Echo-planar imaging (EPI) plays a crucial role in functional MRI. Focusing especially on the period from 1988 to 1992, the authors offer personal recollections, on the development of practical means of deploying EPI, the people that participated, and its impact on MRI in general.

The development of functional brain magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been a boon for neuroscientists and radiologists alike. It provides for fundamental information on brain function and better diagnostic tools to study disease. In this paper, we will review some of the early concepts in high resolution gradient echo imaging ...

The Seventh Edition of the TNM Classification for non-small cell bronchogenic carcinomas include a series of changes in the T and M descriptor, in particular a re-classification of malignant pleural and pericardial effusions and of separated tumour nodes, new tumour size cut-off values and sub-divisions of the T1-T2 and M1 ...

Adult intussusception (AI) is a rare entity with an organic lesion within the intussusception in 70-90% of the cases. Intussusception is classified according to location, etiology, and to the presence or not of a lead point. We illustrate several causes of AI with a variety of radiological findings on plain ...

SUMMARY:We report the unique CNS findings in a patient with a proximal chromosome 14q interstitial deletion. Conventional MR imaging allowed the clear delineation of agenesis of the corpus callosum, SOD, and diffuse lissencephaly. DTI tractography played a significant role in the evaluation of the proximal 14q deletion-associated abnormalities, delineating the ...

The interaction of magnetic resonators connected by nano-antennas is studied for the first time. Compared to a simple magnetic resonator, the absorptance can be obviously much enhanced and more electromagnetic energy can be converged by the assembled magnetic resonator and nano-antennas (nano-strip). The nano-strip plays the role of both nano-antenna ...

Mammalian methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MRS) plays an essential role in initiating translation by transferring Met to initiator tRNA (tRNA(i)(Met)). MRS also provides a cytosolic anchoring site for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-interacting multifunctional protein-3 (AIMP3)/p18, a potent tumor suppressor that is translocated to the nucleus for DNA repair upon DNA damage. However, the mechanism ...

Imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, management, and prognosis assessment of patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathies. Over the past decade, the role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in clinical practice has been rapidly expanding. The technique's unsurpassed accuracy in defining cardiac morphology and function and ability to provide tissue ...

Fetal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may add to ultrasonography some valuable information in the assessment of Chiari malformations during their developmental stage. In Chiari type I, MR imaging role seems mainly related to research on pathophysiology issues rather than to real clinical applications. Some Chiari type II features may be ...

OBJECTIVE: MRI plays an important role in the morphologic and functional evaluation of cardiovascular shunts. Good spatiotemporal resolution, inherent contrast resolution, wide FOV, and multiplanar imaging capabilities make MRI an ideal tool in the investigation of cardiovascular shunts. The velocity-encoded phase-contrast sequence is used in the quantification of a shunt ...

Neuroimaging studies play a fundamental role in the diagnosis and evaluation of epilepsy. Technological advances in neuroimaging techniques have made it possible to obtain functional as well as structural information. The pathophysiology of epilepsy consists of an abnormal increase in cerebral activity that can be appreciated on neuroimaging techniques like ...

The goal of this article is to provide an overview of diagnostic standard operating procedures for both clinical and imaging assessment of cervical and endometrial carcinoma, sarcoma of the uterus, and primary pelvic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The literature was reviewed for methods used to diagnose malignancies in the female pelvis with ...

The entry of ricin toxin into macrophages and certain other cell types in the spleen and liver results in toxin-induced inflammation, tissue damage and organ failure. It has been proposed that uptake of ricin into macrophages is facilitated by the mannose receptor (MR; CD206), a C-type lectin known to recognize ...

FDG PET/CT imaging offers important information for the pre-, intra-, and postoperative management of gynecologic tumors. A review of FDG PET/CT imaging for the diagnosis of gynecologic tumors based on the revised International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging classification is presented.

Contrast-enhanced CT coronary angiography (CTCA) has evolved as a reliable alternative imaging modality technique and may be the preferred initial diagnostic test in patients with stable angina with intermediate pre-test probability of CAD. However, because CTCA is moderately predictive for indicating the functional significance of a lesion, the combination of ...

Disease assessment in WM is dependent on the quantification of the IgM monoclonal protein and percent involvement of the bone marrow. There is a need for imaging studies that objectively measure tumor load in these patients. In this study, we sought to examine the role of combined FDG-PET/CT imaging in ...

Abnormal contrast enhancement on brain computed tomography (CT) scan after diagnostic or interventional angiography is not rare, and has known to be induced by temporary blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption from contrast media. Furthermore, it has been regarded as clinically subtle, but reported to have no symptom or mild transient symptoms. ...

Bladder carcinoma is the fourth most common cancer in men and women. Knowledge of imaging options and appearance is necessary for both radiologists and urologists. Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common bladder neoplasm with squamous cell and adenocarcinoma found in less than 10% of cases. Benign lesions are uncommon, ...

Contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) is the first contact-dependent competition system identified in bacteria. CDI is mediated by the CdiA/CdiB two-partner secretion system, and the BamA outer membrane protein serves as the CDI receptor on target cells. A small immunity protein, CdiI, is required to protect inhibitor cells from their own ...

OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the role of cardiovascular MRI in the diagnosis and characterization of the spectrum of infectious and inflammatory disorders of the heart. An imaging protocol is described, and typical MRI findings are discussed and illustrated. CONCLUSION: Radiologists should be aware of the spectrum of infectious and inflammatory ...

ABSTRACTNeuroimaging has become part of the required investigations when assessing a patient with dementia. In this brief paper, we summarize the role of computed tomography (CT) in the routine work-up in dementia and provide some information about the role of the CT scan in the field of dementia research.Although CT ...

Imaging plays an important role in the management of patients with testicular germ cell tumors. This article reviews the role of imaging in the diagnosis, staging, and posttreatment restaging of these patients. CT remains the main radiologic technique used, although ultrasound, MRI, and positron emission tomography also have specific roles ...

The role of fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of neoplastic conditions is well established. The clinical utility of PET/CT has now expanded to the diagnosis of autoimmune, inflammatory, infectious, as well as non-neoplastic conditions, such as the vasculitides, atherosclerosis, and granulomatous conditions, including ...

The objective of this pictorial essay is to highlight the key role of computed tomography scanning (CT scan), particularly minimum intensity projection (MinIP) reformation, with regards to the diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) and its contribution to patients' management. MinIP enhances detecting the characteristic CT scan features of HP, particularly ...

BACKGROUND: By using a microbubble contrast agent and contrast-specific imaging software, the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is able to depict the micro and macrocirculation of the target organ. METHODS: A review of the peer reviewed literature was done regarding the current role of ultrasound CEUS imaging in the evaluation of renal ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In recent years molecular imaging techniques have made important advances as regards the study of sarcoidosis. This paper reviews new developments in these techniques as well as their present role and limitations in the assessment of patients with sarcoidosis. RECENT FINDINGS: PET with F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG PET) has ...

Conventional MR imaging of the liver has a central role in the assessment of liver diseases. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging, MR elastography, and time-resolved dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging improve the anatomical information provided by conventional MR imaging and add quantitative functional information in diffuse and focal liver diseases. Particularly, accurate detection ...

Imaging contributes to management of follicular lymphoma (FL) through guiding biopsy, determining disease stage and assessing therapeutic response. Molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET), especially when combined with computer tomography (PET/CT), is more accurate than conventional imaging and extends the role of imaging to lesion characterisation, including non-invasive assessment ...

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging plays an integral role in the assessment of articular cartilage. This article discusses the role of MR imaging in the evaluation of articular cartilage, the appearance of cartilage lesions on MR imaging, and the currently available MR imaging techniques for evaluating cartilage morphology. A limitation of ...

Strong evidence supports the ability of the aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) system to dominate long-term blood pressure control. It is also increasingly recognized as an important mediator of cardiovascular and renal diseases, particularly in the presence of excessive salt intake. In a subgroup of individuals with metabolic syndrome, adipocyte-derived aldosterone-releasing factors ...

ST segment elevation is an important electrocardiographic (ECG) change that is typically found in acute myocardial infarction, but may also be seen in a variety of other conditions. MRI plays an important role in the evaluation of these patients. MRI not only establishes the diagnosis, which is essential for appropriate ...

Authors describe a very rare case of mature teratoma with malignant transformation, preoperatively suggested by FDG PET/CT study. So the role of CT component in elucidating three embryonal components and hypermetabolism evident on PET part suggesting possible malignant transformation makes PET/CT a valuable modality in evaluation of these rare tumors.

The skeleton is one of the common places were many tumors metastasize. Skeletal metastases may profoundly affect the patients' quality of life by making them unable to move freely and help themselves, while in some cases impingement upon the CNS structures can cause neurologic symptoms. Early diagnosis of bone metastases ...

Tuberculosis (TB) has become a global health concern. Cross-sectional imaging modalities like ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging play an important role in the diagnosis, assessment of disease extent and response to treatment. PET/CT, a unique molecular imaging technique, allows the most accurate correlation of anatomic and metabolic information. ...

Laboratory and field experiments have provided evidence that sea turtles use geomagnetic cues to navigate in the open sea. For instance, green turtles (Chelonia mydas) displaced 100 km away from their nesting site were impaired in returning home when carrying a strong magnet glued on the head. However, the actual ...

The role of positron emission tomography (PET) of the mesentery as a diagnostic modality in cases of mesenteric panniculitis is unclear. A 67-year-old woman presented with rectal bleeding due to nonocclusive colonic ischemia. Abdominal CT showed features of mesenteric panniculitis. PET-CT demonstrated no abnormal fluorine-18 fluordeoxyglucose uptake in the affected ...

Modern radiotherapy techniques heavily rely on high-quality medical imaging. Increased accuracy to deliver the dose to tumours while sparing normal tissues demands more precise delineation of the tumours. When considering to deliver a boost to more aggressive parts of tumours, intratumoral heterogeneity needs to be assessed accurately. Adaptive radiotherapy demands ...

Acute myocarditis is one of the most challenging diagnoses and treatments in cardiology. The acute viral myocarditis diagnosis is usually based on high suspicion, history taking, and physical examination. Likewise, the use of chest radiography, electrocardiography (ECG), and echocardiography is helpful in making a final diagnosis, but all are non-specific. ...

In view the of wide scope of structural information of biomolecules in biocompatible ionic liquids (ILs) in various applications including chemical and biochemical, it is essential to study the productive preferential interactions between biological macromolecules and biocompatible ILs. We have therefore explored the stability and activity of α-chymotrypsin (CT) in ...

Background: Hemimegalencephaly (HMC) is a disorder associated with enlarged and dysplastic hamartomatous overgrowth of all or part of the one cerebral hemisphere that can be isolated or associated with other syndromes. In the normal development of the brain it is important to bear in mind that there are two main ...

To study the reliability and construct validity of ultrasound in interphalangeal finger joints affected by erosive osteoarthritis (EOA) and non-EOA with MRI as the reference method. 252 joints were examined by ultrasound, conventional radiography and clinical examination. Ultrasound was performed using a high-frequency linear transducer (12 × 18 MHz). On ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of integrating real-time ultrasound echo guidance in MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) heating of mobile targets in order to reduce latency between displacement analysis and HIFU treatment. Experiments on a moving phantom were carried out with MRI-guided HIFU during continuous ...

Perineurioma is an unusual benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor that includes intraneural, soft tissue (conventional), reticular and sclerosing types. Sclerosing perineurioma is a recently described distinctive variant occurring nearly exclusively on the hands of young adults, in which it presents as a small, painless, dermal or subcutaneous mass. The only ...

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of bedside lung ultrasound and chest radiography (CXR) in patients with suspected pneumonia compared with CT scan and final diagnosis at discharge. Design A prospective clinical study. Methods Lung ultrasound and CXR were performed in sequence in adult ...

Focused ultrasound combined with an intravascular ultrasound contrast agent can induce transient disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and the blood-brain barrier disruption can be detected by contrast-enhanced MRI. There is, however, no study investigating the ability of various MR methods to detect focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier disruption within minimal hemorrhage. ...

BACKGROUND: Adenomyosis is a common condition that causes substantial morbidity. Until recently, the reference standard for a definitive diagnosis was histology of hysterectomy specimens. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may allow accurate non-invasive diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of these techniques. DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis. POPULATION: ...

Anal carcinoma is an important but rare condition, managed in specialist centres. Both endoanal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used in the locoregional staging and follow-up of patients with anal cancer, and both may assist in treatment planning and prognosis. Recent guidelines published by the European Society ...

OBJECTIVE: The goals of this study were to review the MRI and sonographic findings in patients diagnosed clinically with high hamstring tendinopathy and to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injections in providing symptomatic relief. CONCLUSION: MRI is more sensitive than ultrasound in detecting peritendinous edema and tendinopathy at the ...

Menstrual complaints are common and include pain, abnormal bleeding, and menstrual irregularity. The etiology is wide-ranging and includes endometriosis, fibroids, adenomyosis, pelvic congestion syndrome, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometrial hyperplasia, and polyps. Polycystic ovarian syndrome and some congenital uterine anomalies may present with menstrual disturbance and have been included in this ...

Some suggest MRI to be superior to ultrasound in Crohn's disease. We analyzed how often MR enterography (MRE) following a routine ultrasound leads to a change in therapeutic decision. We retrospectively evaluated 47 patients with Crohn's disease undergoing routine ultrasound examination. Actual medical history, complete blood count, C-reactive protein (CRP), ...