White matter lesions representing ischemic demyelination have evolved in terms of our understanding of their pathogenesis and potential clinical significance. Low density lesions on CT brain scan, most commonly seen in the periventricular region, also frequently seen in the centrum semiovale, have been termed 'leukoaraiosis'. In the past years, it ...

OBJECTIVE: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown increased sensitivity in detecting brain white matter disease compared to traditional T2-weighted MRI. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can quantitatively assess the microstructural integrity of white matter using the average apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC(av)), a measure of the extent to which water molecules move ...

OBJECTIVE: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with cerebrovascular disease, cerebral infarction, and cognitive dysfunction. This study aimed to detect the presence and extent of white matter abnormalities in individuals with SCD using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). METHODS: Thirty-six children and adolescents with SCD (age range, 9-24 years) and 31 controls ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Three families with adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD) presenting autonomic dysfunction as the first symptom are reported. We describe detailed MR appearances of the brain in 2 new families and neuropathology in 2 patients and compare the findings with those in other adult-onset leukodystrophies. METHODS: Twenty subjects ...

OBJECTIVE: To delineate the features of a novel neurodegenerative disease. METHODS: We report three children of three related families with congenital microphthalmia and blindness, and progressive spasticity, microcephaly, seizures, and profound mental retardation. RESULTS: A magnetic resonance imaging scan was normal at birth. However, follow-up studies showed progressive atrophy involving ...

During the acute phase of spinal cord injury (SCI), major alterations of white and grey matter are a key issue, which determine the neurological outcome. The present study with ex vivo quantitative high-field magnetic resonance microimaging (MRI) was intended in order to identify sensitive parameters of tissue disruption in a ...

Twenty-three relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients and 14 controls were imaged to produce normal-appearing white and grey matter T1 histograms. These were used to assess whether histogram measures from principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) out-perform traditional histogram metrics in classification of T1 histograms into control ...

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a hereditary small-vessel disease caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene on chromosome 19. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging plays an important role in the diagnostic work-up of CADASIL patients. In this thesis we describe the presence of microbleeds and ...

BACKGROUND: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an inherited recessive disorder of adrenal steroidogenesis. Past reports suggested that brain white matter could be involved in CAH. OBJECTIVE: To detect the presence, and possible changes over time, of brain white matter abnormalities in patients with CAH. DESIGN: Neurological examination and brain magnetic ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hemosiderin and white matter lesions are 2 of the most common neurologic complications found on MR imaging that may be related to cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We evaluated the brains of patients previously treated for ALL with cranial ...

A 64-year-old man presented with generalized tonic clonic convulsion followed by weakness of the right lower extremity. He had a medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and right cerebellar infarction. Computed tomography (CT) showed a small high density nodule with an enhanced perifocal low density area in the left occipital lobe. ...

A 66-year-old man with idiopathic cranial pachymeningoencephalitis was described. He suffered from left orbital pain, and character changes. He became short tempered, and was very attached to trifles. Two years prior to these symptoms, he had developed transient left abducent nerve palsy. Head MRI showed a thickening and enhancement of ...

BACKGROUND: Conventional MRI can reveal decreases in brain volumes with aging but fails to provide information about the underlying microstructural modifications. Magnetization transfer (MT) and diffusion tensor (DT) MRI can in part overcome these limitations. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of aging on conventional and MT and DT MRI-derived measurements ...

We studied 14 individuals with partial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 18, including terminal and interstitial de novo and inherited deletions. Study participants were examined clinically and by brain MRI. The size of the deletion was determined by segregation analysis using microsatellite markers. We observed that the phenotype ...

Clinical studies have identified white matter (WM) lesions as hyperintensive regions in the MRI images of elderly patients. Since a cerebrovascular origin was attributed to such lesions, the present analysis set out to define the microvascular histopathologic changes in the periventricular WM in the aged. Post-mortem samples of the frontal, ...

OBJECTIVE: Only few hereditary ischemic small vessel diseases of the brain (SVDB) have been reported so far. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is the most frequent of them. Herein, we report a family affected by a SVDB distinct from CADASIL. METHODS: After the occurrence of ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype plays an important role in the development, maintenance, and response to injury of the central nervous system. It has been suggested that apoE epsilon4 genotype is a risk factor for several neurologic disorders. We investigated the correlation between the apoE genotype and radiologic ...

We present the CT and MR imaging findings in acute methanol intoxication in a 35-year-old man who was admitted to the emergency department with weakness, blurred vision, mild bilateral areactive mydriasis, and a progressive decrease in the level of consciousness. CT and MR imaging showed bilateral putaminal hemorrhagic necrosis and ...

Two siblings with a similar white-matter disease but different clinical symptoms are described. The first sibling suffers from nonprogressive spastic hemiparesis secondary to a congenital periventricular porencephalic cyst. Her brother has focal epilepsy. On magnetic resonance imaging, both patients show diffuse white-matter involvement predominantly of the posterior periventricular area. We ...

We present the case of an infant with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in whom wallerian degeneration is demonstrated in white-matter fiber tracts by diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI was undertaken on days 2 and 9 and then at 9 months of age. On day 2, conventional MRI was normal, but diffusion ...

To precise the severity of dilated Virchow-Robin spaces (VRS) in CADASIL patients and to determine their correlation with clinical presentation and other abnormalities on cerebral Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Dilated VRS were previously associated with aging, hypertension, dementia, epilepsy or migraine. We already reported increased frequency of enlarged VRS in ...

Dementia is a common complication of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the cause is incompletely understood. In previous studies, dementia has been associated with an increase in hyperintense lesions in the cerebral white matter. The aim of this study was to explore whether white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on cerebral magnetic resonance ...

Diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia have demonstrated lower diffusion anisotropy within white matter that provides information about brain white matter integrity. We have examined whether white matter is abnormal in first-episode schizophrenia by using diffusion tensor imaging. Twenty-one schizophrenic patients and healthy controls underwent diffusion tensor imaging scans that ...

Mercury vapor poisoning is a serious and potentially fatal problem. Neurological manifestations involving the central nervous system are seen with chronic mercury intoxication. We present the case of a 10-year-old child who demonstrated acrodynia, seizures, and visual impairment following 20 days of exposure to elemental mercury at home. The initial ...

In 1997, Corkin et al. described the anatomical boundaries of the amnesic patient H.M.'s surgical resection, based on a comprehensive analysis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans collected in 1992 and 1993 (Corkin et al. (1997) J Neurosci 17:3964-3979). We subsequently scanned H.M. on several occasions, employing more advanced data ...

PURPOSE: To evaluate ischemic changes in brain magnetic resonance images in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXS) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) and compare them with age- and sex-matched control subjects. METHODS: This case-control study involved 16 consecutive patients with PXS, 21 patients with PXG and 18 healthy age- and sex-matched control ...

Advances in neuroimaging have ushered in a new era of developmental neuroscience. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is particularly well suited for pediatric studies because it does not use ionizing radiation which enables safe longitudinal scans of healthy children. Key findings related to brain anatomical changes during childhood and adolescent are ...

OBJECTIVE: To correlate prognosis of hypoxic-ischemic white-matter injury with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: In a retrospective review at an urban medical center, three adult and three pediatric patients with predominant white-matter involvement caused by hypoxic- ischemic injury were evaluated over a 15-month period. RESULTS: Five patients with MRI-defined hypoxic-ischemic ...

A 20-year-old woman recently diagnosed with acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy developed headaches, weakness, and paresthesias. MR imaging of the brain revealed an acute infarct (demonstrated by diffusion-weighted images) in the head of the right caudate nucleus, a chronic infarct with encephalomalacia in the body of the corpus callosum, ...

This study explored the relationship between white matter changes seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease patients. Fifty-five probable Alzheimer's disease patients were assessed with Behavioral Rating Scale for Dementia (BRSD) and MRI. White matter changes in the bilateral frontal or parieto-occipital region and left ...

Relatively little is known regarding the water content of brain tissue in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) patients. The objective of our study was to determine absolute water content non-invasively in hydrocephalic patients, particularly in the anterior and posterior ventricular horns and in the periventricular white matter. Ten patients who were ...

A wide range of neuropathological abnormalities have been detected in schizophrenia sufferers, and emerging evidence points to neural substrates of connectivity as having a key role in the development of disease. This article reviews the available evidence for white matter pathology in schizophrenia, and examines its possible role as a ...

Megalencephaly with dilated Virchow-Robin spaces has been suggested to represent a new clinical entity. This report describes two males and a female who have been monitored from pregnancy. The patients manifest a relatively normal psychomotor development with some minor neurologic symptoms such as mild muscle hypotonia and clumsy motor performance. ...

Several newer magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are increasingly being applied to the study of white matter development and pathology across the lifespan. These techniques go beyond traditional macrostructural volumetric methods and provide valuable information about underlying tissue integrity and organization at the microstructural and biochemical levels. We first provide ...

BACKGROUND: Widespread cortical atrophy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) has been described in neuropathological studies. The presence of cortical atrophy in conventional and scientific neuroimaging has been a matter of debate. In studies using computertomography, positron emission tomography, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and conventional T2-weighted and proton-weighted images, results have ...

The pathogenetic role of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCLs) in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) without cerebral infarcts remains elusive. Magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) has proved to be a sensitive tool for detecting diffuse microscopic brain damage in NPSLE patients. In this study we examined the correlation between grey and ...

BACKGROUND: Unusual acute symptomatic and reversible early-delayed leukoencephalopathy has been reported to be induced by methotrexate (MTX). OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify the occurrence of such atypical MTX neurotoxicity in children and document its MR presentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical findings and brain MRI obtained in ...

White matter hyperintense lesions on T2-weighted images are associated with late-life depression. Little work has been carried out examining differences in lesion location between elderly individuals with and without depression. In contrast to previous studies examining total brain white matter lesion volume, this study examined lobar differences in white matter ...

We report 19 patients with a previously undelineated neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by episodic acute onset of irritability or neurological deficits between 2 months and 3.5 years of age, followed by steady or intermittent clinical deterioration. Seven children died between 11 months and 14 years of age. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging ...

OBJECT: Cobalamin C/D defect is an inborn error of cobalamin metabolism causing methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria. The early-onset form is characterized by severe neurological impairment. The aim of this study was to evaluate and monitor brain damage in early-onset cbl-C/D defect by conventional MRI and to assess the additional value ...

OBJECTIVE: To describe the MRI findings of two pediatric patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL). CASE REPORTS: Two male patients (two-year and three-months-old, and one year and four-months-old) presented with sudden dumbness. Physical and neurological examinations were unremarkable besides bilateral hypoacusia. All the laboratory investigation was negative, and brain ...

Despite advances in obstetric and neonatal care, the overall prevalence of cerebral palsy has remained stable, supporting the belief that pathogenesis is primarily due to prenatal brain dysgenesis and injury. Neuroimaging studies have consistently shown abnormalities in 70% to 90% of affected children, facilitating clinical classification into groups with early ...

Cerebrovascular disease is common and associated with cognitive deficits and increased risk for dementia. Until recently, only limited attention has focused on advances in imaging techniques to better define and quantify the spectrum of asymptomatic cerebrovascular disease commonly seen on magnetic resonance imaging, such as abnormal white matter signals. Abnormal ...

Using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based morphometry in 41 healthy individuals, this study evaluated the association between the personality traits of extraversion and neuroticism, on the one hand, and individual differences in localized brain volume and gray matter concentration, on the other, with a special focus on the amygdala. ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the hypothesis that magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) histogram analysis of the whole brain could detect early and subtle brain changes nonapparent on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) receiving methotrexate (MTX) therapy. ...

Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) is a congenital anomaly that causes somatic as well as cognitive and psychiatric impairments. Previous studies have found specific deficits in arithmetic abilities in subjects with VCFS. In this study, we investigated whether abnormalities in white matter pathways are correlated with reduced arithmetic ability. Nineteen individuals with ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the neurodevelopmental outcome of prematurely born newborns with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 89 prematurely born newborns (median age 28 weeks postgestation) were studied with MRI when stable for transport to MRI (median age, 32 weeks postgestation); 50 newborns were studied again ...

Our purpose was to investigate leukoaraïosis (LA) using three-dimensional MR imaging combined with advanced image-processing technology to attempt to group signal abnormalities according to their etiology. Coronal T2-weighted fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) sequences and three-dimensional T1-weighted fast spoiled gradient recalled echo sequences were used to examine cerebral white matter changes ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a condition causing recurrent subcortical strokes. MR imaging, which shows focal lacunar infarcts and leukoaraiosis, plays a central role in the diagnosis and evaluation. We studied MR imaging abnormalities in a large prospectively recruited cohort of ...

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is graded with three levels of severity-mild, moderate and severe. The outcome of individuals with mild and severe grades can be reliably predicted from this scheme. Individuals with moderate degree are divided in outcome between those who suffer major neurologic problems (e.g., cerebral palsy) and those who ...