A few years ago a hypothesis was proposed suggesting that elements of the innate immune system, such as acute phase reactants, contribute to the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acute phase reactants such as C-reactive protein and sialic acid may thus predict risk of developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus, ...

BACKGROUND: Peripheral neuropathy is considered a common complication in patients suffering from advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Superimposed peripheral multiple neuropathies may complicate arteriovenous (A-V) fistulas construction. AIM: To evaluate, prospectively, the influence of brachiocephalic A-V fistulas construction on the peripheral nerves of the same extremity and to characterize the ...

The purpose of the present study was to determine if increased complications exist among patients with diabetes as compared with individuals without diabetes who wear soft disposable contact lenses for daily wear. Complications among daily-wear contact lens wearers who have worn soft contact lenses for 1 year or more were ...

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high concentrations of glucose in the blood, which is caused by decreased secretion of insulin from the pancreas and decreased insulin action. This condition is prevalent worldwide and is associated with morbidity and mortality secondary to complications such as myocardial infarction, stroke and end-stage ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of chronic complications and associated factors in type 2 diabetes in 500 diabetic patients, age > or = 25 years, attending the clinic of Diabetic Association of Pakistan (DAP), Karachi. METHODS: Every 5th registered diabetic patient > or = 25 years age, was examined for ...

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes and is a major cause of new blindness in the working-age population of developed countries. While the exact pathogenic basis of this condition remains ill defined, it is clear that hyperglycaemia is a critical factor in its aetiology. Protein ...

Hyperglycemia and microvascular complications of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy are shared by type 1 and type 2 diabetes. These complications seem to be uniquely associated with the diabetic state in humans and animals; they are not seen in nondiabetic humans or animals. Intervention trials aimed at achieving lower blood glucose ...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing health problem in the United States afflicting over 18.2 million Americans. Before developing type 2 DM patients almost always have pre-diabetes. At least 20.1 million people in the United States ages > or =40 to < or =74 years have pre-diabetes. Research has shown ...

Major studies have demonstrated an association between poor glycaemic control and the development of micro - and macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Optimized metabolic control, including treatment of hyperglycaemia and other risk factors, reduces the risk of complications. Current strategies aiming at achieving the best possible control include a ...

OBJECTIVES: There are close associations among raised white blood cell (WBC) count, coronary heart disease, and metabolic syndrome in the general population. The association between WBC count and vascular complications of diabetes has not been explored. We carried out a cross-sectional cohort study to determine the association between WBC count ...

The term 'sudden hypoacusis' describes a hearing loss of a rapid onset and unknown origin that can progress to severe deafness. Its pathophysiology is still unknown, the proposed aetiological mechanisms being vascular disease or autoimmune reaction. We present the case of a 19-year-old woman with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who ...

Type 2 diabetes is an enormous public health problem affecting an estimated 18.2 million Americans. The prevalence is increasing, particularly among youth and young adults, in parallel with the continuing rise in obesity. The cost of treating diabetes complications imposes a tremendous burden on healthcare resources, and there has been ...

The 2003 A.S.P.E.N. Research Workshop was held during Nutrition Week on January 18 in San Antonio, Texas. The workshop brought scientists and clinicians from around the world together to discuss the latest developments in methodology to measure substrate use and flux in vivo. Methods presented were designed to track the ...

Epidemiological studies have confirmed that hyperglycemia is the most important factor in the onset and progress of vascular complications, both in Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. The formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) correlates with glycemic control. The AGE hypothesis proposes that accelerated chemical modification of proteins by glucose ...

It is well known that diabetes is a risk factor for many complications including diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. An interesting question is whether a diabetic patient who has developed a retinopathy develops a nephropathy sooner. We approached this problem by calculating the conditional probability that a diabetic patient will develop ...

Hyperglycaemia is the major risk factor for the development of complications in both Type I and Type II diabetes; however, there is growing evidence from several clinical trials that dyslipidaemia, including hypertriglyceridaemia, is a significant and independent risk factor for diabetic complications. In this paper, we propose that chemical modification ...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with several musculoskeletal disorders. The incidence of DM and the life expectancy of the diabetic patient have both increased, resulting in the increased prevalence and clinical importance of musculoskeletal alterations in diabetic subjects. The exact pathophysiology of most of these musculoskeletal disorders remains obscure. Connective ...

OBJECTIVE: To review the current biochemical theories on how diabetes contributes to microvascular disease. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE search (1980-June 2003) and bibliographies of articles obtained on this topic. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Articles identified from the data sources were evaluated and those deemed relevant to this review were incorporated. ...

Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disease, and has late complications that are due to chronic hyperglycaemia. Altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism together with impaired detoxification of carbonyl substrates and impaired trapping of oxygen radicals are responsible for cell damage in diabetes. Variable functional capacity of detoxifying systems could ...

A 53-year-old type 2 diabetic woman with macrovascular complications as well as the components of the metabolic syndrome presents with an unstable angina and ST depression on electromiogram. The negative impact of female gender, microvascular complications, and metabolic parameters on cardiovascular risk and prognosis, are emphasized. The lack of evidence ...

Pregnancy hyperglycaemia can lead to foetomaternal complications. Normoglycaemia with exercise, diet and/or insulin can alter outcomes. The insulin requirement itself may alter outcomes independently. Two hundred and forty patients of pregnancy with diabetes mellitus were selected of which 176 belonged to gestational diabetes mellitus and 64 pregestational diabetes mellitus groups. ...

The deleterious effects of hyperglycemia have been documented from the biochemical to the pathophysiologic level. Given the research findings and the guidelines for glycemic control established by ADA and ACE, ASHP supports and encourages strict glycemic control in all appropriate patients with diabetes mellitus to reduce the progression of chronic ...

Diabetes complications are common and almost triple the annual cost of managing diabetes. Microvascular complications are the major risk in type 1 diabetes, while macrovascular complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes. Control of hyperglycaemia (target HbA(1c) level < or = 7%) and hypertension ...

Diabetes is not simply a disorder of the metabolism but a chronic disease that affects every aspect of a person's body and life and is becoming increasingly common This paper outlines the National Service Framework for Diabetes standards and how they aim to reduce the incidence and the risks of ...

BACKGROUND: Dentists play a major role as part of an allied health team in providing oral care to patients with diabetes. As such, they may detect undiagnosed cases of diabetes and refer patients to physicians for further evaluation. METHODS: The author describes new concepts in metabolic control for diabetes and ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of awareness of diabetic patients about their disease; and to see the association between different levels of this knowledge and metabolic control and frequency of complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: An observational analytical study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The study was conducted ...

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is useful for the evaluation of aortic stiffness. The brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) and carotid PWV (from heart to carotid) were compared to study the relation of these two types of PWVs to diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The baPWV was determined by ...

Glycemic control is the primary mediator of diabetic microvascular complications and also contributes to macrovascular complications. A new study (see related article beginning on page 1049) reveals a previously unrecognized association between oxidant activation of poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) and upregulation of known mediators of glycemic injury. Inhibitors of PARP ...

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between diabetes and changes in penile Doppler ultrasonography and axial penile rigidity parameters in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: A total of 1023 male patients with ED were enrolled in this study. Patients were assessed for ED using the International Index of Erectile Function. ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether young type 1 diabetic patients without clinical microvascular or macrovascular complications have altered levels of acute-phase proteins (AFP), alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP), C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen and whether their AFP levels are related to glycemic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied cross-sectionally 48 type 1 ...

The musculoskeletal complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), which are the most common endocrine arthropathy, have been generally ignored and poorly treated compared with other complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy. Like other quality of life issues, the musculoskeletal disability of DM has not been investigated effectively. The incidence of ...

The predicted global epidemic of type 2 diabetes highlights the importance of identifying the most effective ways to reduce the risk of long-term diabetic complications. Although hyperglycaemia is undoubtedly a risk factor for microvascular complications, intensive glycaemic management has delivered only modest improvements in macrovascular endpoints thus far. A multidisciplinary ...

Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is the pre-eminent factor for quantifying the risk of complications in patients with diabetes and for monitoring glycaemia. Intervention to lower blood glucose in the two landmark clinical trials, the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) and the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), led to a reduction ...

Advanced glycation irreversibly and progressively modifies proteins over time and yields the advanced glycation end-products (AGE). AGEs are thought to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and of diabetic and uremic complications. Their inhibition has thus become a therapeutic goal. In this article, we discuss the role of various reactive ...

PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine the relationship between self-reported diabetic complications and 7-year mortality in Mexican American elders. METHODS: We studied 3050 Mexican Americans aged 65 and older from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiological Studies of the Elderly (EPESE), conducted in five Southwestern states of the ...

In type 2 diabetic patients mealtime glucose fluctuations are important determinants of overall glucose control and overall risk of diabetes cardiovascular complications. In fact, acute elevation of plasma glucose concentrations trigger an array of tissue response that may contribute to development of such vascular complications since it may result in ...

Diabetes mellitus is a common multisystemic disorder with serious effects on the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system and soft tissues. The long-term effects of diabetes are mainly related to macro- and microvascular disease, neuropathy, both autonomic and somatic, and to an increased susceptibility to infections, which generally develop 15-20 years after ...

We investigated thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and its influence on fibrinolysis by measuring pro-TAFI activity and total TAFI antigen in 38 patients with type I diabetes mellitus (18 with and 20 without microvascular complications), as well as in 20 healthy controls. The pro-TAFI levels in the two groups of ...

Maillard or browning reactions between reducing sugars and protein lead to formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. AGE inhibitors such as aminoguanidine and pyridoxamine (PM) inhibit both the formation of AGEs and development of complications in animal models ...

Diabetes is a major cause of mortality and morbidity due to the long term microvascular complications of this disease. There is now convincing evidence to show that genetic factors together with elevated blood glucose play an important role in the susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy as well as retinopathy. The polyol ...

Aldose reductase [ALR2; EC 1.1.1.21], a key enzyme of polyol pathway, catalyzes NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol (Sorbitol pathway), and an excessive accumulation of intracellular sorbitol found in various tissues of diabetic animals and in cells cultured under high glucose conditions has been proposed to be an important factor ...

The occurrence of diabetes mellitus is increasing throughout the world, both in industrialised nations and in developing countries. While this disease is not a leading cause of death in developing country populations, it must nevertheless be considered for its social and economic impact. This study examines the clinical and epidemiological ...

Aldose reductase (AR) is an NADPH dependent enzyme that catalyses the reduction of the aldehyde to the corresponding alcohols. Diabetic complications including neuropathy, nephropathy, cataracts and retinopathy are considerately caused by accumulation of sorbitol, which is produced from glucose by AR in polyol pathway. The aim of AR inhibitor therapy ...

AIMS: To describe prevalence, metabolic control, and complications of diabetes mellitus in a county in Northern Sweden, in order to improve diabetes care and guide decision makers. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional, retrospective study of medical records of all registered persons with diabetes mellitus (n = 5251) in the area. Assessments ...

Morbidity and mortality from diabetes mellitus remain high despite managing the traditional risk factors. Recent data imply that the pathophysiology of macrovascular and microvascular complications involve other factors. The metabolic syndrome precedes the onset of type 2 diabetes by many years. Early treatment of individuals with this syndrome might delay ...

Diabetes Mellitus is an increasing concern, worldwide in terms of health. Long-term diabetes often leads to secondary diseases such as cataract, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. The enzyme aldose reductase (AR) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some of these diseases and inhibitors of AR (ARIs) were effective ...

In spite of the significant developments in antidiabetic therapy, diabetic complications, particularly seen in long-term diabetes, continue to be seriously deleterious. Various types of diabetic complications affecting different systems in the body have been reported. The clinical course of the disease is largely determined by those complications. Therefore, an important ...

Diabetes is an escalating problem worldwide and a major cause of vascular disease, renal failure, and blindness, among other complications. The cellular mediators of high glucose-induced injury include activation of protein kinase C, accumulation of cell sorbitol from increased flux through the aldose reductase pathway, and generation of advanced glycosylation ...

Diabetic mastopathy, although reported since 1984, is a poorly recognized diabetes complication. It more frequently affects pre-menopausal women with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and microvascular complications. The pathogenesis of this condition is believed to involve mammary tissue autoimmune reaction to the accumulation of abnormal matrix proteins, caused by hyperglycemia. The ...

The presence of long-standing diabetes mellitus leads to the development of a number of typical end organ complications. These complications include coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy and diabetic cardiomyopathy. From an epidemiological and clinical standpoint, cardiovascular disease remains the most important complication ...