A number of studies have documented that autism has a neurobiological basis, but the anatomical extent of these neurobiological abnormalities is largely unknown. In this paper, we apply advanced computational techniques to extract 3D models of the corpus callosum (CC) and subsequently analyze the volumetric deficit of the total CC ...

Measuring the properties of the white matter pathways from retina to cortex in the living human brain will have many uses for understanding visual performance and guiding clinical treatment. For example, identifying the Meyer's loop portion of the optic radiation (OR) has clinical significance because of the large number of ...

A 66-year-old right-handed woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus was admitted to our hospital with progressive dysarthria and gait disturbance preceded by difficulty in knitting. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a lesion involving the entire corpus callosum. Although tumor was considered in the differential diagnosis because of the atypical ...

We describe a patient with Marchiafava-Bignami disease who showed, in addition to signs of callosal interruption, a peculiar form of diagonistic dyspraxia. Unlike the typical diagonistic dyspraxia, both of the patient's hands could simultaneously cooperate in a sequence of bimanual actions. More specifically, his right hand could start a commanded ...

Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) presents with symptoms that often overlap with other neurological conditions. In many cases, diagnosis, prognosis and consequent clinical management remain uncertain. Structural and functional asymmetric brain changes represent the most consistent imaging findings that may assist in CBD diagnosis. Diffusion Tensor MRI (DT-MRI) is a quantitative technique ...

The value of MRI findings for coma prognostication is a question of great clinical and pathological relevance. We describe MRI evidence of restricted diffusion in the splenium in 5 patients with coma after cardiopulmonary resuscitation following cardiac arrest. The most common clinical presentation of corpus callosum lesions (of any cause) ...

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) with hippocampus sclerosis (HS) is an important cause for focal epilepsy. In this study, we explored the integrity of connecting networks using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and two whole-brain voxel-based methods: statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Thirty-three consecutive patients with mTLE ...

The crista terminalis (CT) is an important anatomic landmark due its close association with the sinoatrial node artery and the origin of the pectinate muscles (PM). However, the gross anatomy of the PM in relation to the CT has not been well described. The aim of our study has been ...

Spasmodic dysphonia is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary spasms in the laryngeal muscles during speech production. Although the clinical symptoms are well characterized, the pathophysiology of this voice disorder is unknown. We describe here, for the first time to our knowledge, disorder-specific brain abnormalities in these patients as determined ...

Wallerian degeneration plays a significant role in many central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Tracking the progression of Wallerian degeneration may provide better understanding of the evolution of many CNS diseases. In this study, a 28-day longitudinal in vivo DTI of optic nerve (ON) and optic tract (OT) was conducted to ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the application of advanced MRI sequences such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging and functional MRI for the evaluation of patients with altered consciousness. RECENT FINDINGS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, volumetry and diffusion tensor imaging have shown promising results in the evaluation of traumatic or ...

PURPOSE: To investigate the feasibility of using spatial normalization in combination with diffusion tensor (DT) corticospinal tractography to assess corticospinal tract (CST) involvement in capsular or pericapsular stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Corticospinal tractograms were created and segmented out using DT imaging (DTI) data from 10 normal volunteers. After spatial normalization ...

This paper provides a review of MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings in normal ageing as an essential context for evaluating imaging in dementia, and adding to the ever-growing number of such overviews. An additional extensive literature details the physics, MR acquisition, image reconstruction and mathematical computation approaches to ...

A multimodal MR study including relaxometry, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and MR spectroscopy was performed on patients with classical phenylketonuria (PKU) and matched controls, to improve our understanding of white matter (WM) lesions. Relaxometry yields information on myelin loss or malformation and may substantiate results from DTI attributed to myelin ...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in children with maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have demonstrated smaller corpus callosum area, with the greatest magnitude of change in posterior portions of the corpus callosum. The purpose of this study was to measure corpus callosum area in adult female patients with childhood abuse-related ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Traumatic axonal injury is a primary brain abnormality in head trauma and is characterized by reduction of fractional anisotropy (FA) on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Our hypothesis was that patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) have widespread brain white matter regions of reduced FA involving a ...

OBJECTIVE: To compare collagen fibre alignment angles obtained from polarised light microscopy (PLM) and diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) in bovine articular cartilage. METHODS: Five samples of bovine articular cartilage from five different animals were studied using magnetic resonance imaging and PLM techniques. T(2)-weighted, diffusion-tensor (DT), and PLM images were acquired for ...

The corpus callosum (CC) is of great interest for pathophysiological models of schizophrenia. Volume and structural integrity of the CC have been examined by volumetric and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies, but results were not consistent across methods or studies. A possible explanation may be varying methodologies and accuracy of ...

OBJECTIVES: Precision grasping critically relies on the integrity of the corticospinal tract as evidenced in congenital hemiplegia by the correlation found between corticospinal dysgenesis and hand-movement deficits. Therefore, corticospinal dysgenesis could be used to anticipate upper-limb deficits in young infants with congenital hemiplegia. However, most studies have quantified corticospinal dysgenesis ...

Single-shot fast spin-echo (SSFSE)-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been introduced as a technique with less distortion and fewer artifacts for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The purpose of this study was to compare mean diffusivity maps, fractional anisotropy (FA) maps, and three-dimensional white-matter tractography using data obtained with SSFSE diffusion-tensor ...

BACKGROUND: Congenital heart disease in newborns is associated with global impairment in development. We characterized brain metabolism and microstructure, as measures of brain maturation, in newborns with congenital heart disease before they underwent heart surgery. METHODS: We studied 41 term newborns with congenital heart disease--29 who had transposition of the ...

We tried to demonstrate the restoration of corticospinal tract in a patient with intracerebral hemorrhage, using diffusion tensor tractography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Transcranial magnetic stimulation demonstrated the corticospinal tract had been spared since subacute stage. Diffusion tensor tractography and functional magnetic resonance imaging showed ...

Diffusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is evolving into a potent tool in the examination of the central nervous system. Although it is often used for the detection of acute ischemia, evaluation of directionality in a diffusion measurement can be useful in white matter, which demonstrates strong diffusion anisotropy. Techniques such ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based functional neuronavigation in surgery of cerebral gliomas with pyramidal tract (PT) involvement with respect to both perioperative assessment and follow-up outcome. METHODS: A prospective, randomized controlled study was conducted between 2001 and 2005. A consecutive series of 238 eligible patients with initial imaging ...

The tracking of deformable objects in image sequences has been a topic of intensive research for many years, and many application-specific solutions have been proposed. In this work, we describe a method that was developed to robustly track the tissue structures of the human vocal tract in midsagittal, real-time magnetic ...

We present a new five-dimensional (5-D) space representation of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) of high angular resolution. This 5-D space is basically a non-Euclidean space of position and orientation in which crossing fiber tracts can be clearly disentangled, that cannot be separated in three-dimensional position space. This new representation ...

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction (PROPELLER)-based diffusion tensor fiber tractography (DTT) at 3T to visualize infratentorial small fiber structures that cannot be visualized adequately using a conventional single shot echo planar imaging (ssEPI)-based pulse sequence. ...

AIM: To look for the clinical implications of increased cortical fractional anisotropy (FA) in meningitis patients associated with brain abscess. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Diffusion tensor imaging was performed in 10 patients of meningitis associated with brain abscess and 10 controls. The region of interest analysis was performed to calculate FA ...

Biologic connectionism holds as its central tenet that the cognitive, behavioral, and motor functions of the brain are derived from the complex interconnections of simple neural processing units. Much can be learned about the human mind through the study of the brain's connections in normal and diseased states. This article ...

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) of the human brain, coupled with tractography techniques, enable the extraction of large-collections of three-dimensional tract pathways per subject. These pathways and pathway bundles represent the connectivity between different brain regions and are critical for the understanding of brain related diseases. A flexible and efficient GPU-based ...

Pairs of cylindrical knives were used to punch semicircular slices from the left basal, sub-basal, equatorial, and apical ventricular wall of porcine hearts. The sections extended from the epicardium to the endocardium. Their semicircular shape compensated for the depth-related changing orientation of the myocytes relative to the equatorial plane. The ...

CONTEXT: There is increasing evidence that schizophrenia is characterized by abnormalities in white matter. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the integrity of white matter tracts in adolescents with schizophrenia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, case-control, whole-brain, voxel-based analysis and fiber tractography using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. SETTING: University research institute. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-four individuals (age ...

We used diffusion tensor imaging to examine white matter integrity in the dorsal and ventral streams among individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) compared with two control groups (typically developing and developmentally delayed) and using three separate analysis methods (whole brain, region of interest, and fiber tractography). All analysis methods consistently ...

To elucidate the still unclear mechanism of delayed encephalopathy after carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, we serially performed single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) on a 3.0T system and intelligence tests in 2 patients, while they were undergoing hyperbaric oxygenation therapy. The chronological changes in (1)H-MRS- ...

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can visualize the white matter tracts in vivo. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical utility of DTI in patients with diseases of the spinal cord. Fourteen subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the spine at 1.5 T. Preliminary diagnosis of the patients ...

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a common aftermath of brain trauma. The diagnosis of DAI is often difficult using conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We report a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study of a patient who sustained DAI presenting with language impairment. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and DTI tractography revealed a ...

A 63-year-old man presented with hypoglycemia-induced hemiparesis manifesting as diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging changes in the splenium of the corpus callosum and internal capsule which disappeared after glucose administration. Clinicians should be aware that hypoglycemia can cause reversible splenium abnormalities on MR imaging, although the underlying mechanism still remains ...

We investigated the history of the fronto-occipital fasciculus (FOF) and related tracts in the cerebral white matter because of their contemporary relevance for connectional neuroanatomy, magnetic resonance tractography, and clinical neurology. The term "FOF" originated with Forel and Onufrowicz who misidentified aberrant longitudinally oriented callosal fibers in patients with callosal ...

PURPOSE: Hepatic pseudo-anisotropy is an artifact observed in hepatic diffusion-weighted imaging under respiratory triggering (RT-DWI). To determine the clinical significance of this phenomenon, hepatic RT-DW images were reviewed. METHODS: One hundred and five MR examinations, including RT-DWI, were assessed. The patient group included 62 non-cirrhotic and 43 cirrhotic individuals. All ...

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has been employed in many brain pathologies, but with few studies only and heterogeneous results in herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in comparison to DWI yields additional directional diffusion data, adding information and enabling a more differentiated description of brain pathologies. The authors ...

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) region of the brainstem has become a new stimulation target for the treatment of gait freezing, akinesia, and postural instability in advanced Parkinson disease (PD). Because PD locomotor symptoms are probably caused by excessive gamma-aminobutyric acidergic inhibition of the PPN, low-frequency stimulation of the PPN may ...

We extend the well-known scalar image bilateral filtering technique to diffusion tensor magnetic resonance images (DTMRI). The scalar version of bilateral image filtering is extended to perform edge-preserving smoothing of DT field data. The bilateral DT filtering is performed in the Log-Euclidean framework which guarantees valid output tensors. Smoothing is ...

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is hypothesized to be due, in part, to structural defects in brain networks influencing cognitive, affective, and motor behaviors. Although the current literature on fiber tracts is limited in ADHD, gray matter abnormalities suggest that white matter (WM) connections may be altered selectively in neural systems. A ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neuropathologic findings and preliminary imaging studies demonstrated the absence of pyramidal tract and superior cerebellar peduncular decussation in individual patients with Joubert syndrome (JS). We hypothesized that functional-structural neuroimaging findings do not differ between the genetic forms of JS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR imaging was performed with ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) manifest various structural abnormalities, we hypothesized that white matter (WM) structures that appear normal on conventional MR imaging may be accompanied by microstructural changes, such as gliosis and myelinization defects. Our objective was to determine in vivo whether there was ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to test the feasibility of using high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI)-based multitensor tractography to depict motor pathways in patients with brain tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients (6 males and 4 females) with a mean age of 52 years (range, ...

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of brainstem cavernous angioma involving eloquent fiber tracts is one of the most challenging areas of contemporary neurosurgery. Diffusion tensor imaging-based fiber tracking adds essential information for preoperative planning in neurosurgical practice. Integration of the tractography into neuronavigation system makes it possible for the intraoperative visualization of ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our aim was to improve our understanding of the subinsular white matter microstructural asymmetries in healthy right-handed subjects. Structural brain asymmetries could be related to functional asymmetries such as hemisphere language dominance or handedness. Besides the known gray matter asymmetries, white matter asymmetries could also play a ...

Lesions in the splenium of the corpus callosum are a rare complication of a variety of clinical conditions including ischemia, trauma, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, infection, electrolyte imbalances, seizures, and antiepileptic drugs. This report describes a child presenting with hemifield visual color anomia, headache, and papilledema, who was found to have ...

OBJECT: Conventional imaging demonstrates intertwined fibers of the cerebral white matter as a homogeneous substrate. Recently, diffusion tensor imaging has allowed 3D reconstruction of these fiber bundles. The goal of this study was to analyze the modifications of the association fibers induced by an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the parietotemporooccipital ...