OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between measures of adiposity (body mass index and waist circumference) and risk factors for heart disease, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, and the clustering of risk factors in middle adolescence. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Secondary schools in Sydney. PARTICIPANTS: Grade 10 students (N = ...

Glucocorticoid action is linked to the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) has been proposed as a strategy to suppress glucocorticoid action in a tissue-specific manner. A large variety of 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor classes are under investigation by the pharmaceutical industry to treat type ...

BACKGROUND: A low metabolic rate may be inherited and predispose to obesity, whereas a higher metabolic rate in obesity may be acquired by obesity-associated cardiometabolic risk. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explain the interindividual variation in resting energy expenditure (REE) by assessing 1) the association between REE and body composition, thyroid ...

Studies suggest that obesity is associated with migraine progression from an episodic into a chronic form. We discuss putative mechanisms to justify this relationship. Several of the inflammatory mediators that are increased in obese individuals are important in migraine pathophysiology, including interleukins and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Both migraine and obesity ...

Figures from the UK indicate that around 1 in 4 adults are obese (body mass index [BMI] above 30kg/m(2)) and 2% are morbidly obese (BMI above 40kg/m(2)).(1) Being obese is associated with morbidity (e.g. type 2 diabetes mellitus, certain cancers, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases) and premature death.(2-6) Weight loss can ...

AIM: To examine associations between obesity, ethnicity and intermediate clinical outcomes in diabetes. METHODS: Population-based, cross-sectional study using electronic primary care medical records of 7300 people with diabetes from White, Black and south Asian ethnic groups. RESULTS: The pattern of obesity differed within ethnic groups, with rates significantly higher in ...

Plasma apolipoprotein (apo) C-III strongly predicts myocardial infarction (MI) and directly activates atherogenic processes in vascular cells. Genetic variation in the insulin response element of the APOC3 promoter is associated with an increased risk of MI. The objective was to determine whether the APOC3 promoter variation affects plasma apo C-III ...

To study whether obese individuals, who are at higher risk for diabetes and disparities in care than nonobese individuals, are more likely to have undiagnosed diabetes. We performed an analysis of 5,514 adult participants in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were interviewed about sociodemographic and medical ...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze lamin A/C mRNA levels in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in two conditions-obesity and type 2 diabetes-that share common inflammatory and metabolic features, and to assess their relationship with selected inflammatory and adipogenic genes. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This is a cross-sectional study ...

AIM: Short-term dietary weight loss can improve insulin resistance but long-term studies are lacking. We sought to quantify the degree to which maintenance of weight loss after a short-term dietary intervention was associated with persistent metabolic benefits. METHODS: Fifty-seven insulin-resistant obese subjects had insulin-mediated glucose disposal quantified through the steady-state ...

Defects in expression of genes of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria have been suggested to be a key pathophysiological feature in familial insulin resistance. We examined whether such defects can arise from lifestyle-related factors alone. Fourteen obesity-discordant (BMI difference 5.2 +/- 1.8 kg/m(2)) and 10 concordant (1.0 +/- 0.7 kg/m(2)) monozygotic ...

Endothelin contributes to abnormalities in peripheral blood vessel function of subjects with obesity, with or without concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus, but it is unknown if endothelin contributes specifically to obesity and diabetes-associated changes in blood pressure. We evaluated the effect of systemic endothelin antagonism on peripheral and central hemodynamics ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which absenteeism costs associated with obesity and morbid obesity are traceable to diabetes, and whether obesity and morbid obesity remain predictors of absenteeism costs after controlling for diabetes. METHODS: Data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey for 2000-2004 are examined. Outcomes are probability of ...

Obesity is now regarded as a global epidemic affecting both adults and children, and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Thus the effective management of obesity has become an important clinical focus. Therefore, an understanding of the pathways controlling appetite, satiety and food intake is critical for gaining an ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess insulin sensitivity, pancreatic beta-cell function, and compare circulating levels of adiponectin and ghrelin in obese women with and without diabetes. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Ninety-nine obese women with a body mass index (BMI) > or = 25 kg/m2 and age at least 40 years without previous history of ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol with economic and humanistic outcomes among overweight or obese individuals. METHODS: Data were from the 2006 National Health and Wellness Survey and were limited to overweight or obese adults (BMI > 27). Outcomes assessed include the SF-8, resource use, ...

Obesity is associated with heart failure. Recognition of subclinical left ventricular (LV) dysfunction may permit the initiation of therapy to prevent the development of heart failure. In this study of anthropometric, biochemical, and echocardiographic measurements in 295 healthy overweight subjects, we sought to investigate the effect of insulin resistance and ...

INTRODUCTION: Insulin regulates metabolic processes and is an important growth factor, which is able to stimulate cell proliferation and transformation and to inhibit apoptosis. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyze the fasting serum insulin level in patients with colorectal cancer in relation to the clinical stage of ...

BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that obesity and insulin resistance may play a role in the development of asthma and allergy. The aim of the study was to examine the association of obesity and insulin resistance with asthma and aeroallergen sensitization. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based study of 3609 Danish men and ...

High blood pressure (BP) is extremely common in persons with obesity. However, not all obese individuals have high BP, nor does weight loss lower BP in all persons. In this study, the authors investigated whether the salt-sensitive (SS) or salt-resistant (SR) phenotype determines the degree of BP lowering induced by ...

Rimonabant, the first selective CB(1) receptor antagonist in clinical use, has been extensively investigated in the Rimonabant in Obesity (RIO) programme, comprising four 1-2 year placebo-controlled randomised clinical trials recruiting more than 6600 overweight/obese patients with or without co-morbidities. Rimonabant 20 mg daily consistently reduced body weight, waist circumference, triglycerides, ...

CONTEXT: Retinol-binding protein (RBP) 4 is secreted by adipose tissue and is postulated to be a determinant of insulin sensitivity. The mechanisms of RBP4 insulin desensitizing action remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to estimate the relationships between serum RBP4 concentration with insulin sensitivity and oxidative ...

OBJECTIVE: This analysis examines how obesity affects the prescribing of insulin for individuals with type 2 diabetes and poor glycemic control. METHODS: Data were obtained from the UK General Practice Research Database for the years 2000-2004. Patients were eligible if they had been identified as having type 2 diabetes and ...

Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes, and both conditions are now recognized to possess significant inflammatory components underlying their pathophysiologies. We tested the hypothesis that the plant polyphenolic compound curcumin, which is known to exert potent antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects, would ameliorate diabetes ...

BACKGROUND: Glycerol production and its efflux from adipocytes to the liver are key to modulate lipid and glucose homeostasis. Aquaporin 7 (AQP7) is an aquaglyceroporin that acts as the adipose glycerol channel, whereas aquaporin 9 (AQP9) is the specific channel operating in the liver. The aim of the present work ...

Alterations in glucocorticoid (GC) metabolism may contribute to the development of obesity and insulin resistance. We aimed to study the role of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2) in human adiposity, paying special attention to the association between altered GC metabolism and insulin sensitivity. In 24-h urine samples of 72 extremely ...

Previous studies have described genetic associations of the insulin gene variable number tandem repeat (INS VNTR) variant with childhood obesity and associated phenotypes. We aimed to assess the contribution of INS VNTR genotypes to childhood obesity and variance of insulin resistance, insulin secretion, and birth weight using family-based design. Participants ...

The pathogenesis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is poorly understood. Several mechanisms have been suggested, but no one mechanism has been able to account for all manifestations of the disease. Although IIH predominantly affects obese, premenopausal women, little is known about whether or how the obesity contributes to the IIH. ...

The objective of the study was to assess the relation of resistin to the anthropometric parameters, metabolic risk factors, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in men with myocardial infarction. Subjects were 40 obese (age, 53.6 +/- 7.39 years; body mass index, > or =30 kg/m2) and 40 lean (age, 54.4 +/- ...

The obesity epidemic is fast becoming one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Over the past 30 years, gastrointestinal hormones have been increasingly understood to have an important role as regulators of appetite and energy balance in obese individuals. The levels of these hormones are modulated by ...

It is well known that the relative risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus increases with increasing body mass index. The presence of not only excessive body fat but also the pattern of fat distribution (central obesity) is important for other metabolic abnormalities included in the metabolic syndrome. The possible ...

Alizyme plc, in collaboration with Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd in Japan, is developing cetilistat, an oral non-absorbed synthetic lipase inhibitor, derived from Alizyme's pancreatic lipase inhibitor research program, for the potential treatment of obesity in patients with or without diabetes. It is also under investigation for the potential management of ...

Large-scale epidemiological studies show that hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidaemia are highly prevalent among obese individuals. Regrettably, preventive efforts have failed to abolish the increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide. The endocannabinoid system is implicated in the regulation of appetite, food intake, lipids, and glucose metabolism. Rimonabant is the first type-1 endocannabinoid ...

Although high body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, limited data exist on the association of overweight and obesity with early stages of kidney disease. Cross-sectional data for 5083 participants of the nationally representative Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with an ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The prevalence of obesity in youth is increasing alarmingly among children and adolescents in the United States. The problem falls disproportionately on African-American and Hispanic children. Many of the metabolic and cardiovascular complications associated with obesity are already present during childhood and are closely linked to the ...

Obesity results from alterations in the body's regulation of energy intake, expenditure, and storage. Recent evidence, primarily from investigations in animal models, suggests that the gut microbiota affects nutrient acquisition and energy regulation. Its composition has also been shown to differ in lean vs obese animals and humans. In this ...

Obesity is a growing worldwide problem and is associated with a wide range of adverse effects on the female reproductive system. The endocrinological changes in obesity that may cause these adverse effects are complex and include changes in circulating adipokines and sex steroids as well as insulin resistance. Considerable evidence ...

Obesity, defined by a body mass index greater than 30kg/m(2), claims an increasing number of lives every year, underscoring a dire need for effective therapeutic interventions. The origins of the obesity epidemic are complex, but commonly cited factors include the large quantities of calorie-rich food that are readily accessible in ...

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Development of type 2 diabetes can be delayed or sometimes prevented from manifestation in individuals with obesity that are able to lose weight. Weight loss can be achieved either medically with behavioral therapies that combine ...

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are increasing in prevalence, bringing with them considerable morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of each condition is quite complex and incompletely understood. Many hormone-like signaling agents that affect energy metabolism are released from adipocytes (eg, leptin) and from immune cells (eg, tumor necrosis factor-alpha). Type ...

In many traditional schools of medicine it is claimed that a balanced modulation of several targets can provide a superior therapeutic effect and decrease in side effect profile compared to a single action from a single selective ligand, especially in the treatment of certain chronic and complex diseases, such as ...

OBJECTIVE: Limited data exist on the association between in utero exposure to maternal diabetes and obesity and type 2 diabetes in diverse youth. These associations were explored in African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white youth participating in the SEARCH Case-Control Study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 79 youth with ...

We assessed the myocardial susceptibility to ischemic-reperfusion injury in obese rat hearts in the absence and the presence of predicted circulating concentrations of insulin and fatty acids. Feeding rats a high-calorie diet resulted in increases in body weight, visceral fat content, cardiac hypertrophy, plasma insulin, nonesterified free fatty acid, and ...

Worldwide, the rates of obesity are rapidly rising. Abdominal obesity in particular is associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors, namely increased triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, elevated blood pressure and increased plasma glucose. The cluster of these obesity-related metabolic disorders identifies individuals with the cardiometabolic syndrome, who are at ...

In humans, obesity is closely associated with insulin resistance (IR) and dyslipidaemia. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of age on metabolic disturbances related to obesity in dogs (n = 25). Three age-groups of dogs (puppies, young adults and mature adults) were overfed to induce obesity, ...

The present review assesses the potential of the Phaseolus vulgaris alpha-amylase inhibitor isoform 1 (alpha-AI1) starch blockers as a widely used remedy against obesity and diabetes. Consumption of the alpha-amylase inhibitor causes marginal intraluminal alpha-amylase activity facilitated by the inhibitor's appropriate structural, physico-chemical and functional properties. As a result there ...

BACKGROUND: To compare the anthropometric indices of obesity and identify which index serves as a better discriminator in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) for the elderly. METHODS: Participants of a 1-day health check, older than 60 years, in our hospital from 2003 to 2005 were enrolled. CKD was defined as ...

The early nephropathy in obese, diabetic, dyslipidemic (ZS) rats is characterized by tubular lipid accumulation and pervasive inflammation, two critically interrelated events. We now tested the hypothesis that proximal tubules from ZS obese diabetic rats in vivo, and proximal tubule cells (NRK52E) exposed to oxidized LDL (oxLDL) in vitro, change ...

The prevalence of obesity is increasing in dogs as well as in humans. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an important tool for the detection of inflammation and/or early tissue damage and is linked to obesity in humans. The objective of the present study was to determine if serum CRP levels are ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the obesity genes the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) and the insulin induced gene 2 (INSIG2) are associated with class III, or morbid, obesity in patients undergoing bariatric weight loss operations. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of genotype and clinical ...