Hormones, like insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), are thought to be deeply involved with longevity. Lower species have been the source for most of our current knowledge on the role of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling in modulating lifespan. This hormonal system may have originated from a very early common ...

Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and restenosis. In metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance coexists with hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidemia has growth-promoting effects, whereas insulin has both growth-promoting and growth-inhibitory effects on vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ...

Nutrition is an important regulator of the tempo of human growth. Infancy may represent a critical "window" where variations in nutrition have longer-term consequences for growth and development. Rapid weight gain during infancy is associated with accelerated growth and early pubertal development. Rapid weight gain in infancy is also associated ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe maternal insulin-like growth factor, interleukin-1beta, and fetal size in a rabbit model of Porphyromonas gingivalis exposure. STUDY DESIGN: With the use of a previously described model, 8 New Zealand White rabbits were exposed to either P gingivalis or media during pregnancy ...

Acromegaly is characterized by chronic excessive growth hormone (GH) secretion by the pituitary gland. Feline acromegaly is most commonly caused by a functional pituitary tumor. Definitive diagnosis can be difficult because of the gradual disease onset, subtle clinical signs, unavailability of relevant laboratory tests, and client financial investment. The most ...

OBJECTIVE: Hyperglycaemia is associated with increased mortality and morbidity after cardiac surgery. While surgical stress results in hyperglycaemia after all operations, it has been suggested that cardiopulmonary bypass is the dominating contributor after cardiac surgery. This study aimed to determine the contribution of cardiopulmonary bypass to hyperglycaemia after coronary artery ...

Long-distance transport is crucial for polar-growing cells, such as neurons and fungal hyphae. Kinesins and myosins participate in this process, but their functional interplay is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the role of kinesin motors in hyphal growth of the plant pathogen Ustilago maydis. Although the microtubule plus-ends are directed ...

We report a rare case of type 1 diabetes in a woman associated with acromegaly who was treated with surgery after pregnancy. An 18-year-old woman came to our hospital in April, 1998, complaining of thirst, polydipsia, polyuria, appetite loss, body weight loss of 8 kg in a month, and amenorrhea ...

A single dose of a plasmid expressing growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) has been safely used in a number of animal species and applications to physiologically increase growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I for over a year. An array of constructs encoding for analogs of, or species-specific, GHRH has been tested ...

OBJECTIVE: The clinical use of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is limited by its short half-life. Polyethylene glycol-conjugated GHRH (PEG-GHRH) was developed to provide increased stability compared with the currently available GHRH(1-29). This study aimed to evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacodynamics of PEG-GHRH. DESIGN: PEG-GHRH was administered by subcutaneous injection ...

OBJECTIVE: Studies in animals and human muscle have demonstrated differential splicing of the insulin-like growth factor-1 gene in response to mechanical strain and damage. We conducted a study on the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 splice variants in the levator ani muscle after the first vaginal delivery. STUDY DESIGN: Ten ...

The development and function of vertebrate ovary are primarily controlled by the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), from the pituitary. However, most of the activities of FSH and LH are mediated or modulated by a variety of locally produced factors that form an intimate regulatory network within ...

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence shows that inflammation plays a major role in the aetiology of catabolism and wasting observed in inflammatory bowel disease via growth hormone resistance. AIM: To evaluate the effect of infliximab treatment on the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis. METHODS: Fourteen adults with active Crohn's disease or ulcerative ...

OBJECTIVE: Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) secondary to cranio-spinal radiation therapy (CSRT) is a complication seen in medulloblastoma survivors. The standard for diagnosis of adult GHD is a peak GH < 3 microg/l by the insulin tolerance test (ITT). However, insulin tolerance testing exposes patients to the risks of hypoglycaemia. Recent ...

Glaucoma drainage surgery in diabetic patients is associated with a relatively poor prognosis due to increased scarring at the site of surgery, secondary to increased proliferation of human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts (hTCF). This is in marked contrast to diabetic wound healing at other sites, where it is generally impaired. The ...

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: "Silent" somatotrophinomas are very rare, typically large pituitary adenomas that present with mild or no acromegalic features despite positive immunostaining for growth hormone and autonomous (nonglucose-suppressible) growth hormone secretion. Because of this, they may be amenable to treatment with somatostatin analogues. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We report a giant ...

Patients with anorexia nervosa are known to have elevated basal growth hormone levels, which fail to suppress normally during glucose tolerance testing. We describe a case of probable anorexia nervosa initially diagnosed as acromegaly despite a low insulin-like growth factor-1 level and treated with transsphenoidal surgery based on a pituitary ...

Lactobacillus casei ASCC 292 was grown in the presence of six prebiotics, namely, sorbitol, mannitol, maltodextrin, high-amylose maize, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), and inulin, in order to determine the combination of probiotic and prebiotics that would remove the highest level of cholesterol. A first-order model showed that the combination of L. casei ...

OBJECTIVE: In order to examine if Tannerella forsythia stimulates the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis, an in vitro study was performed. Background: P. gingivalis and T. forsythia are often isolated simultaneously from active periodontitis sites, indicating that these bacteria somewhat interact in the periodontal environment. We reported previously that mixed infection ...

The insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (Ins/IGF-1) pathway regulates the aging rate of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We describe other features of the three Ins/IGF-1 mutants daf-2, age-1 and aap-1. We show that the investigated Ins/IGF-1 mutants all have a reduced body volume, reduced reproductive capacity, increased ATP concentrations and an elevated ...

BACKGROUND: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is the chief binding protein for insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1 and IGF-2). Serum concentrations of IGFBP-3 are regulated by growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 levels. Serum IGFBP-3 measurements are useful for diagnostic evaluations of short stature in children and acromegaly. ...

The insulin/insulin-like growth factor-like signaling pathway, present in all multicellular organisms, regulates diverse functions including growth, development, fecundity, metabolic homeostasis, and lifespan. In flies, ligands of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-like signaling pathway, the Drosophila insulin-like peptides, regulate growth and hemolymph carbohydrate homeostasis during development and are expressed in a stage- ...

Obesity is a frequent co-morbid condition associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). Serum growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and insulin are significantly elevated in patients with DISH. In this study, we examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and basal serum GH, IGF-1, and insulin concentration ...

The growth hormone/IGF-1-signaling (GH/IGF-1-signaling) system is involved in numerous physiological processes during normal growth and development and also in the aging process. Understanding the regulation of this system is therefore of importance to the biologist. Studies conducted over the past decade have shown that the JAK/STAT pathways are involved in ...

Adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a multifactorial disorder in which pituitary dysfunction associated with pituitary adenomas or their treatment plays a major role. The introduction of recombinant growth hormone (GH) for the treatment of GHD has opened up new treatment avenues but has also raised concerns about possible untoward ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Growth hormone is a powerful anabolic hormone necessary for normal growth, but its importance in maintaining the cellular and protein mass in adult life is still unclear. However, it is viewed as a drug capable of combating the tissue loss and some metabolic derangements of aging. Growth ...

The Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia Kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is an important pest in stored products worldwide, and is one of the major pests in flour mills in Algeria. Because environmental consideration, alternative approaches to neurotoxic insecticides, as well as safe, effective, and sound integrated pest management strategies are developed ...

Patients with active acromegaly are insulin resistant and glucose intolerant, whereas children with GH deficiency are insulin sensitive and may develop fasting hypoglycemia. Surprisingly, however, hypopituitary adults with unsubstituted GH deficiency tend to be insulin resistant which may worsen during GH substitution. A unifying mechanism explaining insulin resistance in both ...

The aim of the study was to compare lipolytic activity and radial growth rate changes during the incubation of Thermomyces lanuginosus strains on natural (sunflower oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and corn oil) and synthetic (tributyrin, Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 60, Tween 80, and Tween 81) fatty substrata. The ...

Acromegaly is associated with insulin resistance and an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease. However, it remains unclear to what extent the effects of growth hormone (GH) excess on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are mediated through insulin resistance versus through other direct or indirect effects of GH. Adequate control of GH ...

We examined insulin sensitivity and secretion, together with the levels of selected glucoregulatory hormones, in 15 female patients with severe hypothyroidism (H) and during subsequent thyroid hormone replacement therapy (HRT) using the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique. Insulin action, as evaluated by glucose disposal, the insulin sensitivity index, and fasting post-hepatic ...

BACKGROUND: Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is a common problem in human and other species and increases the risk of death of the fetus and newborn during the perinatal period. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to examine the influences of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) on development of the gastrointestinal tract in ...

Children born small for gestational age (SGA) are known to be at risk for both short stature and type 2 diabetes mellitus in later life. To evaluate the influence of recombinant growth hormone (rhGH) therapy on insulin sensitivity, 24 children born SGA were treated with GH at traditional doses, from ...

The purpose of this review is to describe the studies which investigate the association between early growth pattern and future metabolic risks. Childhood obesity is increasing but other growth parameters are also changing. There is a trend of earlier maturation and increasing height. The increase in height from one generation ...

INTRODUCTION: Inadequate glycemic control contributes to the development and progression of complications, which are associated with a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. However, optimal glycemic control is difficult to sustain with oral antidiabetic agents and adherence to intensive insulin regimens is compromised by patient compliance to multiple daily injections. ...

The filamentous gametophyte of the moss Physcomitrella patens consists of two filament types called chloronemata and caulonemata. Chloronemal cells are photosynthetically active with numerous chloroplasts, while caulonemata help to spread the colony by radial growth. The balance between the two filament types is affected by external factors such as light ...

OBJECTIVE: Insulin resistance is a frequent consequence of GH replacement therapy but patients on GH replacement therapy often also have replacement of other hormone deficiencies which theoretically could modify the metabolic effects of GH. In particular, cortisol replacement if given in supra physiologic doses immediately before the evaluation of insulin ...

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has both immediate and long-term consequences for the affected fetus, resulting in increased perinatal morbidity and mortality, growth failure, intellectual deficits and an increased risk of adult diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and stroke. Although the diagnosis is now easily made, as yet there are no ...

Low birthweight is now known to be associated with increased rates of coronary heart disease and the related disorders stroke, hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes. These associations have been extensively replicated in studies in different countries and are not the result of confounding variables. They extend across the normal range ...

Water chlorination results in the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) including chloroform. In human stud-ies, fetal growth restriction has been associated with exposure to THMs during pregnancy and impaired fetal growth has been associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine ...

At present, diabetic kidney disease affects about 15-25% of type 1 and 30-40% of type 2 diabetic patients. Several decades of extensive research has elucidated various pathways to be implicated in the development of diabetic kidney disease. This review focuses on the metabolic factors beyond blood glucose that are involved ...

Administration of ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor, stimulates not only GH secretion but also appetite and food intake in humans. Endogenous ghrelin levels display a distinct circadian rhythm, which is reciprocal to that of insulin and presumed to be meal dependent and not associated with GH ...

BACKGROUND: Renal enlargement is an early feature of both human and experimental diabetes. Although the precise mechanisms underlying its development are incompletely understood, locally active growth factors have been suggested to have a key role. Having previously documented increased expression of the proproliferative and antiapoptotic growth factor, epidermal growth factor ...

A combined lipid biomarker-16S rRNA gene denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis was used to monitor changes in the physiological status, biomass, and microbial composition of a microbial mat. In the morning hours, an increase in the biomass of layers containing a high density of phototrophs and a decrease in the ...

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a peptide synthesized mainly in the liver by stimulation by pituitary growth hormone (GH). It circulates almost entirely bound to its binding proteins. It is the anabolic effector hormone of GH. It is the only treatment in states of GH resistance such as Laron ...

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and other chronic diseases in children are well known to adversely affect linear growth and pubertal development. In the years immediately following the introduction of insulin therapy, short stature was consistently reported in children with T1DM. However, over the past 50 years significant improvement in ...

Valtropin (somatropin, BioPartners and LG Life Sciences [LGLS]) is a recombinant human growth hormone (GH) preparation produced using a yeast expression system. An open single-arm phase III study was conducted to evaluate efficacy and safety at a dose of 0.16 IU/kg/day (0.053 mg/kg/day) s.c. for 12 months in the treatment ...

OBJECTIVE: In adults, excessive GH secretion may lead to secondary diabetes mellitus, while prolonged GH treatment may accelerate the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus in predisposed children. The aim of the study was to evaluate insulin sensitivity (IS) and glucose tolerance (GT) in a group of GH-deficient children treated ...

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most severe of several ocular complications of diabetes. The earliest clinical signs of DR are microaneurysms and haemorrhages. Later signs include dilated, tortuous irregular veins and retinal non-profusion, leading to retinal ischaemia that ultimately results in neovascularisation. Diabetic macular oedema, which involves the breakdown of ...

Low birthweight is now known to be associated with increased rates of coronary heart disease and the related disorders, stroke, hypertension and adult-onset diabetes. These associations have been extensively replicated in studies in different countries and are not the result of confounding variables. They extend across the normal range of ...