The objective was to examine the cross-sectional association of diurnal salivary cortisol curve components and urinary catecholamines with diabetes status. Up to 18 salivary cortisol samples over 3 days and overnight urinary catecholamines were collected from 1002 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Diabetes was defined as a fasting ...

The aim of this study was to investigate carbonic anhydrase (CA) VI Exon 2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and its possible association with salivary parameters in type 2 diabetic patients compared to healthy adults. Caries status was measured by using the DMFT (number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth) index. ...

Oral Diseases (2011) doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01884.x Background and Objective:  Alteration of salivary gland secretion is one of the consequences of diabetes. In a recent study on the submandibular gland of diabetic subjects, we found changed expression of statherin, a salivary protein of fundamental importance in preserving tooth integrity, whose reduction was ...

J Oral Pathol Med Background:  Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM). Levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-epi-prostaglandin-F(2α) (8-epi-PGF2α), and total protein carbonyls were measured to assess whether DM is associated with altered salivary redox homeostasis. Methods:  A total of 215 patients with diabetes and 481 ...

Diabetes mellitus results in various complications, also compromising the salivary glands. Hormone levels and interactions with cellular receptors are altered, intensifying the damage caused by this disease. Hormone replacement therapy alone or combined with other treatments may reverse this damage, but doubts still exist regarding the efficacy of this procedure. ...

Diabetic patients show a high susceptibility to oral diseases of inflammatory, catabolic and chronic nature with potential impact on saliva composition. In this study, our purpose was to characterize type 1 diabetes-induced alterations in the salivary peptidome aiming to find prospective biomarkers for type 1 diabetes oral health evaluation. Peptidomic ...

There is increasing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress may be integral to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Heat shock protein (Hsp60) is a mitochondrial stress protein known to be induced under conditions of mitochondrial impairment. Although this intracellular protein is normally found in the mitochondrion, several ...

The leaves of Mitragyna speciosa Korth (Rubiaceae) have been used in folk medicine for its unique medicinal properties. This study examined the water, methanolic and crude alkaloidal extracts from M. speciosa leaves and its major constituent mitragynine for the enhancement of glucose transport. Cellular uptake of radioactive 2-deoxyglucose was determined ...

Oral Diseases (2011) Background and Objective:  Salivary statherin, which plays a special role in the defense of tooth integrity, is secreted by both major and minor salivary glands. A significantly reduced expression of this was recently found in human major salivary glands removed from diabetic subjects and was correlated with ...

The interaction between proteins and cell receptors is related to tissue homeostasis such as in salivary glands. In this respect, alterations in hormone levels caused by hyperglycaemic conditions may interfere with this interaction, intensifying the damage caused by diabetes mellitus. Hormone replacement therapy is an option to reverse this damage, ...

INTRODUCTION: While altered cortisol concentrations have been observed in subjects with type 2 diabetes their circadian cortisol profile is unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, we studied 63 ambulatory individuals with type 2 diabetes and 916 non-diabetic control subjects of the Cooperative Research in the Region of Augsburg ...

Insulin-regulated growth of the prothoracic glands appears to play a critical role in timing the last larval molt, and hence metamorphosis. The present study examined insulin signaling in relation to the growth and secretory activity of prothoracic glands in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. As larvae feed during the first ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acarbose is a competitive inhibitor of intestinal alpha-glycosidases that slows the breakdown of sucrose and starch, thereby reducing glucose and fructose absorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acarbose treatment on antioxidant parameters and deposition of type I collagen in the parotid ...

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms underlying diabetic xerostomia have not been clarified in relation with aquaporin-5 (AQP5) subcellular localization in salivary glands. METHODS: Western blotting, real-time PCR, and immunocytochemistry were used to analyse AQP5 protein levels and mRNA expression. AQP5 protein levels were measured in the apical plasma membrane (APM) and detergent-insoluble ...

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the salivary content of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: We studied 25 patients with type 2 diabetes and other 25 age- and sex-matched health control. To evaluate the oxidative status we measured the levels of ...

OBJECTIVE: Both pregnancy and diabetes are thought to predispose to the impairment of oral health. As saliva contributes to oral homeostasis, we have characterised its properties and flow rate in pregnant women with or without diabetes. DESIGN: Unstimulated whole mixed saliva was collected from 63 women in the first trimester ...

The human Na(+)/D-glucose cotransporter 2 (hSGLT2) is believed to be responsible for the bulk of glucose reabsorption in the kidney proximal convoluted tubule. Since blocking reabsorption increases urinary glucose excretion, hSGLT2 has become a novel drug target for Type 2 diabetes treatment. Glucose transport by hSGLT2 was studied at 37°C ...

There is accumulating evidence that cinnamon extracts contain components that enhance insulin action. However, little is know about the effects of cinnamon on non-insulin stimulated glucose uptake. Therefore, the effects of cinnamaldehyde on the glucose transport activity of GLUT1 in L929 fibroblast cells were examined under both basal conditions and ...

We have previously described a strong correlation between pyruvate cycling and insulin secretion. We have also demonstrated a particularly important role for a pyruvate-isocitrate cycling pathway involving the mitochondrial citrate/isocitrate carrier (CIC) and cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. CIC requires cytosolic malate as a counter-substrate during citrate and isocitrate export. Thus, ...

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yhl035p/Vmr1p is an ABC transporter of the MRP subfamily that is conserved in all post Whole Genome Duplication species. The deletion of the YHL035 gene caused growth sensitivity to several amphiphilic drugs such as cycloheximide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-dinitrophenol as well as to cadmium and other toxic metals. ...

Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The treatment of diabetes has been mainly focused on maintaining normal blood glucose concentrations. Insulin and hypoglycemic agents have been used as standard therapeutic strategies. However, these are characterized by limited ...

Gene expression in micro-organisms is regulated according to extracellular conditions and nutrient concentrations. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, non-transporting sensors with high sequence similarity to transporters, that is, transporter-like sensors, have been identified for sugars as well as for amino acids. An alternating-access model of the function of transporter-like sensors has been ...

The 2,3,4-trideoxy-2,3,4-trifluoro hexose analogues of d-glucose and d-altrose were prepared and characterised and these novel sugar analogues were explored by 2D-(19)F-EXSY NMR for their potential to cross erythrocyte (red blood cell) membranes, by comparison with the well known capacity of erythrocytes to transport d-glucose.

Inhibiting sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLTs), which have a key role in the reabsorption of glucose in the kidney, has been proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetes. Genetic mutations in the kidney-specific SGLT2 isoform that result in benign renal glycosuria, as well as preclinical and clinical studies with SGLT2 inhibitors ...

The normalization of cellular glucose assimilation is the basic aim of metabolic therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It requires parallel changes in the process of cellular glucose transport (CGT). This review presents the pathophysiological and clinical outlines of CGT. Sequentially, the advances in the mechanisms and classification of ...

The current world epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus results from two general groups of causative factors. One is the influence of strong pathogenetic environmental pressures - also described as negative civilizational influence - on the very large subpopulation, assessed at 30% of the total world population, which is genetically ...

We are investigating non-absorbable polymeric conjugates bearing glucosides via a omega-amino triethylene glycol linker as oral anti-diabetic drugs that suppress an increase in the blood glucose level after meals through inhibition of Na(+)/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1). When the linker was bound to phloridzin, which is a SGLT1 inhibitor, to yield a ...

The naturally occurring substance phlorizin has long been recognized to block the reabsorption of glucose from the glomerular ultrafiltrate into the systemic circulation. The poor oral bioavailability and adverse effects associated with this agent, however, have prevented its use in clinical practice and restricted its use to that of a ...

The effect of insulin on [(14)C] 3-O-methyl-d-glucose (3OMG) absorption in the rat jejunum was studied using an in situ perfusion technique. Insulin increased apical glucose entry into the cells and decreased intestinal retention suggesting that serosal glucose transport was enhanced by the hormone. This enhanced uptake was ascribed to an ...

TBC1D1 is a member of the TBC1 Rab-GTPase family of proteins and is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. Insulin and contraction increase TBC1D1 phosphorylation on phospho-Akt substrate motifs (PASs), but the function of TBC1D1 in muscle is not known. Genetic linkage analyses show a TBC1D1 R125W missense variant confers risk ...

Insulin transport across the epithelial cell layer in the small intestine was studied using insulin/transferrin conjugates with and without the presence of P(MAA-g-EG) microparticles in contact with a co-culture of Caco-2/HT29-MTX cells. The insulin/transferrin conjugate was shown to increase transport relative to pure insulin by a factor of 7, achieving ...

The kidney plays a major role in glucose homeostasis because of its role in gluconeogenesis and the glomerular filtration and reabsorption of glucose in the proximal convoluted tubules. Approximately 180 g of glucose is filtered daily in the glomeruli of a normal healthy adult. Typically, all of this glucose is ...

INTRODUCTION: We investigated the effects of insulin on glucose transport in human peripheral lymphocytes using flow cytometry. We hypothesized that lymphocytes could be used as tools to study insulin action at the cellular level and facilitate the investigation of mechanisms that lead to insulin resistance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Blood was ...

AIM: Insulin induces electrochemical alterations in sheep visceral and parietal pleura, an effect abolished by the Na (+)-channel blocker amiloride and the Na (+)-K (+) pump inhibitor ouabain. The aim of this study was to further investigate the role of different electrolytes and glucose in these electrochemical changes. MATERIALS AND ...

Insulin-dependent positive inotropic effects (PIE) are partially Ca(2+) independent. This mechanism is potentially glucose dependent. In contrast to most animal species, human myocardium expresses high levels of sodium-glucose-transporter-1 (SGLT-1) mRNA besides the common glucose-transporters-1 and -4 (GLUT1, GLUT4). We used ventricular myocardium from 61 end-stage failing human hearts (ischaemic cardiomyopathy, ...

Considerable data have accumulated over the past 20 years, indicating that the human kidney is involved in the regulation of glucose via gluconeogenesis, taking up glucose from the circulation, and by reabsorbing glucose from the glomerular filtrate. In light of the development of glucose-lowering drugs involving inhibition of renal glucose ...

BACKGROUND: Medicinal plants have been reported to play an important role in modulating glycemic responses and have preventive and therapeutic implications. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the antidiabetic effect of medicinal plants such as inhibition of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, manipulation of glucose transporters, beta-cell regeneration and enhancing insulin-releasing activity. The ...

Hydrogels of poly(methacrylic acid-co-N-vinyl pyrrolidone) were synthesized and evaluated for their use as carriers for oral protein delivery. Insulin loading efficiencies were determined to be near 90% for carriers crosslinked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate with corresponding weight incorporation levels near 12%. Although no insulin was released in gastric conditions, as ...

Vascular endothelial cells (VECs) downregulate their rate of glucose uptake in response to hyperglycemia by decreasing the expression of their typical glucose transporter GLUT-1. Hitherto, we discovered critical roles for the protein calreticulin and the arachidonic acid-metabolizing enzyme 12-lipoxygenase in this autoregulatory process. The hypothesis that 4-hydroxydodeca-(2E,6Z)-dienal (4-HDDE), the peroxidation ...

The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor pravastatin has been reported to have a beneficial effect on reducing the new onset of diabetes as well as lowering plasma lipids. Because pravastatin is a water-soluble organic anion, it cannot easily penetrate the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. As the precise mechanisms ...

The combination of diabetes and hyperlipidemia promotes the development of atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is important for diabetic patients to control blood fat. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins), like pravastatin, are frequently administered to diabetic patients for this purpose. Although the alterations of metabolic enzymes and transporters in the ...

Intestinal Na(+)-coupled glucose transporter SGLT1 determines the rate of glucose transport, which in turn influences glucose-induced insulin release and development of obesity. The present study explored effects of Gum Arabic (GA), a dietary polysaccharide from dried exudates of Acacia Senegal, on intestinal glucose transport and body weight in wild-type C57Bl/6 ...

Plasma glucose is continuously filtered through the glomerulus and then is reabsorbed via the transcellular transport system of proximal tubules in the kidney. The glucose reabsorption system in the kidney is mediated by sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLTs). Most of filtered glucose is reabsorbed by the low affinity, high capacity SGLT2 ...

An association between diabetes mellitus and alterations in the oral cavity has been noted. In this study, we evaluated differences between salivary IgA, glucose and flow rate in diabetic patients compared with healthy controls. Forty patients with type 1 diabetes, 40 patients with type 2 diabetes and 40 healthy controls ...

Metabolic syndrome (MS) may comprise several clinical conditions such as obesity, diabetes and inflammatory disorders, which are characterized by metabolic imbalances. The study of glucose transport and regulation by insulin in lymphocytes is important, since the way they increase inflammation and susceptibility to infections are common in MS. We studied ...

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 GSK3β participates in a wide variety of functions including regulation of glucose metabolism. It is ubiquitously expressed including epithelial tissues. However, whether GSK3β participates in the regulation of epithelial transport is not known. The present study thus explored whether GSK3β influences the Na(+)-coupled transport of glucose. ...

Insulin causes inotropic effects via Ca(2+)-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent pathways. The latter one is potentially glucose dependent. We examined inotropic responses and signal transduction of insulin in human atrial myocardium of diabetic and nondiabetic patients to test for the role of glucose transporters. Experiments were performed in isolated atrial myocardium of ...

BACKGROUND: The present study focuses on identifying and developing an anti-diabetic molecule from plant sources that would effectively combat insulin resistance through proper channeling of glucose metabolism involving glucose transport and storage. METHODS: Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake formed the basis for isolation of a bioactive molecule through column chromatography followed by ...

The ability to take up and metabolize glucose at the cellular level is a property shared by the vast majority of existing organisms. Most mammalian cells import glucose by a process of facilitative diffusion mediated by members of the Glut (SLC2A) family of membrane transport proteins. Fourteen Glut proteins are ...

We have recently shown that an entire oxytocin (OT) system, a peptide and its cognate receptors, is synthesized in the heart. In fetal and newborn hearts, OT exists in its extended three-amino acid form, OT-Gly-Lys-Arg (OT-GKR). OT translocates glucose transporter type 4 to the plasma membrane in human endothelial cells. ...