The innate immune response provides our first line of defence against infection. Over the course of evolution pathogens have evolved numerous strategies to either avoid activating or to limit the effectiveness of the innate immune system. The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) contains tegument proteins in the virion that contribute to ...

Aims:  We aimed to investigate the role of the nuclear carrier and binding proteins, transportin-1 (TRN1) and transportin-2 (TRN2), TATA-binding protein-associated factor 15 (TAF15) and Ewing's Sarcoma protein (EWS) in inclusion body formation in cases of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) associated with Fused in Sarcoma protein (FTLD-FUS). Methods:  Eight cases ...

Expression of multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins is thought to significantly contribute to the different biological/clinical behaviour of soft tissue sarcomas (STS) of various histological types and clinicopathological stages, as they are responsible for active efflux of cytotoxic drugs from tumour cells. We investigated the expression of 3 MDR proteins, i.e., ...

Lanthanum (La) is an important rare earth element in the ecological environment of plant. The proteins on the plasma membrane control the transport of molecules into and out of cell. It is very important to investigate the effect of La(III) on the proteins on the plasma membrane in the plant ...

A herpesvirus virion is composed of a viral genomic DNA-containing capsid surrounded by a viral envelope with glycoprotein spikes on its surface. Located between the capsid and the outer viral envelope is the virion tegument layer. Though the majority of the virion proteins are located in the tegument, this layer ...

Synovial sarcoma (SS), an aggressive type of soft tissue tumor, occurs mostly in adolescents and young adults. The origin and molecular mechanism of the development of SS remain only partially known. Over 90% of SS cases are characterized by the t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) translocation, which results mainly in the formation of SS18-SSX1 ...

Opiate addiction is characterized by drug tolerance and dependence which involve adaptive changes in μ-opioid receptors (MORs) signaling. Regulators of G-protein signaling RGS9, RGS4 and RGS10 proteins negatively regulate G(αi/o) protein activity modulating MOR function. An important role of RGS proteins in drug addiction has been described but the status ...

The immortal and totipotent properties of the germ line depend on determinants within the germ plasm. A common characteristic of germ plasm across phyla is the presence of germ granules, including P granules in Caenorhabditis elegans, which are typically associated with the nuclear periphery. In C. elegans, nuclear pore complex ...

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been shown to highly involve in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a squamous-cell carcinoma with high-occurrence in Southeast Asia and southern China. However, the underlying relationship of EBV and NPC squamous cell remains obscure. In this study, we employ a comparative iTRAQ-coupled 2D LC-MS/MS system ...

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent infection promotes cell survival and proliferation, in some cases contributing to tumourigenesis. EBV-immortalized cells and EBV-induced tumours express the viral EBNA1 protein which, in addition to its roles in replicating and maintaining EBV genomes, can alter cellular processes, including the disruption of promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear ...

The capsids of herpesviruses, which comprise major and minor capsid proteins, have a common icosahedral structure with 162 capsomers. An electron microscopic study shows that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) capsids in the nucleus are immunolabeled by anti-BDLF1 and anti-BORF1 antibodies, indicating that BDLF1 and BORF1 are the minor capsid proteins of ...

Heat shock proteins are members of a large family that function normally in nascent protein folding and the removal of damaged proteins and are able to respond to cellular stresses such as thermal insult to prevent catastrophic protein aggregation. A number of the most common neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's ...

Following the idea of partial root-zone drying (PRD) in crop cultivation, the morphological and physiological responses to partial root osmotic stress (PROS) and whole root osmotic stress (WROS) were investigated in rice. WROS caused stress symptoms like leaf rolling and membrane leakage. PROS stimulated stress signals, but did not cause ...

Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), a prominent member of the heat shock protein family, is a stress-induced chaperone, contributing to the "protein triage" mechanism. However, we and others have previously shown that chaperonin activity of Hsp70 also promotes immune recognition of protein/peptide antigens, including myelin autoantigens. Hsp70 has been strikingly ...

Salinity is one of the major stress factors responsible for growth reduction of most of the higher plants. In this study, the effect of salt stress on protein pattern in shoots and roots of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) was examined. Sugar beet plants were grown in hydroponics under control ...

Bacterial cold shock proteins (Csps) are over-expressed as response to cold stress. They have a role in transcriptional and translational events due to their ability to bind single stranded (ss) nucleic acids. Csps so far characterized show similar structures with a closed five stranded antiparallel β-barrel. Here we report a ...

Organisms must survive a variety of stressful conditions, including sudden temperature increases that damage important cellular structures and interfere with essential functions. In response to heat stress, cells activate an ancient signaling pathway leading to the transient expression of heat shock or heat stress proteins (Hsps). Hsps exhibit sophisticated protection ...

Heat-shock protein 60 (Hsp60) is a highly conserved stress protein which has chaperone functions in prokaryotes and mammalian cells. Hsp60 is associated with the mitochondria and the plasma membrane through phosphorylation by protein kinase A, and is incorporated into lipid membranes as a protein-folding chaperone. Its diverse intracellular chaperone functions ...

The Mediterranean blue mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, an invasive species in California, has displaced the more heat-sensitive native congener, Mytilus trossulus, from its former southern range, possibly due to climate change. By comparing the response of their proteomes to acute heat stress we sought to identify responses common to both species ...

There is considerable interest in the use of psychrotrophic bacteria for food biopreservation and in the understanding of cold adaptation mechanisms. The psychrotrophic biopreservative Lactococcus piscium strain CNCM I-4031 was studied for its growth behavior and proteomic responses after cold shock and during cold acclimation. Growth kinetics highlighted the absence ...

Many etiological factors are involved in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. The pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis has been attributed to such causes as trypsin autodigestion, pancreatic microcirculation malfunction, the calcium overload in pancreatic acinar cells, oxygen free radical injury, cytokine injury, and has been treated in detail in numerous reviews. ...

Mild testicular heating safely and reversibly suppresses spermatogenesis. In this study, we attempted to clarify the underlying molecular mechanism(s) involved in heat-induced spermatogenesis suppression in human testis. We conducted global proteomic analyses of human testicular biopsies before, and at 2 and 9 wk after heat treatment. Thirty-one and Twenty-six known ...

Heat shock proteins (HSPs), also known as stress proteins and extrinsic chaperones, are a suite of highly conserved proteins of varying molecular weight (c. 16-100 kDa) produced in all cellular organisms when they are exposed to stress. They develop following up-regulation of specific genes, whose transcription is mediated by the ...

Heat shock protein (Hsp90α) has been recently implicated in cancer prompting several attempts to discover and optimize new Hsp90α inhibitors. Toward this end, we explored the pharmacophoric space of 83 Hsp90α inhibitors using six diverse sets of inhibitors to identify high-quality pharmacophores. Subsequently, genetic algorithm and multiple linear regression analysis ...

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas, which can result in serious morbidity or death. Acute pancreatitis severity can be reduced in experimental models by preconditioning animals with a short hyperthermia prior to disease induction. Heat shock proteins 27 and 70 are key effectors of this protective effect. ...

Protein quality networks are required for the maintenance of proper protein homeostasis and essential for viability and growth of all living organisms. Hence, regulation and coordination of these networks are critical for survival during stress as well as for virulence of pathogenic species. In low GC, Gram-positive bacteria central protein ...

Since their discovery in Drosophila, the heat shock proteins (Hsps) have been shown to regulate both stress resistance and life-span. Aging is characterized by increased oxidative stress and the accumulation of abnormal (malfolded) proteins, and these stresses induce Hsp gene expression through the transcription factor HSF. In addition, a subset ...

Heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) is an important regulator of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) by controlling the expression of major heat shock proteins (Hsps) that facilitate protein folding. However, it is unclear whether other proteostasis pathways are mediated by HSF1. Here, we identified novel targets of HSF1 in mammalian cells, ...

Carissa spinarum is one of the secondary advantage plants grown in dry-hot valleys in China, which can survive under stress conditions of high temperature and extreme low humidity. Here, we studied the physiological and proteomic changes of C. spinarum in response to 42 degrees C heat stress treatment in combination ...

Recent studies have documented the association of mesenteric lymphatic route with adult respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure after hemorrhagic shock. However, the mediators and mechanisms of the toxic effects of mesenteric lymph remain unclear. This study aimed to identify mediators or biomarkers in the mesenteric lymph through comparative ...

The opportunistic food-borne pathogen Cronobacter sp. causes rare but significant illness in neonates and is capable to grow at a remarkably wide range of temperatures from 5.5 to 47 degrees C. A gel-free quantitative proteomics approach was employed to investigate the molecular basis of the Cronobacter sp. adaptation to heat ...

The heat shock proteins (HSPs) are members of highly conserved families of molecular chaperones that have multiple roles in vivo. We discuss the HSPs in general, and Hsp70 and Hsp27 in particular, and their rapid induction by severe stress in the context of tissue and organ expression in physiology and ...

Immunoscreening of a cDNA expression library of the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus tick with purified rabbit anti-R annulatus salivary glands antigens polyclonal antibodies led to the identification of a 661bp sequence. The sequence includes an open reading frame of 543bp encoding a protein of 180 amino acids with calculated molecular weight ...

As one member of 70 kDa heat shock proteins, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) participates in protein folding, transportation and degradation. This sort of capacity can be enhanced by stresses under which GRP78 is induced rapidly. Unlike its homologues, GRP78 presents multifaceted subcellular position: When ER retention, it serves as the ...

The META cluster of Leishmania amazonensis contains both META1 and META2 genes, which are upregulated in metacyclic promastigotes and encode proteins containing the META domain. Previous studies defined META2 as a 48.0-kDa protein, which is conserved in other Leishmania species and in Trypanosoma brucei. In this work, we demonstrate that ...

Molecular chaperones are central to cellular protein homeostasis. In mammals, protein misfolding diseases and aging cause inflammation and progressive tissue loss, in correlation with the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates and the defective expression of chaperone genes. Bacteria and non-diseased, non-aged eukaryotic cells effectively respond to heat shock by inducing ...

A comparative proteomic approach was employed to explore tissue-specific protein expression patterns in soybean seedlings under heat stress. The changes in the protein expression profiles of soybean seedling leaves, stems, and roots were analyzed after exposure to high temperatures. A total of 54, 35, and 61 differentially expressed proteins were ...

The identification of 249 proteins in the first 2 wks of wheat grain development enabled the chronological description of the early processes of grain formation. Cell division involved expression of the enzymes and proteins of the cytoskeleton and structure, DNA repair and replication enzymes and cellular metabolism enzymes (synthesis of ...

Biologically active factors produced by the intestine and transported by the aqueous and protein fraction of mesenteric lymph are now thought to contribute significantly to the development of distant organ failure in hemorrhagic shock. Despite the likely relevance of the protein composition of mesenteric lymph conditioned by hemorrhagic shock, there ...

Molecular and cellular mechanisms of MDMA-induced toxicity have been extensively studied in a number of experimental models. Nevertheless, only few studies investigated the involvement of HSPs ("molecular chaperones") in MDMA organs toxicity. In the present minireview we highlight this subject analysing the results of these studies conducted especially on brain ...

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that bind to other proteins to shepherd them across membranes and direct them to specific locations within a cell. Several injurious stimuli can induce Hsp70 expression, including ischemia. This study aimed to investigate the pattern of expression of protein (immunohistochemistry) and gene (real-time ...

Transgenic Bollgard II cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., expresses Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab proteins that provide control of lepidopteran larvae, including Helicoverpa and Heliothis species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) worldwide. Experiments conducted at Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia evaluated the impact of night minimum temperatures on Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab protein levels in Bollgard II cotton. ...

hspA encodes a small heat shock protein (sHSP) in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causative agent of black rot in cruciferous plants. In this study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, promoter activity assays, and Northern hybridization results revealed that HspA expression was induced by heat shock but not by other stresses, although ...

A rapid temperature downshift induces the expression of many proteins termed 'cold-induced' proteins. Although some of these proteins are known to participate in metabolism, transcription, translation and protein folding, processes that are affected by cold stress, it has not yet been identified which proteins sense the temperature downshift. Here we ...

The Hsp70 class of heat shock proteins (Hsps) has been implicated at multiple points in the immune response of both vertebrates and invertebrates. This class of chaperones is highly conserved in both sequence and structure, from prokaryotes to higher eukaryotes. In view of their high degree of homology, it was ...

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds found in cooked meat and fish. Although HCAs are known to form adducts with protein after metabolic activation, adduct formation during cooking has not been elucidated. In this study, we showed that 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is released from high molecular weight compounds by ...

Cytokinins (CKs) are known to regulate leaf senescence and affect heat tolerance, but mechanisms underlying CK regulation of heat tolerance are not well understood. A comprehensive proteomic study was conducted to identify proteins altered by the expression of the adenine isopentenyl transferase (ipt) gene controlling CK synthesis and associated with ...

Subjecting whey proteins to high-pressure shearing with or without heating, commonly termed microparticulation, results in novel ingredients with modulated functionalities. Gelling properties of microparticulated whey proteins (MWP) were specifically assessed in this study. MWP powders were produced from commercial cheese whey retentate, standardized to 10% (w/w) protein, and subjected to ...

Endocannabinoids are key mediators of many aspects of human health and disease. The biological activity of anandamide, a prominent member of this group, depends on the metabolic control exerted by biosynthetic, catabolic and oxidative pathways working together. Cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of anandamide are crucial steps in the process. ...

Emerging evidence indicates that heat shock proteins (HSPs) are critical regulators in normal neural physiological function as well as in cell stress responses. The functions of HSPs represent an enormous and diverse range of cellular activities, far beyond the originally identified roles in protein folding and chaperoning. HSPs are now ...