Aims:  To investigate the relationship between retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and peripheral neuropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes, particularly in those who are at higher risk of foot ulceration. Methods:  Global and sectoral retinal nerve fibre layer thicknesses were measured at 3.45 mm diameter around the optic nerve head ...

OBJECTIVETo examine the relationship between retinal vascular geometry parameters and development of incident renal dysfunction in young people with type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSA prospective cohort study of 511 adolescents with type 1 diabetes of at least 2 years duration, with normal albumin excretion rate (AER) and no retinopathy ...

Investigations into the mechanism of diffuse retinal edema in diabetic subjects have been limited by a lack of animal models and techniques that co-localized retinal thickness and hydration in vivo. In this study we test the hypothesis that a previously reported supernormal central retinal thickness on MRI measured in experimental ...

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence, progression and functional predictive value of retinal micropseudocysts (MPCs) in diabetic patients. Methods: Prospective controlled observational study. From among all the type 2 diabetic patients evaluated during a period of 5 months between September 2009 and January 2010, we enrolled all patients with retinal MPCs ...

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: To explore the relative contribution of novel and traditional risk markers for diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: A clinic-based study of 224 diabetic patients (85 type 1, 139 type 2) from a diabetes clinic was performed. DR was graded from fundus photographs according to the Airlie House Classification system and ...

AimsTo determine the effect of diabetes on inner and outer retinal function in persons with diabetes and no clinically detectable retinopathy or with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR).MethodsVisual function was assessed in 18 adults with normal retinal health, 23 adults with diabetes and 35 adults with NPDR and normal visual acuity. ...

AIM: To prospectively examine the association of retinal microvascular signs with incident diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in a multi-ethnic population-based cohort. METHODS: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis comprised Caucasians, African-Americans, Hispanics and Chinese aged 45-84years. Retinal vascular calibre and retinopathy were quantified from baseline retinal photographs. Incident diabetes ...

AimRetinal oxygen metabolism is thought to be affected in diabetic retinopathy. The aim of this study was to test whether retinal vessel oxygen saturation is different in patients with diabetic retinopathy from that in healthy controls.MethodsThe retinal oximeter is based on a fundus camera. It estimates retinal vessel oxygen saturation ...

Purpose.AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the roles of AMPK in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy using known AMPK activators resveratrol and AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside) to a mouse model.Methods.C57BL/6 mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were treated with ...

Purpose.To establish, using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO), that the retinal parafoveal capillary network is altered prior to the onset of diabetic retinopathy in adult patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods.AOSLO videos were acquired in the parafoveal region of one eye from control subjects and from patients with type 2 ...

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness globally and its pathogenesis has still not been completely elucidated. Some studies show a close relation between oxidative stress and DR. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of anti-oxidant in DR and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of pazopanib eye drops in the streptozotocin induced diabetic retinopathy rat model. METHODS: A 0.5% w/v pazopanib suspension was prepared in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) in the presence of 0.5% w/v sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Brown Norway rats were divided into three groups (n=4) ...

Aims:  To assess the efficacy of using magnetic resonance imaging measurements of retinal oxygenation response to detect early diabetic retinopathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Methods:  Magnetic resonance imaging was conducted during 100% oxygen inhalation in patients with Type 2 diabetes with either no diabetic retinopathy (n = 12) or mild to moderate ...

PURPOSE: To examine the association of retinal vessel tortuosity with diabetic retinopathy and early nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS: A total of 1159 participants with type 1 diabetes aged 12 to 20 years, attending diabetes clinics in Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia between 1990 and 2002, ...

Purpose/Aim: The development of retinal edema is the main reason of impaired vision in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Water transport through aquaporins (AQPs) has been suggested to facilitate the development of ischemic edema in the retina. Here, we investigated whether experimental diabetic retinopathy in rats results in alterations of the AQP ...

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) represents the most common chronic complication of diabetes, and it is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in patients between 20-74 years old in developed countries. Laser photocoagulation (LF) represents an efficacious approach to the treatment of DR. Oxidative factors, such as free radicals (FR), ...

Retinal mitochondria become dysfunctional and their DNA (mtDNA) is damaged in diabetes. The biogenesis of mitochondrial DNA is tightly controlled by nuclear-mitochondrial transcriptional factors, and translocation of transcription factor A (TFAM) to the mitochondria is essential for transcription and replication. Our aim is to investigate the effects of diabetes on ...

Purpose:  This study investigates the clinical utility of the melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) controlled post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) as a novel technique for documenting inner retinal function in patients with Type II diabetes without diabetic retinopathy. Methods:  The PIPR was measured in seven patients with Type II ...

AIMS: To describe the relationship of retinal arteriolar and venular caliber with diabetes, retinopathy and hyperglycemia, in an Asian Indian population. METHODS: This was a population-based cross-sectional study of 3400 (75.6% response rate) Singapore ethnic Indians aged 40-80 years. Central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) ...

To formulate a model to predict the location of the onset of diabetic retinal edema (DE) in adults with diabetic retinopathy (DR), at risk for DE. In all, 46 eyes from 23 patients with DR were included. Subjects were followed semiannually until DE developed or the study concluded. The presence ...

Abstract Purpose: Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in the working population of the developed countries and also a significant cause of blindness in the elderly. This study aimed at examining the protective effect of H(2) saline on diabetic retinopathy in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Methods: Sprague-Dawley ...

Purpose:  Diabetic retinopathy is characterised by morphological lesions secondary to retinal vascular impairment, and it is assumed that changes in the diameter regulation of retinal arterioles are involved in the disease pathogenesis. It has previously been shown that prostaglandin F2α can constrict retinal arterioles in vitro. In the present study, ...

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of photographic signs of nondiabetic retinal pathology in Australian general practice patients with diabetes. METHOD Three hundred and seven patients with diabetes underwent retinal photography at two general practices, one of which was an indigenous health centre. The images were assessed for signs of pathology ...

PURPOSE: To validate the use of retinal video recording for diabetic retinopathy screening by comparing with standard retinal photography and slit-lamp examination. DESIGN: Evaluation of a new diagnostic technique. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred patients. METHODS: All fundus images were captured using standard retinal still photography (FF 450 plus; Carl Zeiss) and ...

Abstract Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of discussing retinal findings following nonmydriatic retinal imaging during an endocrinology visit on subsequent HbA1c in poorly controlled diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Materials and Methods: During a visit to an endocrinologist, patients with DR and documented ...

The mechanisms of early diabetes-induced decreases in retinal blood flow have yet to be fully determined. The aim of this study was to explore the hypothesis that 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) plays a role in the early decrease of retinal hemodynamics in diabetic mice. 20-HETE has been implicated previously in the ...

AIM/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this hypothesis was to examine the association of retinal vessel tortuosity with diabetes and diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: A clinic-based study of 327 participants (224 with diabetes and 103 non-diabetic controls) aged ≥18 years. DR was graded from fundus photographs according to the modified Airlie House Classification ...

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to review a pathway of care for diabetic patients found to have retinal artery emboli detected by retinal screening. DESIGN: This was a retrospective review of a pathway agreed in 2001 by a multidisciplinary team. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prospectively collected Gloucestershire Diabetic Retinal Screening Programme ...

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: To study long-term changes in retinal function in response to sustained glycaemia reduction in participants with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Prospective study using objective measures of retinal function in 17 participants with type 1 diabetes mellitus and minimal to moderate retinopathy who switched from conventional subcutaneous injection to continuous ...

Purpose: To map choroidal (ChT) and retinal thickness (RT) in healthy subjects and patients with diabetes with and without maculopathy using a 3D-1060nm-OCT. Methods: 63 eyes from 42 diabetic subjects (41-82 years, 11 female), grouped according to a custom scheme using ETDRS definitions: for pathology within 1 disc-diameter of fovea ...

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes and remains a major cause of preventable blindness among adults at working age. DR involves an abnormal pathology of major retinal cells, including retinal pigment epithelium, microaneurysms, inter-retinal edema, hemorrhage, exudates (hard exudates) and intraocular neovascularization. The ...

OBJECTIVE Plasma kallikrein (PK) has been identified in vitreous fluid obtained from individuals with diabetic retinopathy and has been implicated in contributing to retinal vascular dysfunction. In this report, we examined the effects of PK on retinal vascular functions and thickness in diabetic rats. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We investigated ...

The vasoactive kinin B(1) receptor (B(1)R) is overexpressed in the retina of diabetic rats in response to hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to determine whether B(1)R could contribute to the early retinal blood flow changes occurring in diabetes. Male Wistar rats were rendered diabetic ...

BACKGROUND: Changes in retinal microvascular caliber, which occur prior to onset of retinopathy, may indicate presence of kidney damage. METHODS: This study examined the association between retinal arteriolar [central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE)] and venular caliber [central retinal venule equivalent (CRVE)] and presence of albuminuria (micro- or macroalbuminuria) among participants ...

PURPOSE:: To identify by noninvasive means early retinal abnormalities that may predict diabetic macular edema. METHODS:: The authors analyzed retrospectively data from consecutive patients with Type 1 (n = 16) or Type 2 (n = 23) diabetes who presented for routine follow-up of early retinopathy, had no clinical signs or ...

Diabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have a higher incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) than nondiabetic patients, and no pharmacological approach has been demonstrated to offer consistent protection. Therefore, identifying individuals who are at increased risk becomes essential. This study was designed to assess the predictive role of the ...

Purpose. To assess if functional visual loss preceded structural changes or vice versa in diabetic patients by evaluating the macular function in prediabetic patients and in diabetic patients with varying grades of retinopathy and comparing the findings with those of age-matched healthy controls by means of microperimetry. Methods. Retinal sensitivity, ...

: It is now believed that the oxidative modification of plasma lipoproteins enhance their atherogenicity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Because a variety of highly reactive lipid peroxidation products can transfer from oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to high-density lipoprotein -cholesterol, the authors evaluated the association between ox-LDL and lecithin-cholesterol ...

This review discusses the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy related to direct effects of loss of insulin receptor action and metabolic dysregulation on the retina. The resulting sensory neuropathy can be diagnosed by structural and functional tests in patients with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Research teams can collaborate to integrate ocular ...

Aims: To correlate retinal function with vascular response to flicker light in normotensive patients with diabetes without diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods: Twenty-eight normotensive patients with diabetes (11 with type 1, 17 with type 2) without DR, and 28 sex and age-matched healthy controls underwent color vision and contrast sensitivity testing, ...

Advanced glycation end products including Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) are believed to contribute to retinal pericyte loss in diabetic retinopathy. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation has been considered as a potential cytotoxic modulator of retinal pericytes. Herein, we investigated whether CML accumulation can trigger NF-κB activation and apoptosis of retinal pericytes in streptozotocin ...

Phytotherapy is frequently considered to be less toxic and free from side effects than synthetic drugs. Hence, the present study was designed to investigate the protective use of crude water extract of Morus alba leaves on ocular functions including cataractogenesis, biochemical diabetic and hypercholesterolemic markers, retinal neurotransmitters and retinopathy of ...

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is an important cause of vision loss. England has a national systematic photographic retinal screening programme to identify patients with diabetic eye disease. Grading retinal photographs according to this national protocol identifies surrogate markers for DME. We audited a care pathway using a spectral-domain optical coherence ...

Objective: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are insulin-sensitizing agents that are associated with peripheral edema and have been reported to be associated with diabetic macular edema (DME). We hypothesized that TZDs produce subclinical increases in retinal thickness that may be detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT) but are not seen on routine dilated ...

Background:  Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common causes of blindness. Timely retinal evaluation is known to prevent or minimise visual loss. This study compared the prevalence of ocular disorders in patients who have and have not undergone a retinal examination since diagnosis of their type 2 diabetes mellitus ...

This study examined aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and Kir4.1 (a potassium channel subunit) in normal and diabetic adult Sprague-Dawley rats, and determined the effect of minocycline treatment. Retinal expression of the AQP4 and Kir4.1 genes was examined using double immuno fluorescence, Western blot analysis, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Retinal ...

There are controversies regarding the pro-angiogenic activity of placental growth factor (PGF) in diabetic retinopathy (DR). For a better understanding of its role on the retina, we have evaluated the effect of a sustained PGF over-expression in rat ocular media, using ciliary muscle electrotransfer (ET) of a plasmid encoding rat ...

Diabetes pathology derives from the combination of hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia or insulin resistance leading to diabetic complications including diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by numerous retinal defects affecting the vasculature and the neuro-retina, but the relative contributions of the loss of retinal insulin signaling and hyperglycemia ...

To investigate late toxic effects of sulfur mustard (SM) on the upper and lower respiratory tracts of Iranian veterans, 43 male veterans with more than 25% disability due to SM poisoning in 20-25 years after exposure, were studied. Direct laryngoscopy, pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gasses and pH, computed tomography ...

Diabetes is a global epidemic. The recommended goals for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and blood pressure are achieved only in a very small minority of patients. In this supplement to Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, we review the data showing that the bile acid sequestrant colesevelam lowers ...