared with Western ...

Age associated increases in visceral adiposity and decreases in muscle mass (sarcopenia) have been shown to contribute to disability in late life. Furthermore, there is evidence that obesity-related physiological states, such as insulin resistance and systemic inflammation, may exacerbate physical functioning problems. Both conditions have been shown to prompt hypercatabolism ...

It is well known that age-related increases in obesity and insulin resistance (IR) greatly increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, we are just beginning to appreciate the role of obesity and IR in cognitive decline and dementia. Research increasingly supports a multifaceted role for insulin ...

Obese adipose tissue (AT) exhibits increased macrophage number. Pro-inflammatory CD16+ peripheral monocyte numbers are also reported to increase with obesity. The current study was undertaken to simultaneously investigate obesity-associated changes in CD16+ monocytes and adipose tissue macrophages (ATM). In addition, a pilot randomised placebo controlled trial using the peroxisome proliferator-activated ...

The early improvement of glucose control taking place shortly after gastric bypass surgery in obese diabetic patients has long been mysterious. A recent study in mice has highlighted some specific mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. The specificity of gastric bypass in obese diabetic mice relates to major changes in the sensations ...

Obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and progressive decline in pancreatic β-cell function are major features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Altered adipokines contribute to obesity-induced IR. Hence understanding of adipokines' relation to obesity and glycemic control could be useful to improve disease outcomes. We aimed at determination of serum retinol ...

To describe the number of Mexican adults with undiagnosed diabetes and arterial hypertension and their association with obesity. The study included a sub-sample of 6 613 subjects aged 20 years or more who participated in the 2006 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2006). Subjects with a previous diagnosis of ...

Dietary obesity is a major factor in the development of type 2 diabetes and is associated with intra-adipose tissue hypoxia and activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α). Here we report that, in mice, Hif1α activation in visceral white adipocytes is critical to maintain dietary obesity and associated pathologies, including glucose ...

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that glucose ingestion following an overnight fast increases leg vascular conductance (LVCd) and superficial femoral artery (SFA) vasodilation in lean but not obese young women. Obese (23.5 ± 4.0 years, 84.7 ± 14.7 kg, 37.2% ± 6.4% fat; mean ± SD, n = 8) and lean (23.8 ± 2.4 years, ...

BACKGROUND: Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) are associated with similar type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) resolution rates for morbidly obese subjects. However, the mechanisms underlying the resolution of T2DM after SG have not been clarified to date. This study aimed to compare the early changes in gastrointestinal ...

Insulin resistance is a major characteristic of type 2 diabetes and develops in multiple organs including skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue, and heart(1). Insulin resistance is caused by obesity and therefore establishes an important causal relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes(2). Insulin resistance also develops in aging, but this ...

Fucoxanthin (Fx) isolated from Undaria pinnatifida suppresses the development of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia of diabetic/obese KK-A(y) mice after 2 weeks of feeding 0.2% Fx-containing diet. In the soleus muscle of KK-A(y) mice that were fed Fx, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to plasma membranes from cytosol was promoted. On the ...

BACKGROUND: Offspring of women with gestational diabetes (OGD) have greater risk for obesity and impaired metabolic health. Whether impaired metabolic health occurs in the absence of obesity is not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the independent and interactive effects of intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes and ...

Introduction:  Circulating pigment epithelium-derived factor, or serine protease inhibitor F1, is upregulated during adipogenesis, contributing to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Furthermore, pigment epithelium-derived factor is abundant in stage I melanosomes and has been reported to increase pigment granules and the appearance of mature melanosomes in retinal pigment epithelium. As acanthosis nigricans ...

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance in skeletal muscle are incompletely understood. Here, we aimed to obtain a global picture of changes in protein abundance in skeletal muscle in obesity and type 2 diabetes, and those associated with whole-body measures of insulin action. METHODS: Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained ...

Emerging evidence has indicated that insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) may be involved in the development of obesity and insulin resistance like IGFBP-1. The aim of this study was to measure serum IGFBP-2 levels in overweight and obese children and to compare these levels with those of controls. We ...

Obesity and its related comorbidities are major public health concerns in the United States with over two-thirds of adults and one-third of children classified as overweight or obese. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has similarly risen to an estimated 25.8 million, which accounts for a staggering $174 ...

In most humans, obesity and insulin resistance coexist. However, a unique group of obese individuals, who exhibit better insulin sensitivity than expected for their adiposity, has been the focus of recent research interest. We critically examine cross-sectional and lifestyle intervention studies in obese humans classified as 'insulin-sensitive' versus 'insulin-resistant' and ...

Obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR) is manifested by increased hepatic glucose output and reduced glucose disposal in the peripheral tissues at a given level of insulin. Genetic factors play an important role in the development of obesity-associated IR. We identified a new cDNA by using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), which was ...

Leptin enhances insulin sensitivity in addition to reducing food intake and body weight. Recently, amylin, a pancreatic β cell derived hormone, was shown to restore a weight-reducing effect of leptin in leptin-resistant diet-induced obesity (DIO). However, whether amylin improves the effect of leptin on insulin sensitivity in DIO is unclear. ...

Aims:  Childhood obesity is associated with an increased likelihood for having impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidaemia and diabetes. The aim of the study was to evaluate HbA(1c) as a screening test for impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents and identify the optimal HbA(1c) threshold. Methods:  We studied 126 obese ...

Rationale:Hyperamylinemia is common in patients with obesity and insulin resistance, coincides with hyperinsulinemia, and results in amyloid deposition. Amylin amyloids are generally considered a pancreatic disorder in type 2 diabetes. However, elevated circulating levels of amylin may also lead to amylin accumulation and proteotoxicity in peripheral organs, including the heart.Objective:To ...

Despite the prevalence of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), their underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Many secreted endocrine factors and the inter-tissue crosstalk they mediate are known to be dysregulated in T2DM. Here, we describe CTRP12, a novel adipokine with anti-diabetic actions. The mRNA and circulating levels ...

Obesity and type-2 diabetes are currently considered global pandemics. A large set of epidemiological evidences are addressing both the importance of a genetic predisposition -starting with the thrifty genotype hypothesis- and the determinant role of the maternal nutrition during pregnancy -starting with longitudinal studies of individuals born during the Dutch ...

Energy homeostasis in mammalians is a teleological process regulated by the interplay between caloric intake and energy expenditure. Incretins are a significant component of the complex homeostatic network regulating the metabolic state in humans. This narrative review will focus on the basic concepts regarding incretin physiology and their regulatory feedback ...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is classically viewed as a disease of adults caused by poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity. However, with increasing awareness of the heterogeneity of T2DM, new risk factors are being identified that add complexity. Some of these new risk factors have been identified in Canadian ...

The global prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents has increased substantially over the past several decades. These trends are also visible in developing economies like India. Childhood obesity impacts all the major organ systems of the body and is well known to result in significant morbidity and ...

Obesity is a major public health problem and is implicated in the rising prevalence of cardiac disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus in India. Management of an obese patient includes therapeutic lifestyle changes of increasing physical activity and reducing calorie intake. This combination can result in about a 10% loss ...

The risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is greater among obese individuals. Following onset of the disease, patients with T2DM become more likely to be afflicted with diabetic micro- and macrovascular complications. Decreasing body weight has been shown to lower glycosylated hemoglobin and improve other metabolic parameters in patients ...

MicroRNAs belong to a newly identified class of small non-coding RNAs that have been widely implicated in the fine-tuning of many physiological processes such as the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. Microarray studies have highlighted an altered profile of miRNA expression in insulin target tissues in diabetic ...

Aims: To investigate the possible association between maternal diabetes mellitus and increased yolk sac diameter (YSD). Methods: We searched the Early Pregnancy Unit database to identify singleton pregnancies with measurements of embryonic crown-rump length (CRL) and YSD at 6-10 weeks of gestation and subsequent delivery of phenotypically normal neonates. We ...

Despite improved obstetric surveillance and better management of maternal hyperglycaemia over the last few decades, perinatal mortality and congenital malformation rates remain several fold higher in pregnancy complicated by diabetes than in the background population. A worldwide increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is now being realized in ...

Abstract Objective: To assess the age-dependent fetal subcutaneous fat layer (SCFL) of non-diabetic, normal-weight mothers and fetuses of mothers with gestational diabetes (GDM) and normal body weight or obesity. Methods: In a prospective study, we evaluated 115 MRI examinations of fetuses with no history of (maternal) metabolic disease [gestational week ...

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) from all causes of diabetes is the most common medical complication of pregnancy and is increasing in incidence, particularly as type 2 diabetes continues to increase worldwide. Despite advances in perinatal care, infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) remain at risk for a multitude of physiologic, metabolic, ...

AIMS: To study HLA-DQB1 genes and islet cell autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GADA) and insulinoma antigen-2 (IA-2A) in relation to diabetes post partum in mothers with diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS: During 2003-2004, women undergoing a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) during pregnancy were invited to ...

Maternal diabetes constitutes an unfavorable environment for embryonic and fetoplacental development. Despite current treatments, pregnant women with pregestational diabetes are at increased risk for congenital malformations, materno-fetal complications, placental abnormalities and intrauterine malprogramming. The complications during pregnancy concern the mother (gravidic hypertension and/or preeclampsia, cesarean section) and the fetus (macrosomia ...

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the aortic isthmus flow index (IFI) is lower in fetuses of diabetic mothers than in fetuses of nondiabetic mothers. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a cross-sectional observational study to assess the IFI in fetuses, with (n = 13) and without (n = 37) myocardial hypertrophy, of mothers with diabetes ...

OBJECTIVETo examine the association between breastfeeding intensity in relation to maternal blood glucose and insulin and glucose intolerance based on the postpartum 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results at 6-9 weeks after a pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe selected 522 participants enrolled into the ...

The effect of alloxan-induced gestational diabetes on the postnatal development of brush border disaccharidases and D: -glucose transport in rat intestine was studied. Pups born to diabetic mothers showed 92-22% increase in blood sugar levels compared with the controls. Western blot and RT-PCR analyses revealed that the activities of brush ...

Abstract Objective: Our objective is to determine if there is a relationship between diabetes during pregnancy and childhood obesity, in our inner-city, African-American population. Methods: Pertinent child, neonatal, and maternal pregnancy and delivery data were collected from mothers of children age 2-5 years old. Outcome variable definition was based on ...

Alterations of the intrauterine and neonatal environment may predispose for disorders and diseases throughout later life (perinatal programming). Especially, hormones and nutrients are dose-dependent organizers of the developing organism. Studies in offspring of diabetic mothers (ODM) have paradigmatically contributed to the perception of this developmental principle and our understanding of ...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus initially said to be an adult disease is now reported in children and adolescents in the developed countries because of increased incidence of obesity and sedentary habits associated with westernization and lifestyle changes. There is a paucity of reports from Africa A 9year old overweight female ...

Maternal diabetes is a common complication of pregnancy, and the offspring of diabetic mothers have a higher risk of developing obesity and type 2 diabetes later in life. Despite these observations, the precise biological processes mediating this metabolic programming are not well understood. Here, we explored the consequences of maternal ...

Intergenerational "mismatch" and/or growth conditions may be relevant to the epidemic of diabetes in developing populations. In a rapidly developing southern Chinese population, we tested whether maternal environment, proxied by maternal literacy, or family socio-economic position (SEP), proxied by paternal literacy, were associated with fasting glucose and diabetes. To assess ...

Abstract Background: Some epidemiological studies have shown a protective effect of breastfeeding against type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), whereas others have found opposite results. The role of early exposure to cow's milk protein and shorter duration of breastfeeding are still controversial. This study aimed to compare the frequency and duration ...

Background: The protective role of the Ala allele in the Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARγ on type 2 diabetes has been well established but not confirmed in the context of pregnancy, for gestational diabetes, a known predictor of later type 2 diabetes onset. Another PPARγ polymorphism, the C1431T, is in strong ...