The authors report the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a 22-year-old woman with hemolytic uremic syndrome and encephalopathy secondary to verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. Multiple lesions in the midbrain, cerebellum, occipital lobe, and basal ganglia showed high signal intensity on T2-weighted images with widespread symmetrical distribution. Most of these findings ...

In hepatic encephalopathy, a progressive and diffuse impairment in brain function is associated with gradual alterations that can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS). In some patients, a variety of movement disorders suggestive of extrapyramidal impairment points toward basal ganglia (BG) alterations. ...

1H magnetic resonance (1H MR) studies of the brain in patients with liver diseases have shown several abnormalities that may be relevant for the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. 1H magnetic resonance imaging shows a typical pallidal hyperintensity on T1-weighted images. This abnormality appears to be secondary to the accumulation of ...

PURPOSE: To report the clinical course and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a 28-year-old woman with preeclampsia and reversible cortical blindness. DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: The patient presented at the 37th week of pregnancy with headache and hypertension. The next day, her visual acuity decreased to light perception ...

The clinico-pathological study of a new type of familial parkinsonism with striatal degeneration is reported. The inheritance mode was autosomal recessive, and three out of four offspring of married cousins developed parkinsonism in their early adulthood. Their clinical signs were rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability and dysarthria. These symptoms were slowly ...

Bilateral symmetric striopallidodentate calcinosis, also known as Fahr's disease, is characterized by bilateral calcifications of the basal ganglia, thalami, dentate nuclei of the cerebellum, and the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere. Intracranial calcifications are easily visible as high-density areas on computed tomographic images. On magnetic resonance images, the calcifications ...

We report the first case of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) with spastic paraparesis. A 17-year-old male began to show a dystonic posture in both his upper limbs when walking at age 12 years. Neurological examination revealed bilateral talipes cavus, spasticity in all extremities with general hyperreflexia and pathological reflexes. On ...

The long-term findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a 7 10/12-year-old boy with a history of acute encephalopathy with bilateral striatal necrosis following measles at the age of 22 months are described. At the early stage of illness, brain MRI studies revealed bilateral, symmetric basal ganglia lesions, predominant ...

BACKGROUND: Clinical features suggesting a diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) include early falls, axial rigidity, vertical supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, and levodopa unresponsiveness. When these clinical features are present, the diagnosis is almost always PSP, yet vascular disease sometimes has a similar presentation, referred to as vascular PSP. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate ...

A 45-year-old woman experienced long-term, chronic exposure to carbon monoxide in the restaurant kitchen where she was employed as a cook. After returning to the restaurant after 5 days off work, she noticed that her symptoms returned immediately; she then aired out the room and called the gas company. Approximately ...

We describe MR changes that occurred 3 and 6 weeks after a suicide attempt with cyanide. The toxicity of cyanide causes damage, primarily to the basal ganglia, and those changes were visible as altered signal intensity on the first MR images. Extensive areas of hemorrhagic necrosis were seen 6 weeks ...

The anticonvulsant agent valproate (VPA) may cause hyperammonemic encephalopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton MR spectroscopic (MRS) findings in a patient with VPA-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy are described. MRI showed a metabolic-toxic lesion pattern with bilateral T2-hyperintense lesions in the cerebellar white matter and in the globus pallidus. MR spectroscopic ...

The case report of a patient with hypertensive encephalopathy is presented here. The findings of reversible bilateral thalamic changes on T2-weighted MR imaging is an atypical manifestation of the reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), which is the neuroradiological correlate of hypertensive encephalopathy. The importance of prompt and accurate diagnosis of ...

BACKGROUND: Chorea associated with non-ketotic hyperglycemia and high signal intensity lesions on T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance images (C-H-BG) is recognized as a unique syndrome that affects elderly women exclusively. However, its overall clinical features are unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The literature describing patients with C-H-BG from 1985 to 2001 was ...

We report a 17-year-old man showing myoclonic involuntary movement (IVM) associated with chronic manganese (Mn) poisoning. The patient, a welder, showed myoclonic IVM mainly in the right upper and lower extremities, elevated levels of Mn in the blood and hair and high-intensity signals in the globus pallidus on T1-weighted MR ...

CNS toxic effects of the antineoplastic agent ifosfamide (IFX) are frequent and include a variety of neurological symptoms that can limit drug use. We report a case of a 51-year-old man who developed severe, disabling negative myoclonus of the upper and lower extremities after the infusion of ifosfamide for plasmacytoma. ...

Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome (AHS) is a rare mitochondrial disorder of childhood onset that is characterized by progressive encephalopathy and hepatopathy. MRI studies are rare and have not added substantial information to the pathogenesis of the encephalopathy. Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) and MR spectroscopy (MRS) were used in a patient with AHS during ...

We present the neuropathologic and clinical features of eight Chinese patients with Leigh disease. Five cases had onset before 1 year of age, the other three after 1 year of age. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated symmetric and bilateral long T1 and long T2 lesions mainly in the basal ...

Lead is toxic to many organ systems, among them bone marrow, muscles, kidneys, endocrine glands, joints, and nervous system. Encephalopathy is a rare but severe complication of lead poisoning. Lead toxicity is much less common in adults. Adult lead poisoning results primarily from exposure by inhalation in the workplace. In ...

MRI findings in a 12-year-old boy with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency are described. SSADH deficiency is a rare neurometabolic disorder of GABA catabolism. The clinical diagnosis is difficult and the disease is underdiagnosed. MRI showed an unusual pattern with hyperintense signal in the globus pallidus and cerebellar dentate nucleus ...

Glutaric aciduria type I is an uncommon inborn error of metabolism. It is a serious disease, often with a fatal outcome. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and the clinical course of monozygotic twin females with glutaric aciduria type I who were admitted with acute encephalopathic crisis symptoms 3 days after immunization ...

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood (ANE) is characterized by multiple, symmetrical brain lesions affecting the bilateral thalami, putamina and cerebral white matter, which often show a concentric structure on CT and MRI. To reveal the pathological substrate of this finding, comparison was made between CT and necropsy findings of three ...

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with the parainfluenza virus has rarely been reported in childhood. A 2.5-year-old girl with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, who developed bilateral symmetrical lesions in the basal ganglion, thalamus, corpus callosum, cerebral subcortical white matter, and cerebellar medulla on brain magnetic resonance imaging is described. Serological confirmation of ...

Germ-cell tumors of the central nervous system generally develop in the midline, but the tumors can also occur in the basal ganglia and/or thalamus. However, MR images have rarely been documented in the early stage of the tumor in these regions. We retrospectively reviewed MR images obtained on admission and ...

Serial MRI including diffusion and perfusion imaging was performed in a patient with hypertensive encephalopathy. At admission, the patient was disorientated and presented with seizures and cortical blindness. Perfusion imaging showed a marked reduction in blood volume and flow, with corresponding vasogenic oedema in the occipital, posterior temporal, and, to ...

We present the MRI and CT findings of one child with cyclosporine-related encephalopathy, and one child with hypertensive encephalopathy following cyclosporine-related encephalopathy. The imaging findings were shown well on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MR images. Cyclosporine-related encephalopathy was distributed predominantly in the posterior white matter. Hypertensive encephalopathy showed ...

BACKGROUND: Hypertensive encephalopathy (HTE) is a syndrome typified by headache, seizures, and neurologic signs associated with increased systemic blood pressures; edema in the subcortical white matter is seen on imaging studies and is usually reversible, although infarction or hemorrhage may supervene. Based on previous work, we theorize that HTE is ...

An 84-year-old man presented with acute confusion, global aphasia, and fever. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed hyperintense lesions on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images predominantly affecting the cortical gray matter of the left mesial temporal and inferior frontal lobes, and insula. Acyclovir was prescribed for presumed viral encephalitis. ...

We report of a 22-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) because of obtundation and a febrile illness. These symptoms had occurred after ingestion of 16 tablets of dexibuprofen. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disclosed multiple hyperintense white matter abnormalities without ...

We report a female, 10 years of age, with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis accompanied by hypertensive encephalopathy. The patient developed a cytotoxic brain lesion, as revealed by the high signal intensity on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, which corresponded to the hypoperfusion area on single-photon emission computed tomography scan using (99m)Tc-ethylcysteinatedimer. Cerebrospinal ...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the morphological changes of cerebral involvement in children with HUS utilizing CT and MRI. METHOD AND PATIENTS: We retrospectively analyzed 13 cranial CTs (CCT) and 3 cranial MRI studies of 5 out of 93 patients with clinically proven HUS and severe CNS involvement (seizures and coma and ...

A 54-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital suffering from fever and personality changes. Laboratory examination of her cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed 270 mononuclear cells, 30 polynuclear cells and a clinically low number of erythrocytes/mm3. Empirical clinical findings from this case suggested treatment with acyclovir. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed ...

We present a case of a 25-year-old woman with drowsiness, nystagmus, severe ataxia and areflexia, which developed six weeks after admission to an obstetric clinic for hyperemesis gravidarum. She had been treated with intravenous dextrose and electrolyte solutions and antiemetics. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed on the fifth day of ...

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy allows the assessment of several metabolites in brain tissue. In patients with hepatic encephalopathy, this technique shows a rise in glutamine and a decrease in myoinositol in brain tissue. However, the role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy is not known. We report ...

The incidence of kernicterus has been greatly reduced by effective monitoring and treatment for hyperbilirubinemia. Findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with kernicterus are characteristic. This study presents three cases of possible kernicterus without typical symptoms but with MRI features consistent with kernicterus. These cases suggest that kernicterus ...

A 42-year-old man presented with a history of repeated episodes of consciousness disturbance for 5 years. The MRI showed abnormally high signal intensities on T2-weighted images at bilateral cingulate gyri, temporal lobes and insular regions, mimicking the finding of herpes simplex encephalitis. Hyperammonemia was disclosed. Serial work-up led to the ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) is an acute phase of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Pathologic findings change between acute and chronic phases. Only a few magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have been done to date. METHODS: To correlate the MRI findings in acute and chronic stages of WE with the known ...

Although Japanese Encephalitis (JE) and Wilson's disease (WD) are different entities, MR findings in both these conditions are quite similar. The purpose of this retrospective study was to find out the similarities and differences between JE and WD on MR imaging. The study group comprised 25 proven cases of JE ...

We report a case of acute Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) in which apparent diffusion coefficient maps showed areas of increased diffusion in the bilateral medial thalami that corresponded to the hyperintense lesions on T2-weighted imaging. The hyperintense lesions on T2-weighted imaging disappeared with full recovery from symptoms. These findings suggest that ...

Posterior occipital and parietal lobe infarcts shown by computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging have been associated with eclampsia. Gray-white matter, infarct-like lesions of the right basal ganglia, right posterior parietal, and left posterior parieto-occipital lobes were found by CT scan in a patient at 26 weeks gestation ...

A 19-year-old patient on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis experienced severe neurologic disturbances caused by uremia. Increased signal intensity was seen bilaterally in the cortical and subcortical areas of the occipital and parietal lobe on cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Insufficient peritoneal dialysis efficacy was documented and the patient was switched ...

Summary: We report a case of atypical manifestation of hyperintense lesions in a 64-year-old female patient with Wernicke's encephalopathy. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and T2-weighted images demonstrated symmetrical distribution of hyperintense lesions in cerebellar dentate nuclei, tegmentum of the lower pons, red nuclei, and tectum of the midbrain, and T1-weighted sagittal ...

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a rare, progressive and invariably fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by specific histopathological features. Of the four subtypes of CJD described, the commonest is sporadic CJD (sCJD). More recently, a new clinically distinct form of the disease affecting younger patients, known as variant CJD (vCJD), has been ...

A 61-year-old man suddenly became euphoric and talkative. Later the same day, he developed hemichoreic movements of the left limbs. The patient fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for a manic episode by abnormally and persistently elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, high distractibility, pressured speech, increased goal-directed activity, and hypersexuality. The ...

Methanol is a toxic agent that affects the central nervous system, especially the optic nerves and basal ganglia. Symmetrical hypodense lesions in the basal ganglia, which can be demonstrated by CT or MRI, is accepted as the most characteristic radiological feature of the disease. A case of a patient with ...

We describe radiological demonstration of brain involvement in haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS) in two siblings with a very different clinical course. While the brother presented with a mild, reversible encephalopathy, his sister developed high-signal lesions in the cortex, putamen and caudate nucleus on T1-weighted images, seen as dense areas on CT. ...

A 58-year-old male presented with reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) manifesting as headache, papilledema, and renal hypertension. T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed hyperintensity lesions in the medulla, pons, bilateral thalami, and bilateral deep white matter of the parieto-occipital lobes. The pons was swollen. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging did not show ...

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy is a relatively new disease. The characteristic clinical findings are of febrile illness followed by rapid deterioration in mental status and seizures. The hallmark of the disease is multifocal bilateral symmetric lesions affecting the thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem tegmentum, cerebral white matter, and cerebellum. The etiology is unknown, ...

The aim of this study was to document the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of cases with a history of severe neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia. Ten cases (eight cases with neurologic findings, two normal cases) with a history of severe neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia were studied. Neurologic findings and MRI results were ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients may be the clinical manifestation of disturbed cerebral cell volume homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of significant changes in magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) values, which could reflect an increase in free water within the brain of ...