Since many pulmonary diseases present with a variable regional involvement, modalities for assessment of regional lung function gained increasing attention over the last years. Together with lung perfusion and gas exchange, ventilation, as a result of the interaction of the respiratory pump and the lungs, is an indispensable component of ...

BACKGROUND: Exogenous lipoid pneumonia is a rare disorder caused by aspiration of mineral, vegetable and animal oils. High-resolution CT findings of lipoid pneumonia in children taking mineral oil for constipation have been rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the high-resolution CT findings in 17 children with exogenous lipoid pneumonia following aspiration ...

Emphysema is a major health problem and novel drugs are needed. Animal disease models are pivotal in their development, but the validity and sensitivity of current tools for the evaluation of drug efficacy is limited. The usefulness of micro computed tomography (CT) as an innovative tool to assess emphysema in ...

A method of four-dimensional (4D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been implemented and evaluated. It consists of retrospective sorting and slice stacking of two-dimensional (2D) images using an external signal for motion monitoring of the object to be imaged. The presented method aims to determine the tumour trajectories based on ...

The purpose of this set of guidelines is to help the nuclear medicine practitioner perform a good quality lung isotope scan. The indications for the test are summarised. The different radiopharmaceuticals used for the ventilation and the perfusion studies, the technique for their administration, the dosimetry, the acquisition of the ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate bronchial morphology endoscopically in rabbits and develop a valid nomenclature for the endobronchial branching pattern. ANIMALS: 10 mature New Zealand White rabbits. PROCEDURES: Flexible bronchoscopy was performed in rabbits anesthetized with isoflurane via nasal mask. Airways were systematically evaluated from the larynx to the terminal branches accessible ...

PURPOSE: To accurately define the gross tumor volume (GTV) and clinical target volume (GTV plus microscopic disease spread) for radiotherapy, the pretreatment imaging findings should be correlated with the histopathologic findings. In this pilot study, we investigated the feasibility of pathology-correlated imaging for lung tumors, taking into account lung deformations ...

PURPOSE: To retrospectively establish the minimum increase in emphysema score (ES) required for detection of real increased extent of emphysema with 95% confidence by using multi-detector row computed tomography (CT) in a lung cancer screening setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a substudy of the NELSON project that was ...

We present the case of a 63-year-old woman chronic smoker with a history of severe rheumatoid arthritis, who presented with dyspnea and cough. Her chest x-ray film and CT scan (as part of a PET/CT scan) showed multiple lung nodules and a left pleural effusion. A PET scan (as part ...

An anthropomorphic airway tree phantom was imaged with both hyperpolarized (HP) 3He MRI using a dynamic projection scan and computed tomography (CT). Airway diameter measurements from the HP 3He MR images obtained using a newly developed model-based algorithm were compared against their corresponding CT values quantified with a well-established method. ...

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare lung disease characterized by progressive intra-alveolar calcification. We present a case of PAM with abnormal accumulation of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in both lungs. A 55-year-old man was referred to our hospital for progressive dyspnea. He had been diagnosed with PAM 25 years earlier by ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan is regarded as the imaging modality of choice to evaluate patients with known or suspected interstitial lung disease. With current technology, HRCT allows for detailed assessment of interstitial compartments. We examine recent data on its role in the diagnostic evaluation, clinical decision-making, ...

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and accuracy of a novel magnetic resonance-compatible (MRc)-spirometer. The influence of body posture, magnetic resonance (MR)-setting and image acquisition on lung function was evaluated. Dynamic MR imaging (dMRI) was compared with simultaneously measured lung function. The development of the MRc-spirometer ...

The field of radiology is continuously changing. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of technologic advances on nuclear medicine during the past 15 y. METHODS: The number of radiopharmaceutical doses dispensed at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota) from 1990 through 2004 was tracked. The number of doses ...

We measured ventilation (V) in seven anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, supine Wistar rats. Images of the whole lung were continuously acquired using a dynamic, flat-panel volumetric micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scanner during ventilation with a xenon/oxygen (Xe-O(2)) gas mixture. Forty time-resolved volumes consisting of eighty 0.45-mm-thick slices (covering the entire lung) were ...

BACKGROUND: Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is a unique disorder described in several case series of upper lobe emphysema associated with lower lobe fibrosis. Patients with this entity have relatively preserved lung volumes and spirometry but marked reductions in diffusing capacity on pulmonary function testing. Smoking appears to be ...

Interest in the role of computed tomography (CT) as a monitoring tool in cystic fibrosis (CF) research has gained momentum in the past 5 years. This is a consequence of the rapid development of therapeutic options for CF lung disease and hence the need for sensitive outcome measures that can ...

Lung function parameters have been used in most therapeutic studies to date. Thanks to improvements in cystic fibrosis (CF) therapy, these parameters have become a less sensitive endpoint in clinical studies. Computed tomography (CT) in CF can identify highly relevant structural lung changes, such as bronchiectasis and air trapping. CT ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to prospectively compare the utility of dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion MRI in the prediction of postoperative lung function in patients with lung cancer with the utility of quantitative and qualitative assessment of CT and perfusion SPECT. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty lung cancer ...

PURPOSE: To prospectively compare three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the assessment of lung volumes in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Informed consent was obtained for this ethics committee-approved study. Left and right lung volumes were measured by using the 30 degrees virtual ...

BACKGROUND: Silicosis is caused by inhaling free crystalline silica. Few case reports have addressed the risk of silicosis in the jewelry trade where chalk molds containing a high percentage of silica are used in casting. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 100 goldsmiths exposed to silica. METHODS: All workers replied ...

PURPOSE: To retrospectively compare in patients with chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) the computed tomographic (CT) imaging features suggestive of fibrosis with pathologic evidence of fibrosis at surgical lung biopsy and to compare a usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern at CT with survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval and ...

This article presents a review and discussion of the current knowledge regarding cystic fibrosis (CF)-specific scoring of chest computed tomography (CT) scans. First, the basic principles of CT scoring systems in CF are described. Second, between- and within-observer variability of a composite CT score and of component CT scores are ...

Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scanners allow diagnosis and monitoring of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease at substantially lower radiation doses than with prior scanners. Complete spiral chest CT scans are accomplished in less than 10 seconds and scanner advances now allow the acquisition of comprehensive volumetric datasets for three-dimensional reconstruction ...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide regional information about lung structural changes in cystic fibrosis (CF), albeit at lower spatial and temporal resolution than computed tomography. The lack of ionizing radiation associated with MRI may make MRI an attractive alternative to computed tomography in applications in which repeated or serial ...

In patients with airflow limitation caused by cigarette smoking, lung density measured by computed tomography is strongly correlated with quantitative pathology scores of emphysema, but the ability of lung densitometry to detect progression of emphysema is disputed. We assessed the sensitivity of lung densitometry as a parameter of disease progression ...

Scedosporium prolificans is an emerging fungus that causes rapid progressive and disseminated infections in immunodepressed patients. We present a case of a 34-year-old woman with chronic myelogenous leukemia who received a bone marrow transplantation and suffered a sudden respiratory failure in +67 day. Chest radiographies showed growing bilateral patchy condensations. ...

Liquid ventilation with perfluorocarbons is used in severe respiratory failure that cannot be managed by conventional methods. Very little is known about the use of liquid ventilation in paediatric patients with respiratory failure and there are no reports describing the distribution and excretion of perfluorocarbons in paediatric patients with severe ...

We developed and tested a fully automated computerized scheme that identifies pulmonary airway sections depicted on computed tomography (CT) images and computes their sizes including the lumen and airway wall areas. The scheme includes four processing modules that (1) segment left and right lung areas, (2) identify airway locations, (3) ...

Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) is thought to be a result of obstruction of the bronchus which causes air-trapping and overinflation of lung segments or lobes. It usually presents as a hyperlucent region on chest radiography. However, if there is accompanying retention of lung fluid, the affected region becomes opaque. Of ...

During lung expansion, the pattern of alveolar perimeter distension is likely to be an important determinant of lung functions as, for example, surfactant secretion. However, the segmental characteristics of alveolar perimeter distension remain unknown. Here, we applied real-time confocal microscopy in the isolated, perfused rat lung to determine the micromechanics ...

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of radiation dose and scanner manufacturer on quantitative CT scan measurements of lung morphology in smokers. METHODS: Low-dose and high-dose, inspiratory, multislice CT scans were obtained in 50 subjects at intervals of approximately 6 months (mean [+/- SD] interval, 0.5 +/- 0.2 years). In another ...

BACKGROUND: The hallmark of COPD is airflow obstruction, but this can develop on the basis of airway disease, emphysema, or both. There are gender differences in the natural history of COPD, and these may in part be explained by differences in the pathophysiology of airflow obstruction. We aimed to determine ...

PURPOSE: To retrospectively determine the multidetector computed tomographic (CT) virtual autopsy findings of death by drowning in comparison with autopsy findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The institutional review board of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology approved this HIPAA-compliant study and did not require informed consent by the next of kin. ...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is divided into pulmonary emphysema and chronic bronchitis (CB). Emphysema is defined patho-anatomically as "permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by the destruction of their walls, and without obvious fibrosis" (1). These lesions are readily identified and quantitated using computed tomography ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the compromise between CT technical parameters and the accuracy of CT quantification of lung attenuation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Materials that simulate water (0 H), healthy lung (-650 H), borderline emphysematous lung (-820 H), and severely emphysematous lung (-1,000 H) were placed ...

OBJECTIVES: To compare the image quality and lesion contrast of lung MRI using 5 different pulse sequences at 1.5 T and 3 T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lung MRI was performed at 1.5 T and 3 T using 5 pulse sequences which have been previously proposed for lung MRI: 3D volumetric ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Computed tomography (CT) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome has shown that intrapulmonary gas is not homogeneously distributed. Although regional ventilation can be studied by isotope and magnetic resonance techniques while aeration of the lungs can be imaged using CT, these techniques are not available at ...

In the last 2 decades significant strides have been made in the application of chest imaging modalities to assess cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. This article covers current chest imaging modalities. It discusses CT, the research modality most commonly used to assess lung disease in CF, new insights regarding CF ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Bedside assessment of lung recruitment is critical for setting mechanical ventilation during acute respiratory distress syndrome. We review recent findings on this topic and attempt to provide a clinical approach to estimating lung recruitment. RECENT FINDINGS: Because of intrinsic limitations in considering single parameters of gas exchange ...

The pulse sequences for hyperpolarized (3)He lung MRI that have made the most clinical impact to date are 1) those that supply regional apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements, which provide insight into early emphysematous destruction of the alveoli in the lungs, and 2) high-resolution ventilation images that provide regional indicators ...

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to compare the influence of different reconstruction algorithms on quantitative emphysema analysis in patients with severe emphysema. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients suffering from severe emphysema were included in the study. All patients underwent inspiratory MDCT (Aquilion-16, slice thickness 1/0.8mm). The raw data ...

PURPOSE: Oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR)-ventilation imaging of the lung is based on the inhalation of a high concentration of oxygen (hyperoxia). However, the effect of hyperoxia on the pulmonary circulation is not yet fully understood. In this study the impact of hyperoxia on the pulmonary circulation was evaluated. MATERIALS AND ...

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between 16-slice spiral CT perfusion imaging and tumor angiogenesis and cyclin D1 expression in patients with peripheral lung cancer. Fifty-eight patients with peripheral lung cancer underwent 16-slice spiral CT perfusion imaging. The CT perfusion imaging was analyzed for time density ...

OBJECTIVES: We examined the hypothesis that paired inspiratory/expiratory computed tomography (CT) scans in a limited-lung area that excludes emphysema may provide a more accurate evaluation of peripheral airway obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with emphysema. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 32 patients with COPD. The ...

OBJECTIVE: High-resolution CT is an important tool in the detection and management of bronchiectasis, but there is little information about high-resolution CT findings in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). We analyzed all high-resolution CT studies of the chest available for a cohort of PCD patients to identify an associated pattern of ...

A 4-year old boy was admitted to hospital with progressive respiratory failure. A chest roentgenogram revealed hyperinflated lungs and a diffuse reticular pattern. There was no smoking history in the family environment. A thin slice computed tomography of the lungs exhibited extended and diffuse cystic lung disease with no zonal ...

OBJECTIVES: An accurate and reliable method for measuring fetal lung volumes would be helpful in predicting the outcome in cases with suspected impaired lung growth. Recent studies show that it is possible to obtain fetal lung volume estimations with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography. The purpose of ...

The noninvasive assessment of lung function using imaging is increasingly of interest for the study of lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Hyperpolarized gas MRI (HP MRI) has demonstrated the ability to detect changes in ventilation, perfusion, and lung microstructure that appear to be associated with ...

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the feasibility of registering hyperpolarized helium-3 magnetic resonance images ((3)He-MRI) to X-ray computed tomography (CT) for functionally weighted intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) planning. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Six patients with non-small-cell lung cancer underwent (3)He ventilation MRI, which was fused with radiotherapy planning CT using rigid registration. Registration accuracy ...