We used a grounded theory approach to data analysis to discover what effect, if any, children's sensory experiences have on family occupations. We chose this approach because the existing literature does not provide a theory to account for the effect of children's sensory experiences on family occupations. Parents of six ...

Background: High levels of cytokines in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can alter target cell sensitivity to growth hormone (GH) leading to short stature in adulthood. We hypothesized that the down-regulation of GH receptor (GHR) gene expression could be involved in growth failure of children with JIA. Methods: In 18 (12 ...

BACKGROUND: There are very few laboratory markers which reflect the biological sensitivity of children to recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment. Genome-wide transcriptional changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) have been widely used as functional readout for different pharmacological stimuli. OBJECTIVE: To characterize transcriptional changes in PBMC induced by ...

INTRODUCTION: This phase III study in growth hormone (GH) deficient (GHD) children with growth retardation was designed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of longterm treatment with the recombinant human GH Omnitrope® (Sandoz BioPharmaceuticals, Holzkirchen, Germany). METHODS: Treatmentnaïve, prepubertal Spanish children (n=70) with isolated GHD were treated with Omnitrope 0.03 ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Endocrine disrupting chemicals have been hypothesized to play a role in the obesity epidemic. Long-term effects of prenatal exposure to non-persistent pesticides on body composition have so far not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to assess possible effects of prenatal exposure to currently used pesticides ...

Background: PAPP-A is a large placenta-derived glycoprotein, which serves as a protease of several IGFBPs. In non-pregnant adults measurable PAPP-A levels were detected and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic plaques. Data in children are lacking. Objective: To study the relationships between PAPP-A, markers of atherosclerosis, and members ...

OBJECTIVE: To audit the contribution of plasma IGF-PB3 measurement to the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children. POPULATION AND METHODS: Retrospective case study including boys and girls aged 0 to 18 years who attended our paediatric endocrinology clinic for short stature and/or post-irradiation follow-up, and had at least ...

It has been shown that changes in IGF-I and IGFBP levels in children with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (CAH) are correlated with different states of metabolic control. Our approach was to analyze the serum levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, their molar ratio IGF-I:IGFBP-3 (MR), and ALS in ...

Objective:  Poor growth during childhood is a common problem associated with preterm birth, but few studies have examined the associations between linear growth, weight and body composition with the postnatal hormonal milieu in preterm children. We aimed to define the IGF-IGFBP axis in preterm children, and its association with growth. ...

The goal of the study was to examine the association between biomarkers and environmental measures of second hand smoke (SHS) with caregiver, i.e. parent or legal guardian, report of household smoking behavior and morbidity measures among children with asthma. Baseline data were drawn from a longitudinal intervention for 126 inner ...

Children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) often have poor linear growth during childhood with short final height. Thus, we aimed to assess serum growth hormone (GH), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels among CP patients and their relation to each of gross motor ...

Clinical, biochemical and genetic analysis related to bone mineral density (BMD) were carried out in children born small for gestational age (SGA) that failed to achieve postnatal catch-up growth (CUG), SGA children that completed CUG and adequate for gestational age (AGA) children. Serum IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein-3 and acid-labile ...

Idiopathic short stature (ISS) is a diagnosis of exclusion. No specific laboratory test can identify it. Rather, a series of tests that examine a person's genetic, nutritional and hormonal makeup are used to exclude specific diagnoses. However, abnormalities of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis appear to be common ...

Until recently, growth hormone (GH) was the only treatment available to improve growth rate in short, prepubertal children. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is now approved in the United States and the European Union for treatment of short stature in children with severe primary IGF-I deficiency, a condition characterized by ...

ABSTRACT: To identify factors associated with growth in children on growth hormone (GH) therapy using data from the American Norditropin Studies: Web-enabled Research (ANSWER) Program® registry. GH-naïve children with GH deficiency, multiple pituitary hormone deficiency, idiopathic short stature, Turner syndrome, or a history of small for gestational age were eligible ...

To test (1) whether children will consume low-sugar ready-to-eat (RTE) cereals and (2) the effects of serving high- versus low-sugar cereals on the consumption of cereal, refined sugar, fresh fruit, and milk. Using an experimental design, we randomly assigned children (n = 91) who were attending summer day camp to ...

OBJECTIVE: To complete a description of the dietary intakes of New Zealand schoolchildren by describing afternoon and evening foods and nutrients. DESIGN: Twenty-four hour dietary recall data from the 2002 Children's Nutrition Survey were analysed to describe food and nutrient intakes during the afternoon (14.00 to 16.59 hours) and evening ...

The diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is based on clinical and auxological characteristics combined with the results of growth hormone provocation tests. To evaluate the utility of IGF-I and IGF-BP3 serum levels in the diagnosis of GHD among children of short stature. We recruited 207 short pre-pubertal children and ...

Aim:  The study aimed at determining whether there is an association between paternal smoking and nutritional status of children aged 0-59 months. Furthermore, the study looked at the presence of any nutritional differentials within different socio-economic groups. Methods:  Secondary analysis of data on children aged 0-59 months enrolled in the Hospital Surveillance ...

Children are commonly exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS). The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and outcome of Smoke-Free Homes (SFH), a community-based intervention; and assess potential evaluation methods. SFH, designed to encourage families to implement smoking restrictions at home, was delivered over a period of ...

Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure impairs the control of pediatric asthma. Evidence of the efficacy of interventions to reduce children's exposure and improve disease outcomes has been inconclusive. Caregivers of 519 children aged 3 to 12 years with asthma and reported smoke exposure attended two baseline assessment visits, which involved a ...

OBJECTIVES: We used the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to examine the association between postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure, measured as serum cotinine levels, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among children 4 to 15 years of age. We further investigated the interactions of race and serum cotinine levels with ...

Smoking and the deaths and suffering it causes are more common among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and Māori than other Australians and New Zealanders. While, many tobacco control activities that are not specifically targeted at children will have a positive impact on child health, this review concentrates on ...

BACKGROUND: Maternal smoking during pregnancy has detrimental effects on the respiratory health of infants and children. Polymorphisms of antioxidant genes including glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) have been proposed as candidates for asthma and reduced lung function in children. METHODS: Women enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children reported smoking ...

CONTEXT: Prenatal smoking exposure modulates brain development, which may deviate mental development of the offspring. OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of prenatal smoking exposure on psychiatric morbidity and mortality among Finnish young adults by means of population-based longitudinal register data. DESIGN: Information on maternal smoking as reported by the mothers ...

BACKGROUND: Since 2006, banning smoking in cars with children has become a rapidly growing tobacco control policy. However, to date, there have been few studies examining support and correlates of support for car smoking bans, and none of the existing studies have been international in nature. We conducted such a ...

BACKGROUND: The current study entailed a survey of children from the lower socioeconomic strata of rural and urban regions of the states of Maharashtra and Assam who are vulnerable to tobacco usage. More than 1700 children were checked for precancerous lesions and 1004 were surveyed for tobacco habits and awareness. ...

BACKGROUND: More than one-third of the tobacco consumed regionally is of smokeless form. AIMS: To determine the prevalence and pattern of smokeless tobacco use among school children. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was conducted among children in 5 randomly selected high schools in Kannur district, Kerala, India. MATERIALS AND ...

OBJECTIVE: This study examined, in a non-Western sociohistorical context, whether prenatal or postnatal secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure for children of nonsmoking mothers was associated with higher childhood BMI, and it clarified whether the observed associations were biologically mediated or socioeconomically confounded. METHODS: A total of 6710 and 6519 children of ...

OBJECTIVES: This study examined racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographic disparities in children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) or secondhand smoke in the home. METHODS: The 2007 National Survey of Children's Health (N = 90,853) was used to calculate the prevalence of children's exposure to ETS. State-level data on home smoking ...

BACKGROUND: The increase in the prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) is likely to involve changes in specific environmental exposures among genetically susceptible individuals. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of glutathione S-transferase (GST) genotype polymorphisms and prenatal smoke exposure on pediatric AD on the basis of the cord blood cotinine levels. ...

Impoverished children suffer disproportionately from asthma and are more likely than other children to be exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS). We conducted a case-control study to describe and compare knowledge, attitudes, and household practices regarding SHS exposure among parents of young urban children with and without asthma (response rate, 76%). ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether parental smoking was associated with smoking-related play behaviour in young children. DESIGN: Children were asked to pretend that they were grown-ups having dinner. They were invited to act out this situation in a play corner with a toy kitchen and a child-sized dining area, including a ...

We investigated the hypothesis that exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO), heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) would increase acutely in exposed but not in unexposed children. In a nonrandomized controlled design, parent-child dyads were assigned to groups based on exposure: child subjects, 7-18 years of age, exposed to smoking daily ...

OBJECTIVE: This study examines child poisonings resulting from ingestion of tobacco products throughout the nation and assesses the potential toxicity of novel smokeless tobacco products, which are of concern with their discreet form, candy-like appearance, and added flavorings that may be attractive to young children. METHODS: Data representing all single-substance, ...

BACKGROUND: For the majority of smokers, smoking is related to other forms of risk behaviour, especially poorer eating habits. The primary preventive educational programme "No smoking is a norm" focuses on children of younger school age (under 10 yrs), enables comparison and statistical evaluation of whether there are any differences ...

AIMS: To explore trends in and predictors of second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in children. To identify whether inequalities in SHS exposure are changing over time. DESIGN: Repeated cross-sectional study with data from eight annual surveys conducted over an 11-year period from 1996 to 2006. SETTING: England. PARTICIPANTS: Nationally representative samples ...

This review presents our studies that investigated the effects of exposure to direct and indirect smoking on the colonization with pathogenic bacteria and organisms that interfere with their growth. The flora of smokers (S) contained less aerobic and anaerobic organisms with interfering capability and more potential pathogens as compared with ...

AIM: To evaluate the association of postnatal exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke on childhood behavioural problems after taking maternal smoking during pregnancy into account. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey of preschool children in Bavaria, exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke in the child's home was assessed via a parent questionnaire. The ...

AIM: To establish baseline noninvasive carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels in children and determine the influence of exposure to environmental sources of carbon monoxide (CO), especially environmental tobacco smoke, on such levels. BACKGROUND: Second-hand smoking may be a risk factor for adverse outcomes following anesthesia and surgery in children (1) and may ...

Passive smoking may be implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in children because of their partially developed physiological systems. The aim of the present systematic paper is to investigate whether passive smoking is associated with factors that influence the development of CVD in children. Data sources included Medline, ...

To investigate the contribution of exposure to prenatal tobacco smoke (PTS) and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to parent-reported learning disabilities. A nationally representative, cross-sectional survey conducted in the United States, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999 to 2002, was used to explore the association between reported learning ...

BACKGROUND: Prenatal and postnatal tobacco exposure have been reported to be associated with behavioral problems. However, the magnitude of the association with tobacco exposure at specific periods of exposure is unclear. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the relative risk of behavioral problems in children who had been exposed to tobacco smoke in ...

In the United Kingdom, there has been an increase in cigarette smoking in ethnic minority adults since the 1970s; in some groups levels are now similar to that of White British people. We aimed to examine the determinants of exposure to secondhand smoke in ethnic minority children. We hypothesised that ...

BACKGROUND: Earlier studies have shown an association between secondhand tobacco smoke and allergy development in children. Furthermore, there is an increased risk of developing an allergy if the parents have an allergy. However, there are only few studies investigating the potential synergistic effect of secondhand tobacco smoke and allergic heredity ...

Exposure of children to second-hand smoke (SHS) leads to increased risk of health and social problems and uptake of smoking in the future. We aimed to assess the prevalence of children's exposure to SHS in their homes, in a deprived area in the North of England and identify what people ...

To determine (1) the cotinine levels of saliva, urine and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of children in families with and without smoking members and (2) a possible association between the periodontal health of the children and exposure to passive smoking. The study population comprised of 109 children in the age ...

The main purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate determinants of hair nicotine concentrations in nonsmoking women and children exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke at home. Hair samples were collected from nonsmoking women (n = 852) and from children (n = 1,017) <11 years of age living in ...

The effect of exposure to air pollution during childhood on the development of lung disease in adulthood remains to be defined. A common component of air pollution from fossil fuels, environmental tobacco smoke, and burning of solid fuels such as biomass is particulate matter (PM) less than 10 mum in ...

Despite the recent campaigns to eliminate smoking and hinder the detrimental effects of passive smoking (PS), actual smoking rates still increase worldwide. Several physiological systems, with the respiratory being the primary, are disrupted by PS and progressively deteriorate through chronic exposures. This is of particular importance in children, given that ...