To the Editor: El-Serag (Sept. 22 issue)(1) recommends that for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis, lesions greater than 2 cm in diameter require one study with typical imaging features, whereas lesions 1 to 2 cm in diameter require concordant findings from computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance ...

To the Editor: El-Serag (Sept. 22 issue)(1) recommends that for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis, lesions greater than 2 cm in diameter require one study with typical imaging features, whereas lesions 1 to 2 cm in diameter require concordant findings from computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance ...

Cushing syndrome (CS) is a rare condition, with an incidence of 2 to 4 cases per million inhabitants per year. In most cases of CS, elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion results in excess adrenal gland cortisol secretion but usually this is from pituitary, not ectopic ACTH production. We present a ...

Cushing's syndrome (CS), first described by the neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing in the 1930s, is the result of chronic glucocorticoid excess. In patients with adreno-corticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent CS, bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex occurs, while in those with ACTH-independent primary CS, either adrenocortical tumors or primary adrenal hyperplasia can be ...

Background: The measurement of adrenal gland size on computed tomography (CT) scan has been proposed for the etiological diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) in dogs. Symmetric adrenal glands are considered to provide evidence for ACTH-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (ADHAC), whereas asymmetry suggests ACTH-independent hyperadrenocorticism (AIHAC). However, there are currently no validated criteria for ...

Hereditary and sporadic neurodegenerative ataxias are movement disorders that affect the cerebellum. Robust and objective biomarkers are critical for treatment trials of ataxias. In addition, such biomarkers may help discriminate between ataxia subtypes because these diseases display substantial overlap in clinical presentation and conventional MRI. Profiles of 10-13 neurochemical concentrations ...

To retrospectively determine the incidence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in a large academic medical center after the adoption of restrictive gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) administration guidelines. For this retrospective HIPAA-compliant study, institutional review board approval was obtained and the requirement for informed consent was waived. Restrictive GBCA guidelines were ...

Magnetic-fluorescent composite nanoparticles as a new kind of nanoparticle have attracted much attention in recent years. The composite nanoparticles combine the fluorescent properties, magnetic properties and the physical properties of nano-size, so they can offer a range of potential applications, such as bioseparation and bio-imaging, tumor cell localization, and even ...

The granular structure and electrical transport behavior of ball milled magnetic permalloy particles and graphite forming (Ni0.8Fe0.2)10C90 granular composites have been reported. Retaining the composite composition to be 90:10 and varying the particle size of permalloy, the electronic transport properties have been carried out down to 4 K under the ...

We describe a case of exhumation, performed to investigate the circumstances and cause of death, one year after burial. Post mortem computed tomography (PMCT) revealed a mass in the pharynx. Imaging directed the subsequent forensic autopsy to careful retrieval of a foreign body. Histological analysis revealed a non-cellular composition. The ...

To re-evaluate middle-aged Swedish patients diagnosed with dysequilibrium syndrome (DES) in childhood and to compare their clinical and neuroimaging features to DES with VLDLR gene mutations (DES-VLDR). Six patients from five families underwent neurological examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Blood samples from the patients were screened ...

Immediate and delayed cerebellar dysfunction may be expected after surgical resection of a medulloblastoma. We investigated whether pre-operative and delayed post-operative MRI may correlate with such sequelae. The data of 31 patients in continuous complete remission after removal of medulloblastoma, irradiation and chemotherapy, were retrospectively reviewed. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ...

Several explanations have been suggested to account for the failure of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment in patients with urinary stones, including large stone volume, unfavorable stone location or composition and the type of lithotriptor used. Unfavorable stone composition is considered a major cause of failure of ESWL treatment, and ...

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is a reference method for assessing body composition but is seldom `accessible in veterinary settings. Computed tomography (CT) can provide similar body composition estimates and we propose that it can be used in body composition studies in animals. We compared CT and DEXA data from ...

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder due to a deficiency of the mitochondrial enzyme sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP 27) with reduced or no chenodeoxycholic synthesis. This deficiency leads to an accumulation of cholestanol in different sites such as the eye lens, central nervous system or tendons. ...

To investigate the relationship between cerebellar hemorrhage in preterm infants seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but not on ultrasonography, and neurodevelopmental outcome. Images from a cohort study of MRI in preterm newborns were reviewed for cerebellar hemorrhage. The children were assessed at a mean age of 4.8 years with ...

Besides supratentorial abnormalities, spina bifida menigomyelocele (SBM) is typically associated with Chiari-II malformation comprising a small cerebellum, which herniates downward due to a shallow posterior fossa. We used diffusion tensor imaging to probe additional microstructural alterations of the major cerebellar white matter tracts, the cerebellar peduncles. A region-of-interest approach was ...

Gliosarcoma is a rare central nervous system tumor usually located in the supratentorial area. Here we report a rare case of a gliosarcoma that developed in the cerebellar hemisphere in a 70-year-old woman. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed an infratentorial mass of which ...

A four-year-old neutered male bichon frise was presented for the evaluation of chronic, progressive yet episodic neurological dysfunction that was predominantly cerebellar in nature. Diagnostic testing including haematology, serum chemistry, magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and urine organic acid screening was normal. Trial therapies with phenobarbital, prednisone and acetazolamide ...

The present review focuses on recent developments in structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN), the main output structure of the cerebellum. The high iron content in the DCN allows for their visibility in T2*-weighted images. Spatial resolution has improved allowing the identification of ...

Increasing evidence for a cerebellar role in human cognition has accrued with respect to anatomically and functionally distinct lobules. Questions of laterality, however, have been largely overlooked. This study therefore introduced and applied a novel measurement protocol for comparatively bias-free analysis of cerebellar asymmetries. Volumetric measurements were performed on magnetic ...

Arterial spin labeling is a fully noninvasive magnetic resonance perfusion imaging method, ideally suited to pediatric perfusion imaging. We describe an 8-year-old boy with sickle cell disease, extensive right-hemispheric cerebral infarction, and crossed-cerebellar diaschisis apparent on arterial spin labeling perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. To our knowledge, this is the first ...

This study evaluates the diagnostic value of morphometric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the differential diagnosis among Parkinson's disease (PD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). We studied 21 PD cases, 11 MSA-c, 8 MSA-p and 20 PSP cases. Midbrain area (Ams), pons area (Apn), middle cerebellar ...

PURPOSE: Microcephaly and chorioretinal dysplasia is a very rare syndrome, characterized by microcephaly, chorioretinal dysplasia, mental retardation, and is phenotypically classified according to the presence of lymphedema. Among previously described patients, there has been no association with brain anomaly other than simple microcephaly, except for one case that presented with ...

PURPOSE: To investigate in vivo severity and topographic distribution of brain white matter (WM) fiber bundle atrophy in patients with Friedreich ataxia, a condition characterized by an uneven involvement of brain WM, and to correlate such findings with the clinical status of the patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was ...

Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA17) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Recently, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) voxel-based morphometry (VBM), several specific functional-structural correlations comprising differential degeneration related to motor and psychiatric symptoms were reported in patients with SCA17. To investigate gray matter volume (GMV) changes ...

This case series reports an incidence of anomalous vascular anatomy within the cerebellopontine angle. The relevant literature effectively describes techniques for mobilization yet underestimates the incidence. There has been no literature on the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to preoperatively identify this anatomic variant. We identify 8 cases of ...

Neurological manifestations, such as benign convulsions and encephalitis/encephalopathy have been reported in patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis. However, cerebellitis has not attracted much attention. The purpose of this study was to identify and report the clinical and radiologic features of rotavirus cerebellitis. Records of patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis exhibiting cerebellar lesions ...

We describe two adolescent Indian siblings with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with cognitive impairment, progressive neurological deterioration, juvenile cataracts and chronic diarrhea. Both patients had bilateral Achilles tendon xanthomata. Rapid progression of disease was an unusual finding in these cases. Magnetic resonance imaging showed characteristic signal alterations in cerebellar hemispheres, brainstem and ...

Human succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, an autosomal recessive disorder of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) catabolism, was modeled by a murine model sharing the phenotype of ataxia and seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with volumetry was obtained on 7 patients versus controls, and MRI with stereology was derived in 3 murine genotypes: ...

Neurodegenerative diseases affect the cerebellum of numerous dog breeds. Although subjective, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been used to detect cerebellar atrophy in these diseases, but there are few data available on the normal size range of the cerebellum relative to other brain regions. The purpose of this study was ...

The aim of this paper was to report on the characteristics that aid in establishing the diagnosis of basilar artery occlusive disease (BAOD) among patients with hemiparesis and few or minor symptoms of vertebrobasilar disease. This report describes two cases in a public university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. We ...

Sixteen dogs with acute-onset, non-progressive signs of brain dysfunction and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics compatible with thalamic infarction are described. Topographically the MRI lesions could be grouped in three thalamic regions, namely, paramedian (8/16), extensive dorsal (5/16) and ventrolateral (3/16). Paramedian lesions resulted in signs typical of vestibular dysfunction. ...

The goal of our study was to: determine the incidence of cerebellar lesions in a cohort of children and young adults with TSC, and analyze the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of cerebellar TSC lesions including their contrast behavior and diffusion characteristics. MRI studies of 27 TSC patients (mean age, ...

Intracranial tuberculoma generally presents as either solitary or multiple lesions in the brain parenchyma. These are characterized by a ring-enhancing area on either computerized tomography scans or magnetic resonance images. A 66 year-old female with a history of breast carcinoma at 41 years, treated with radical mastectomy and radio and ...

Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase deficiency (formerly also called pseudoneonatal adrenoleucodystrophy) is a disorder of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation with a severe presentation. Most patients present at birth or in early infancy, and the mean age of death was 5 years in a recently published cohort of 22 patients. Brain imaging ...

Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD; dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma) is a rare hamartomatous lesion of the cerebellar cortex and this was first described in 1920. LDD is considered to be part of the autosomal-dominant phacomatosis and cancer syndrome Cowden disease (CS). We examined the brain of a 46-year-old man, who displayed the manifestations ...

We used multimodal magnetic resonance (MR) techniques [brain diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), proton MR spectroscopy (MRS), (1)H-MRS; and skeletal muscle phosphorous MRS, (31)P-MRS] to investigate interictal brain microstructural changes and tissue energy metabolism in four women with genetically determined familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2), belonging to ...

The dentate nuclei lie deep within the cerebellum and play a vital role in the pathways involved in fine motor control and coordination. They are susceptible to a variety of diseases. Some pathological processes preferentially affect the dentate nuclei, while concomitant basal ganglia or white matter involvement can be a ...

Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD) (dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma) is a rare disorder of unknown pathogenesis, presenting with signs and symptoms resulting from obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow and mass effect in the posterior fossa. Magnetic resonance imaging is the diagnostic modality of choice allowing preoperative diagnosis with characteristic findings. Surgery is the ...

Transcranial sonography (TCS) identifies basal ganglia alterations in extrapyramidal movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia. Although only rarely reported, TCS also reveals signal alterations of basal ganglia in several forms of hereditary and nonhereditary ataxia. Here, the examination procedure and its diagnostic value for the classification of ataxia ...

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) and extrapontine myelinolysis (EPM) are osmotic demyelination syndrome. A 45-year-old man with a history of alcoholism visited the ER with dysarthria and dysphagia for 2 days. These symptoms occurred 3 days after he had stopped drinking alcohol. The neurological symptoms progressed to anarthria, pseudobulbar palsy and ...

The patient is a 60-year-old man who initially presented to his local hospital with complaints of gait difficulties that started suddenly after waking. Results of brain magnetic resonance imaging performed 1 week later were normal. Three weeks after that he developed blurred vision and he complained of a severe headache ...

The frequency of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) varies between different regions of Japan. This is the first report on the prevalence of ADCA subtypes in Aomori, Japan. Sixty-five familial spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) patients and 15 sporadic SCA patients were genetically examined. For only the SCA2 patients (n = 8), ...

Obesity is a threat to public health worldwide primarily due to the comorbidities related to visceral adiposity, inflammation, and insulin resistance that increase risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The translational research portfolio that originally described these risk factors was significantly enhanced by imaging techniques, such as dual-energy ...

OBJECTIVE: With conventional MRI and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), accurate diagnosis and precise classification of cerebellar atrophy are often difficult. The objective was to verify the utility of MRI voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in combination with SPECT using easy Z-score imaging (eZIS) for diagnosing and classifying cerebellar atrophy. PATIENTS AND ...

60 year-old man, without relevant medical history, noted a slight and progressive instability of gait for one month and right hand clumsiness. Brain MRI showed a cerebellar lesion, posterior to the middle cerebellar peduncle. This lesion was heterogeneous and hyperintense on FLAIR sequences, isointense on T1-weighted images, and showed gadolinium ...

We report a 39-yr-old man with neuro-Behçet's disease (NBD) in remission who developed left-sided ataxia with a sensory deficit about 10 days after tooth extraction. Several years ago, he experienced a similar episode of relapse after tooth extraction. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a newly developed right thalamic lesion. In ...

BACKGROUND: Although neuropathological observations suggest that cerebellar cortex is a major site of demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS), only a few MRI studies on cerebellar cortical pathology in MS are available. OBJECTIVE: To analyse cerebellar cortical volume (CCV) and leucocortical lesions (CL) in MS, and their impact on clinical disability. ...

Clinical signs and magnetic resonance imaging findings of a caudal cerebellar artery infarct are reported for the first time in a dog. Clinical signs were characterised by a peracute, non-progressive, right-sided central vestibular syndrome with paradoxical right-sided head tilt. Magnetic resonance images were consistent with a territorial, non-haemorrhagic, ischaemic lesion ...