Skin lesions are common events and we have evolved to rapidly heal them in order to maintain homeostasis and prevent infection and sepsis. Most acute wounds heal without issue, but as we get older our bodies become compromised by poor blood circulation and conditions such as diabetes, leading to slower ...

It is well established that genetic factors play an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and its chronic complications, and that genetically susceptible subjects can develop the disease after being exposed to environmental risk factors. Therefore, great efforts have been made to identify genes associated ...

In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise in early and chronic diabetic stages on parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivity in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and its lean control rats (ZLC). To investigate the effects, ZLC and ZDF rats at 6 ...

BACKGROUND: Increased production of ROS in mitochondria has been proposed as pathogenic mechanism for chronic complications of diabetes. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is more vulnerable to ROS. However, there are few data on the mtDNA damage in diabetes only from patients with different duration of the disease and tissues not relevant ...

The authors concisely review the main clinical issues arising in the management of the hypertensive patient with type 2 diabetes, in whom chronic kidney disease is prevalent and heralds increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Special attention is paid to the clinical meaning, relevance and limits of albumin excretion and glomerular ...

OBJECTIVE:: This study aimed to examine possible persisting peripheral neuropathy in a group who undertook fuel tank repairs on F-111 aircraft, relative to two contemporaneous comparison groups. METHODS:: Vibration perception threshold (VPT) was tested using biothesiometry in 614 exposed personnel, compared with two unexposed groups (513 technical trades and 403 ...

Leptin and insulin have overlapping intracellular signaling mechanisms and exert anorexigenic actions in the hypothalamus. We aimed to determine how chronic exposure to increased leptin affects the hypothalamic response to a rise in insulin. We analyzed the activation and interactions of components of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway in the ...

Diabetes mellitus may be associated with excessive lean mass loss. Other diabetes-related conditions may also play a role. We assessed body composition changes associated with diabetes in older adults with adjustment for diabetes-related co-morbidities. Three thousand, one hundred and fifty-three community-living adults aged ≥ 65 years were examined for lifestyle ...

Prolonged periods of limited muscle activity can reduce insulin action. Acute changes in low muscle activity (ie, sitting) have not been assessed. In addition, unless energy intake is reduced during sitting to match low expenditure, the concurrent energy surplus may explain lower insulin action. The objective of the study was ...

High-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity is a major contributor to diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but the underlying genetic mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we use Drosophila to test the hypothesis that HFD-induced obesity and associated cardiac complications have early evolutionary origins involving nutrient-sensing signal transduction pathways. We find that HFD-fed flies exhibit ...

the present study evaluated the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS), body fat composition and epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) in type 1 diabetes. Epicardial adipose tissue is a new independent marker of coronary artery disease (CAD). forty-five type 1 diabetic women were evaluated (age 36 ± 9 years; body mass index ...

Subjects with the metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, etc.) have a relative increase in abdominal fat tissue compared to normal individuals and obesity has also been shown to be associated with a decrease in insulin clearance. The majority of the clearance of insulin is due to the ...

In haemodialysis (HD) patients, abdominal visceral fat is accumulated while lean body mass is decreased irrespective of their body mass indexes (BMI). However, it is poorly understood which changes of fat and muscle masses are more associated with changes of arteriosclerosis. We aimed at examining the associations of abdominal visceral ...

Ectopic lipid storage in muscle (intramyocellular lipids [IMCL]) and liver (hepatocellular lipids [HCL]) coexists with impaired myocellular flux through ATP synthase (fATPase) in certain cohorts with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Because women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (pGDM) have elevated ectopic lipids and diabetes risk, we ...

Several studies suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is often associated with male hypogonadism. Despite the well-known link, the role of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in T2DM has not been completely clarified. The aim of the present study was to analyse systematically the relationship between androgen levels and T2DM ...

Obesity is the single greatest risk factor for the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with the prevalence of both dramatically increasing in recent years. These conditions are associated with medical complications such as hypertension, neuropathy and cardiovascular disease. Recent evidence also suggests a greater risk of developing dementia ...

Since over-nutrition accelerates the development of obesity, progression to type 2 diabetes, and the associated co-morbidity and mortality, there has been a keen interest in therapeutic interventions targeting mechanisms that may curb appetite, increase energy expenditure or at least attenuate insulin resistance. Over the past decade, numerous peri-mitochondrial targets in ...

The patent claims inhibitors of ghrelin-O-acyltransferase enzyme. These inhibitors were designed as bisubstrate analogs of the enzymatic reaction and were coupled with one of the peptides able to cross cell membranes, the 11-mer Tat peptide. The compound GO-CoA-Tat was studied in vitro and in vivo; after intraperitoneal administration, it enhances ...

This review highlights various components of interventions that reduced obesity and type 2 diabetes risk factors among overweight Latino youth. A total of 114 overweight Latino adolescents completed one of four randomized controlled trials: 1) strength training (ST; boys only); 2) modified carbohydrate nutrition program (N); 3) combination of N+ST; ...

scholastic competence is a predictor of future achievement, yet there is little research about health factors that influence the development of self-perceived scholastic competence (SPSC). This study examined the relationship of insulin resistance and body fatness with SPSC in low-income, overweight and obese, African American children. data were analyzed from ...

Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations have been shown to be associated with insulin sensitivity; however, adiposity may confound this relation. Furthermore, African Americans (AAs) have lower insulin sensitivity and 25(OH)D concentrations than do European Americans (EAs); whether these differences are associated in a cause-and-effect manner has ...

Previous studies have reported that high fat feeding in mild to moderate heart failure (HF) results in the preservation of contractile function. Recent evidence has suggested that preventing the switch from fatty acid to glucose metabolism in HF may ameliorate dysfunction, and insulin resistance is one potential mechanism for regulating ...

Recent data suggested that sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels decrease when fat accumulates in the liver and that circulating SHBG may be causally involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in humans. In the present study, we investigated mechanisms by which high SHBG may prevent development to diabetes. Before ...

The aim of this study was to determine whether the mean size of fat cells in either visceral or subcutaneous adipose tissue has an impact on the metabolic and inflammatory profiles in morbid obesity. In 80 morbidly obese women, mean visceral (omental) and subcutaneous fat cell sizes were related to ...

The β(2)-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) mediates obesity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and insulin resistance. We examined the hypothesis that ADRB2 Arg16Gly-Gln27Glu haplotype is associated with body composition, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity in obese, postmenopausal women. Obese (>35% body fat), postmenopausal (age 45-75 years) women (n = 123) underwent genotyping, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, ...

There is a growing epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the world, more than 75% of the patients are in the developing countries. India is facing a twin burden of under-nutrition and over-nutrition: it figures prominently both in the hunger map of the world as well as being ...

Background: Insulin resistance, i.e. impaired insulin sensitivity, and type 2 diabetes are more prevalent in elderly humans. Both conditions relate to lower aerobic performance and increased body fatness, which have been linked to reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Thus, lower insulin sensitivity in the elderly could result from age-related diminished energy ...

Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by an increased number of CAG repeats in the HTT gene. Apart from neurological impairment, the disease is also accompanied by progressive weight loss, abnormalities in fat and glucose homeostasis and a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, the causes of which ...

We evaluated the role of fatty liver in the alteration of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in two groups of obese adolescents, differing in hepatic fat content (hepatic fat fraction [HFF]) but with similar intrabdominal intramyocellular lipid content (IMCL) and overall degree of obesity. We studied 23 obese adolescents with ...

CONTEXT: Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), fat in the neck area [interscapular fat (IF)], and liver fat (LF) are associated with metabolic traits related to insulin resistance. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy offer a unique approach to quantify fat depots in larger cohorts. OBJECTIVE: The ...

The association between obesity and impaired insulin sensitivity has long been recognized, although a subgroup of obese individuals seems to be protected from insulin resistance. In this study, we systematically studied differences in adipose tissue biology between insulin-sensitive (IS) and insulin-resistant (IR) individuals with morbid obesity. On the basis of ...

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is greater among African Americans (AA) vs. European Americans (EA), independent of obesity and lifestyle. We tested the hypothesis that intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) or extramycellular lipid (EMCL) would be associated with insulin sensitivity among healthy young women, and that the associations would differ with ...

Increases in intra-abdominal fat, a common feature associated with aging, is an established risk factor for insulin resistance, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. To examine the direct contribution of intra-abdominal fat in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance we altered fat volume via removal or transplantation in a naturally occurring age-induced ...

AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of OpunDia (Opuntia ficus-indica) in obese pre-diabetic men and women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This double-blind placebo controlled study included participants (age range of 20-50 years) randomly assigned to one of the two groups ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To describe the relationship between testosterone levels and type 2 diabetes (T2D). RECENT FINDINGS: Multiple epidemiological studies have shown that low testosterone levels are associated with and predict the future development of T2D and the metabolic syndrome. Although this relationship is confounded by the association of total ...

OBJECTIVE: Recent study showed high chemokine CXC ligand 5 (CXCL5) is thought to be associated with insulin resistance in humans. However, evidence from large-scale populations about the relationship between serum CXCL5 level and metabolic phenotypes is scarce. Here we sought to evaluate serum CXCL5 distribution and its association with metabolic ...

Objective:The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of body size on insulin-mediated, whole-body glucose uptake (M-value) in morbidly obese (MO) subjects, who have large amounts of fat mass. Furthermore, we aimed at verifying which surrogate insulin-sensitivity index can better substitute the euglycemic clamp values and whether the ...

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of the study was to test prospectively whether healthy individuals with a family history of type 2 diabetes are more susceptible to adverse metabolic effects during experimental overfeeding. METHODS: We studied the effects of 3 and 28 days of overfeeding by 5,200 kJ/day in 41 sedentary individuals ...

High respiratory quotient (RQ) has been associated with fat mass (FM) gain in some, but not all studies. Variability among results may reflect differences in the RQ variable measured (fasting vs. 24-h) or may be due to differences in control for factors that affect RQ, such as diet, energy balance, ...

BACKGROUND: Subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) have a reduced life expectancy due to cardiovascular disease. Increased systemic low-grade inflammation is postulated as a contributor, despite reported lower visceral fat mass and increased insulin sensitivity. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to compare inflammatory markers and arterial stiffness in PWS and adiposity-matched obese ...

INTRODUCTION: Evidence supports an inverse relationship between serum testosterone (T) and insulin resistance in men. However, data with respect to causality are limited. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of acute biochemical castration on insulin sensitivity in healthy adult men. METHODS: Ten healthy, adult males (mean ...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:The objective of the study was to determine whether visceral or subcutaneous component of abdominal fat was associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in non- diabetic Asian Indians. METHODS: This cross-sectional study had on 120 individuals with normal glucose tolerance (49 males and 71 females). A single ...

Low testosterone and estradiol concentrations are predictive for the development of the metabolic syndrome in men and women, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sex hormone deficiency on food intake, body weight, body composition and glucose metabolism in male Göttingen minipigs. Five adult male ...

CONTEXT: Abdominal obesity is a major risk factor for diabetes. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the lumbar spine provides an index of abdominal fat. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine the hypothesis that DXA-derived abdominal fat measurement in women undergoing osteoporosis investigation predicts risk for subsequent diagnosis of diabetes. DESIGN: ...

We characterised the development of Type 2 diabetes and associated changes in islet appearance in female ZDF rats and explored its suitability for studies with novel therapeutic agents. Female ZDF rats were either chow or high fat (60%) fed for up to 36 days and blood glucose and plasma insulin ...

Cross-sectional studies have reported inverse associations of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) with the body mass index (BMI). We evaluated whether changes in the BMI are associated with changes in BNP. A nested prospective cohort study of a lifestyle intervention (low-fat, whole-foods diet, exercise, stress management, and social support) was conducted. ...

AIMS: The association between BMI and low levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a marker of heart failure, has been demonstrated in a large population-based cohort. We examined the effects of obesity on BNP levels in patients with diabetes that are often associated with obesity and a higher risk for ...

Our goal was to investigate the effects of low intensity resistance training on body fat, muscle mass and strength, cardiovascular fitness, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. Twenty-eight overweight women with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to a resistance training group (RG, n = 13) or a control ...

Human fat consists of white and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT). Though most fat is energy-storing WAT, the thermogenic capacity of even small amounts of BAT makes it an attractive therapeutic target for inducing weight loss through energy expenditure. This review evaluates the recent discoveries regarding the identification of ...

AIMS: Diets rich in non-viscous fibre are linked to a reduced risk of both diabetes and cardiovascular disease; however, the mechanism of action remains unclear. This study was undertaken to assess whether chronic consumption of this type of fibre in individuals with the metabolic syndrome would improve insulin sensitivity via ...