Ankle sprains are among the most common musculoskeletal injuries. MR imaging is useful in establishing an accurate diagnosis and, before initiation of treatment, excluding other causes of persistent ankle pain. This article reviews the common features of acute and chronic ligamentous injuries on MR imaging and site-specific pathologic lesions related ...

Infection and noninfection inflammatory diseases commonly affect the foot and ankle; they have a significant impact on the cost of medical care and are a major source of referral for MR imaging evaluation. Recognition of the MR imaging appearance of the various manifestations of these disorders is important so that ...

This article focuses on the contributions of MR imaging and CT toward the evaluation of painful osseous abnormalities of the foot and ankle. Inconclusive findings on conventional radiographs often mandate further work up with the more advanced cross-sectional imaging techniques. Often, however, the radiologist remains unsure, which modality, CT or ...

MR imaging plays a valuable role in the evaluation of foot and ankle in infants and children. In young children with nonossified bones, MR imaging offers the advantage of effectively demonstrating the cartilaginous anlage in addition to soft tissue and bone marrow. The MR imaging examination is tailored to the ...

Diabetes is a common disease with potentially devastating complications affecting the foot and ankle. A combination of vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, and immunopathy result in a cascade of conditions including ischemia/infarction, tendinopathy, atrophy, edema, deformity, neuropathic osteoarthopathy, callus, ulceration, and infection. The MR imaging appearance of these complications will be ...

Normal anatomic variants may erroneously be interpreted as pathologic conditions on MR imaging of the ankle and foot. Therefore, sufficient knowledge of the normal anatomy and its variations is crucial for accurate diagnostic analysis of such images. This article will focus on outlining variants and MR imaging interpretation pitfalls of ...

We report a case of synovial chondroma of the left ankle in an 11-year-old boy presenting with soft tissue swelling after recent trauma. The noncalcified or nonossified intraarticular chondroma arising from metaplastic synovium has characteristic imaging appearance on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A lobulated mass of ...

Autogenous bone-patellar tendon-bone is commonly used as graft material for cruciate ligament reconstructions. If this type of graft is too long, graft fixation other than an interference screw may be required. If it is too short, selection of another type of graft may be necessary. If the length of the ...

Imaging pediatric foot disorders is a challenging task. Optimally exposed and well-positioned radiographs can answer many questions. Because many bones may not be completely ossified, however, CT or MR imaging is often needed to provide additional information to assist in the management of congenital and acquired lesions in the foot.

Today the clinical use of extracorporeal shockwave application (ESWA) for the treatment of lateral tennis elbow is hampered by the lack of results from randomized controlled trials and of predictive parameters of clinical outcome. The present prospective study aimed to provide the latter by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). ...

OBJECTIVE: To describe the sonographic findings of distal biceps tendon ruptures and to assess the accuracy of the technique. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with clinically indicated distal biceps tendon ruptures were prospectively studied by sonography. Five patients also underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Surgical confirmation was obtained in 14 patients. RESULTS: Seventeen ...

A 46 year old man presented with a growing mass over his wrist. Erosions of the triquetrum and hamate were present radiographically. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a solid mass arising from the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon, which was T(1) hypointense and isointense, T(2) hypointense, and bloomed on gradient echo ...

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the foot and ankle is playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis of a wide range of foot and ankle abnormalities, as well as in planning for their surgical treatment. For an optimal MR study of the foot and ankle, it is necessary to ...

OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe a pattern of subtendinous bone marrow edema on MR images of the ankle and to determine if there is an association with location of symptoms and overlying tendinopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: At 1.5 T, 141 MR examinations of the ankle (116 clinical examinations of patients ...

OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective study, we describe the MR imaging patterns of various causes of flexor hallucis longus tendon entrapment. CONCLUSION: Entrapment of the flexor hallucis longus tendon may be due to an enlarged os trigonumtarsitarsi, calcaneal fracture, and soft-tissue scar. These disorders have characteristic imaging findings that may be ...

A review of 63 magnetic resonance images of 86 ankles was performed. (There were 23 bilateral studies.) A contiguous fascial band from the deep posterior compartment to the Achilles tendon watershed region was noted in 83 ankles. This fascial band enveloped the watershed region, coursing from the flexor (lacinate) ligament ...

To examine the hydrodynamic propulsion mechanism of a diving great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus), the three-dimensional kinematics was determined by digital analysis of sequential video images of dorsal and lateral views. During the acceleration phase of this foot-propelled bird, the feet move through an arc in a plane nearly normal ...

We report a complication following trapeziectomy and tendon interposition. Subcutaneous herniation of the tendon interposition occurred in 3 of 412 cases in which trapeziectomy, ligament reconstruction, and tendon interposition were performed. This herniation occurred posterolaterally in the early postoperative period and resulted in dorsal swelling and superficial pain. Magnetic resonance ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of abnormalities of the spring ligament, sinus tarsi, and plantar fascia revealed on MR imaging in a group of patients with advanced injury of the posterior tibial tendon. MATERIALS AND METHODS; MR images from 25 patients with advanced posterior ...

OBJECTIVE: Clinically, three-dimensional CT of the extremities is most often used to display bony anatomy. However, by combining unenhanced CT with volume-rendering computer graphics, visualization of relationships between bone and soft-tissue structures such as muscle tendon is also possible. The aims of this study were to quantify CT attenuation values ...

The purpose of this study was to document radiographic trends in the size and location of osteophytes occurring in patients who have undergone surgical treatment of bony anterior ankle impingement. All patients over a period of 31 months who had undergone surgical excision of anterior ankle osteophytes were identified. 9 ...

The imaging techniques available to aid the diagnosis of ruptures of tendo Achillis, the rotator cuff and the tendon of tibialis posterior in rheumatoid patients are well described. However, ruptures of tendon or muscle at other sites are uncommon and may be overlooked. Diagnosis is often made by localised tenderness, ...

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the motion of the soft tissue of the lower leg contributes significantly to the attenuation of the forces during heel impacts. To examine this, a two-dimensional model of the shank and heel pad was developed using DADS. The model ...

Tendons were long given little recognition by rheumatologists. Yet, their complex structure and distinctive functional characteristics have been demonstrated by an abundance of histological, biochemical, and biomechanical studies: clearly, tendons are not inert cords linking muscles to bones. The current wave of popularity of sporting activities has brought with it ...

Tarsal coalition is a common abnormality of the hindfoot skeleton that only rarely leads to symptoms. These symptoms occur most commonly in adolescence but rarely can be found also in adults. Although most coalitions are congenital, as the consequence of autosomal dominant inheritance, coalitions also can be acquired by degenerative ...

PURPOSE: This study describes and tests in a cadaveric model a new method of fixation designed for potential stabilization of the posterior limb of the medial canthal tendon, using biodegradable Tag anchors. METHODS: Study of the possibility of performing surgery to repair medial ectropion using biodegradable polyglyconate Tag anchors was ...

The purpose of this study was to compare the manifestations of elbow stress due to repetitive valgus forces between the dominant and the non-dominant elbow in 40 uninjured elite team handball players using plain films, stress radiographs, ultrasound, and MRI examination. On comparative plain films generalized bony hypertrophy manifested by ...

Since its original description by O'Driscoll in 1991, PLRI is becoming increasingly recognized as a significant cause of elbow pathology. It is well documented that this problem results from an insufficiency of the radial ulnohumeral ligament and its related lateral structures, and that this insufficiency is usually the result of ...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of the hamstring graft harvest site after harvesting the hamstring tendons to reconstruct a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). TYPE OF STUDY: Case series. METHODS: We performed MRI on 21 patients who had previously undergone ...

PURPOSE: MR imaging has been shown as the best radiologic method for verifying and classifying acute ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) ruptures of the thumb. Our aim was to analyse the usefulness of MR also in old ruptures and to establish the most useful sequences. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten patients with ...

Chondroma of soft tissue is rare. We report a patient in whom a chondroma occurred within the flexor tendon sheath of the index finger. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the extent of the tumor, which wrapped around flexor tendons within the sheath, but did not invade either tendons or sheath. Total ...

Recent advances in ultrasound technology and the development of high-resolution ultrasound transducers have enabled detailed depiction of superficial musculoskeletal structures. While in the past considered as complementary to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, modern ultrasound has clearly become competitive. It is now the imaging modality of choice for evaluating tendon pathology. ...

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the presence and location of subchondral bone contusions, fractures, and "kissing" lesions of the talotibial joint after a sprain of the ankle shown on MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the images of all consecutive patients who underwent MR ...

PURPOSE: To examine shoulder appearances at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in long-term dialysis recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two chronic dialysis recipients underwent 1.0-T MR imaging with a combination of T1-, T2-, and T2*-weighted sequences. Rotator cuff tendon thickening was graded as present or absent by a musculoskeletal radiologist, who also ...

OBJECTIVE: To differentiate MR imaging characteristics of symptomatic as compared with asymptomatic Achilles tendons. DESIGN: 1.5 T MR images of 94 feet (88 patients) with "abnormal" MR examinations were retrospectively evaluated and clinically correlated. Two masked, independent observers systematically evaluated for intratendon T2 signal, tendon thickness, presence of peritendonitis, retrocalcaneal ...

PURPOSE: To describe the normal anatomy of the finger flexor tendon pulley system, with anatomic correlation, and to define criteria to diagnose pulley abnormalities with different imaging modalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three groups of cadaveric fingers underwent computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and ultrasonography (US). The normal anatomy ...

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has opened new horizons in the diagnosis and treatment of many musculoskeletal diseases of the ankle and foot. It demonstrates abnormalities in the bones and soft tissues before they become evident at other imaging modalities. The exquisite soft-tissue contrast resolution, noninvasive nature, and multiplanar capabilities of ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of abnormal signal intensity within the sinus tarsi with abnormalities of the posterior tibial tendon (PTT) on MR imaging. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Sinus tarsi abnormalities were identified on 30 ankle MR examinations in 29 patients. The PTT and anterior talofibular ligament were retrospectively analyzed for ...

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has emerged as an important noninvasive diagnostic imaging technique for assessment of foot pathology. This modality, owing to its multiplanar imaging capability and inherent superiority in contrast, has been shown to be more accurate and sensitive for detection of plantar fascia pathology than any other imaging ...

OBJECTIVE: We determined the prevalence of clinically silent Morton's neuroma and searched for distinguishing MR imaging features of Morton's neuroma in patients with clinical complaints related to this entity and in patients with clinically silent lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One radiologist who was unaware of clinical findings retrospectively reviewed 85 ...

A 21-year-old woman presented with a painful swelling of her palm which prevented her from fully extending her fourth finger. Magnetic resonance imaging showed synovial thickening around the flexor tendon and fluid in the tendon sheath. The mass was excised and histopathological examination showed tuberculosis. She had a six-month course ...

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to illustrate and classify the abnormalities found on high-resolution MR imaging of symptomatic Achilles tendons in athletic adult patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred patients with 118 painful Achilles tendons were imaged with a 1.5-T magnet. The tendon, peritendinous tissues, tendon insertion, and musculotendinous junction ...

A retrospective review of 63 Magnetic Resonance Image studies (yielding 86 ankles) was conducted to find the incidence of the plantaris tendon. Radiographically, the plantaris tendon was visualized 62.8% of the time. Surgical confirmation of this tendon during 18 achilles surgeries yielded 13 "true positives" and 4 "true negatives". Sensitivity ...

High resolution MRI was performed on four cadaveric foot specimens of human feet to demonstrate the ligaments of the tarsal joints. Spin echo T1 images were obtained using a local gradient coil that produces 6 G/cm and 100 A in all three axes. The best views for each of the ...

Ultrasound is an excellent tool for evaluating common ankle problems. it is more economical than MRI and its real-time nature helps in correlating the study with the symptomatic area. US can be used in ankle to evaluate tendons (including tears, tendinitis and tenosynovitis), joints, plantar fascia, ligaments, soft tissue masses, ...

PURPOSE: Longitudinal split tears of the peroneus brevis tendon have been increasingly reported as a source of lateral ankle pain and disability. MR imaging is useful in identifying the appearance of longitudinal split tears of the peroneus brevis tendon to differentiate this entity from other causes of chronic lateral ankle ...

This article illustrates the utility of musculoskeletal magnetic resonance imaging in providing contrast resolution of soft body tissues (i.e., biceps tendon) and pathologic processes (i.e., synovial sarcoma). The evaluation of biceps tendon injury and the diagnosis/staging of synovial sarcoma are best complemented by this most sensitive, non-invasive imaging method, particularly ...

Computed tomography is a primary imaging technique for evaluating congenital and developmental anomalies of the foot and ankle. Other imaging modalities have special capabilities, but computed tomography is a fast, safe, and effective method of assessing the anatomy. To demonstrate this point, the authors present and discuss imaging findings of ...

OBJECTIVE: MR imaging is the optimal imaging technique to study the normal and abnormal conditions of the pectoralis major muscle and tendon unit. The purpose of this study was to use MR imaging to provide an anatomic survey of the normal pectoralis major tendon and its insertion and to compare ...

Partial rupture of the distal biceps tendon is a relatively rare event, and various degrees of partial tendon tears have been reported. In the current study four patients with partial atraumatic distal biceps tendon tears (mean age, 59 years; range, 40-82 years) are reported. In all four patients, a common ...