Studies performed during the last decade indicate that adipose tissue is not only a site of triglyceride storage but also an active endocrine organ which secretes many biologically active mediators referred to as "adipokines". In contrast to many adipokines which are overproduced in obese individuals and exert deleterious effects on ...

Leptin and adiponectin are two adipocytokines that play a critical role in the control of energy balance and metabolism as well as in conditions, such as insulin resistance, inflammation, and the development of the metabolic syndrome in adult life. Leptin has been associated with asymmetric intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The ...

Various adipose tissue factors have been implicated as biomarkers of the metabolic syndrome (MS). The objective of this study was to assess which specific adipose tissue factors would discriminate the presence of MS in a strictly obese population meeting waist circumference (WC) criteria for the MS. This was a cross-sectional ...

CONTEXT: Adiponectin levels appear weakly linked to incident vascular disease, but the high molecular weight (HMW) fraction may be more relevant. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to test whether HMW adiponectin, the key biologically active fraction, is linked to incident coronary heart disease (CHD) events. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ...

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-specific protein secreted as trimer, hexamer and high-molecular-weight (HMW) complex. Several reports have indicated that the biologically active form of adiponectin is HMW, and that HMW adiponectin concentration is correlated with insulin sensitivity and metabolic disorders including diabetes better than total adiponectin concentration. We developed a sandwich ...

Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and their first-degree relatives (FDRs) are characterized by hypoadiponectinaema and insulin resistance. In T2D patients, plasma adiponectin and insulin sensitivity (SI) increase in response to thiazolidinediones (TZDs). These findings suggest a role for adiponectin in the regulation of SI. We studied the relationship between ...

AIMS: Studies suggest that adiponectin (APM1) and its receptors 1 and 2 (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) play an important role in the development of insulin resistance (IR). Our objective was to examine associations between APM1 (+45T>G, +276G>T and -3971A>G), AdipoR1 (-100G>T and -3882T>C) and AdipoR2 (-35361A>G and -1352G>A) genes single-nucleotide polymorphisms ...

Obesity results from an abnormal accumulation of fat in the white adipose tissue. Recent research utilizing genetic models of obesity in rodents has implicated a major role of leptin as a controller of obesity. Leptin is a 167-amino acid peptide hormone encoded by the obesity gene (ob), which is secreted ...

BACKGROUND: Concentrations of adiponectin, the protein product of the adipocyte C1q and collagen-domain-containing (ADIPOQ) gene are associated with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. We investigate the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ADIPOQ gene with adiponectin concentrations, and to parameters of metabolic syndrome. METHODS: 867 unrelated, non-diabetic ...

Although circulating adiponectin has been inversely correlated with obesity, type 2 diabetes and serum glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in humans, contradictory reports on that subject exist. In this study, serum concentrations of adiponectin in obese non-diabetic and diabetic humans were measured to examine whether they were associated with levels of HbA1c. ...

Abstract Background A substantial body of evidence indicates that reduced plasma adiponectin levels may be key in the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Glucocorticoids decrease the levels of adiponectin in animals and humans. Cortisone is transformed to its active form cortisol, via 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ...

c-Jun N-terminal kinases (SAPK/JNKs) are activated by inflammatory cytokines, and JNK signaling is involved in insulin resistance and beta-cell secretory function and survival. Chronic high glucose concentrations and leptin induce interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) secretion from pancreatic islets, an event that is possibly causal in promoting beta-cell dysfunction and death. The present ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether an association exists between adiponectin and plaque composition in human coronary arteries. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived protein with antiatherogenic and insulin-sensitizing properties. To date, the relationship between adiponectin and plaque composition is unknown. Fasting blood samples ...

OBJECTIVE: To examine prospective changes in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type-2 diabetes risk factors in young adult first episode psychotic (FEP) patients treated with second generation antipsychotic medications. METHODS: At baseline, fasting serum and anthropometric measures were obtained from 45 FEP patients and 41 healthy adults (controls) of similar age, ...

Placental growth hormone (PGH) is secreted from the syncytiotrophoblast in increasing amounts during pregnancy. The physiology and regulation of PGH is not well known; however, low glucose levels appear to stimulate PGH liberation IN VITRO and IN VIVO. PGH appears to have lipolytic effects, and inverse correlations between maternal body ...

Although adiponectin levels are associated with obesity and insulin insensitivity, the role of adiponectin in the progression to diabetes in non-obese subjects is unclear. Therefore, 289 women aged 50-80 years without previous history of diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were studied. They were classified as normal glucose tolerance (NGT), ...

Ghrelin is a powerful orexigenic gut hormone. Circulating concentrations of total ghrelin are downregulated by food intake in both acute and chronic hyperinsulinemic states. However, in blood des-acylated (des-acyl) ghrelin is the predominant form that has no orexigenic effects in humans. Circulating acyl-ghrelin has been shown to be suppressed post-prandially ...

OBJECTIVE: African Americans (AAs) have less visceral and more subcutaneous fat than whites, thus the relationship of adiponectin and leptin to body fat and insulin sensitivity in AA may be different from that in whites. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Sixty-nine non-diabetic AA (37 men and 32 women), aged 33 +/- 1 ...

Keishibukuryogan, one of the traditional herbal formulations, is used clinically to improve blood circulation. In this study, we examined the effects of keishibukuryogan on glucose and lipids metabolism in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, an animal model of type 2 diabetes. Forty-five-week-old male OLETF rats were divided into three ...

BACKGROUND: Enlargement of adipocytes from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT), increased intrahepatic lipid content (IHL), intramyocellular lipid content (IMCL), and low circulating adiponectin concentrations are associated with insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE: Because adiponectin increases fat oxidation in skeletal muscle and liver, and the expression of the adiponectin gene in SAT is ...

The level of leptin increases with obesity, whereas that of adiponectin decreases with obesity. It is reported that the ratio of leptin to adiponectin (L/A) is associated with insulin resistance. It is difficult to evaluate insulin resistance in diabetic patients who have a dysfunction of insulin secretion. The aim of ...

Adiponectin is an insulin-sensitizing adipokine with anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. This adipokine is secreted from adipocytes into the circulation as three oligomeric isoforms, including trimeric, hexameric and the HMW (high-molecular-mass) oligomeric complex consisting of at least 18 protomers. Each oligomeric isoform of adiponectin exerts distinct biological properties in ...

The discoveries of leptin and adiponectin were breakthroughs in the field of metabolic diseases. Adipose cells produce both proteins and release them into the circulation. Leptin acts as a fundamental signal for the brain to modulate food intake as a function of energy status. Loss of leptin function results in ...

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-atherogenic outcomes of pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione derivative, in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Eight patients with poor diabetic control were treated with 15 mg of pioglitazone for 4 months. Blood samples were collected monthly, and the levels of fasting plasma ...

BACKGROUND: A significant relationship exists among food intake and nutritional status and cholelithiasis, including gallstone and hepatolithiasis. Leptin is associated with obesity. This study was to investigate the differences in serum leptin levels in patients with gallstone and hepatolithiasis and to evaluate the relationships among leptin, cholecystokinin (CCK), lipid and ...

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists increase fat mass, decrease insulin sensitivity, and increase serum triglycerides. To better characterize the metabolic effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment, we prospectively evaluated the changes in body composition, insulin sensitivity, and levels of adiponectin, resistin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). We ...

Sixteen high-genetic-merit Holstein-Friesian heifers were offered a complete diet of grass silage, maize silage, and concentrates ad libitum through mo 1 to 3 postpartum. Open-circuit calorimetry and a 6-d digestibility balance were performed on each heifer at the end of each month, and energy balance (EB) was calculated. After each ...

OBJECTIVE: Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious cardiovascular complication in pregnancy which is associated with an increased future metabolic and cardiovascular risk for mother and newborn. Recently, a paradoxical upregulation of the insulin-sensitizing and anti-atherogenic adipokine adiponectin has been shown in PE. Furthermore, high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin has been suggested as the ...

BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve peripheral insulin sensitivity, but the effect on arterial stiffness is less clear. The aim of the present study was to assess the differential effect of pioglitazone or rosiglitazone on arterial stiffness and plasma levels of adiponectin and leptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: ...

The leptin signal is transduced via the JAK2-STAT3 (Janus kinase 2-signal transducer and activator of transcription-3) pathway at the leptin receptor. JAK2 also phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate, integral to insulin and leptin action and is required for optimum adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-dependent transport of lipids from cells to ...

Adiponectin is a circulating cytokine with important cardioprotective effects. Plasma adiponectin levels are significantly reduced in patients with insulin resistance and type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Although adiponectin is primarily synthesized by adipocytes, new studies reveal that adiponectin is secreted by other cell types, including cardiomyocytes. Control of ...

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is an essential chemokine responsible for the recruitment of monocytes to inflammatory lesions in the vasculature, an initial step of atherosclerosis. Since serum levels of MCP-1 are higher in patients with type 2 diabetes, inhibition of MCP-1 may be a ...

Obesity and obesity-related disorders play an important role in clinical medicine. Adipose tissue, with its soluble mediators called adipocytokines, has emerged as a major endocrine organ. These adipocytokines comprise many mediators such as adiponectin, PBEF (pre-B-cell-enhancing factor)/visfatin, leptin, resistin, retinol-binding protein-4 and others. They play major roles in key aspects ...

Adipose tissue secretes a variety of cytokines, some of which are increased in the serum of obese patients. The anti-inflammatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is the most highly elevated known cytokine in human obesity, and its serum levels are strongly associated with the degree of insulin resistance in non-diabetic patients. ...

Resistin is an adipokine that induces insulin resistance in mice; serum concentrations are decreased by fasting and increased by feeding. Adiponectin, another adipokine, improves insulin sensitivity. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of glucose and meal loading on serum resistin and total and high-molecular weight (HMW) ...

Adipokines play crucial roles in obesity-related insulin resistance in adults, but little is known in the general adolescent population. This study was designed to investigate the relationships between adipokines and metabolic parameters, the insulin resistance index, and proinflammatory cytokines in the general population of Japanese male adolescents. We studied 662 ...

Low adiponectin levels have been associated with high body mass index, low insulin sensitivity, and diabetes. To assess the relationships between changes in serum adiponectin concentration and adiposity, glucose, and insulin in response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins and to calculate the twin resemblance in serum adiponectin concentrations. Twenty-four ...

Obesity has become a global health problem and it is linked to a higher risk of diseases and metabolic disorders such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The adipose tissue plays an important role in monitoring and controlling whole-body metabolism by secreting a variety of bioactive molecules such as adiponectin. ...

AIM: A high-fat and high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) is usually used to induce type 2-like diabetes in animal models. We investigated the effect of HFHSD on serum and tissue levels of adiponectin, its receptors and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and the liver. METHODS: C57Bl/6 male ...

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are the most prevalent metabolic diseases in the western world. Alarmingly, the cluster of pathologies characteristic of obesity-induced disease have started to emerge in children, a phenomenon that up until a decade ago was inconceivable. Hence, the development of new strategies to treat 'metabolic disease' ...

Cross-sectional comparison. The mortality rate is higher in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), and one major cause is cardiovascular disease (CVD). In the general population, the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with an increased risk of CVD, and abdominal obesity is a major feature. Adipokines, secreted by adipose tissue, ...

BACKGROUND: Many adverse effects of atypical antipsychotic treatment are associated with antagonism of monoamine receptors; however, data indicate that important metabolic effects, such as hypertriglyceridemia and impairment in glucose/insulin homeostasis, may not be related to these mechanisms, leading investigators to explore alternative hypotheses. Promising candidates include a possible impact of ...

Adipose tissue is unique in that it can undergo significant hypertrophy and atrophy, resulting in wide ranges of obesities and lipodystrophies. At the base of this elasticity is the lipid-filled adipocyte, which can either overfill by storing large amounts of triglycerides or shrink to a tiny cell by depleting its ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether lower adiponectin concentrations in South Asian Indians may be responsible for their greater degree of insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Insulin-mediated glucose uptake and plasma total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin concentrations were quantified in 52 women of South Asian (SA) and Caucasian (CAU) ...

Adipokines are secreted by adipose tissue and control various physiological systems. Low leptin levels during fasting stimulate feeding, reduce energy expenditure, and modulate neuroendocrine and immune function to conserve energy stores. On the other hand, rising leptin levels in the overfed state prevent weight gain by inhibiting food intake and ...

Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth-hormone-secretagogue receptor, is a 28-amino acid peptide with a post-translational acyl modification necessary for its activity. It has central nervous system actions that affect appetite, body mass and energy balance. An intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection protocol of sub-nanomolar doses of ghrelin, known to alter the ...

The objective of the present study was to determine a possible depot-specific effect of insulin-stimulation on adiponectin gene expression in adipose tissue (AT) explants from subcutaneous and visceral AT. A secondary aim was to analyse the associations of adiponectin plasma levels, as well as control and insulin-stimulated gene expression levels ...

Our purpose was to determine the prevalence and features of metabolic syndrome (MS) in a series of long-term hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) survivors. We assessed the clinical, metabolic and endocrinological data, and plasma TNF, leptin, resistin and adiponectin levels relating to 85 HSCT recipients. MS was diagnosed on the ...

To determine whether baseline adiponectin levels or intervention-associated change in adiponectin levels were independently associated with progression to diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to evaluate the contribution of adiponectin and treatment-related change in adiponectin to risk of progression to diabetes. Baseline adiponectin ...

BACKGROUND: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and its receptor (RAGE) were known to play a pivotal role in the development of cardiovascular complications of diabetes. We investigated the association between circulating endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) levels, inflammatory markers and arterial stiffness measured using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). METHODS: The ...