Language development progresses at a dramatic rate in preschool children. As rapid temporal processing of speech signals is important in daily colloquial environments, we performed magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate the linkage between speech-evoked responses during rapid-rate stimulus presentation (interstimulus interval < 1 s) and language performance in 2- to 5-year-old children (n = 59). ...

ABSTRACT: Objectives: We examined whether plasma concentrations of amyloid beta (Abeta) as protein derivatives play a central role in the etiology of autistic features. Design and Methods: Concentrations of human Abeta (1-42), Abeta (1-40), and Abeta (40/42) in the plasma of 52 autistic children (aged 3-16 years) and 36 age-matched ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The impact of atopic dermatitis (AD) on children's quality of life (QoL) in US and European countries is relatively well known, though rarely evaluated in the Italian population. Moreover, the association between child age and QoL has not been enough investigated, even though few studies detected a worse ...

Background:  Airway inflammation may be present in subjects affected by atopic dermatitis (AD) but still without asthma symptoms. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) reflects the composition of bronchoalveolar extra cellular lining fluid that contains a large number of mediators of airway inflammation and oxidative damage. Objectives:  We assessed inflammatory markers in ...

The human brain undergoes structural changes in children entering puberty, while simultaneously children increase in height. It is not known if brain changes are under genetic control, and whether they are related to genetic factors influencing the amount of overall increase in height. Twins underwent magnetic resonance imaging brain scans ...

BACKGROUND Genetic factors have an important role in atopic dermatitis (AD) predisposition. Toll like receptor (TLR) are important mediators between environment and immune system. There are incosnsitent studies about TLSR polymorphisms in AD. OBJECTIVE This study examined whether single nucleotide polimorphisms (SNPs) in the genes for TLR2 and TLR4 could ...

A significant positive correlation between height and intelligence has been demonstrated in children. Additionally, intelligence has been associated with the volume of gray matter in the brains of children. Based on these correlations, we analyzed the correlation among height, full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) and gray matter volume applying voxel-based morphometry ...

  Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss in adults, but it has been rarely reported in children. We report two cases of AGA in two siblings, aged 6 and 8, whose mother had the same condition, without any association with other skin diseases or abnormalities ...

Neuralgic amyotrophy is not uncommon in adults but is relatively rare in children. We recently encountered 2 cases of neuralgic amyotrophy in children. Patient 1 was a 7-year-old girl who developed a right leg paralysis after an epileptic seizure. Lumbar plexus T(2)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a hyperintense and ...

PURPOSE: Since many children with lower urinary tract symptoms are treated based on history and physical, it is important to know which symptom survey correlates best with the physician clinical impression. We evaluated 3 tools that have been demonstrated to predict severity of lower urinary tract symptoms, the Dysfunctional Voiding ...

Learning relational categories-whose membership is defined not by intrinsic properties but by extrinsic relations with other entities-poses a challenge to young children. The current work showed 3-, 4- to 5-, and 6-year-olds pairs of cards exemplifying familiar relations (e.g., a nest and a bird exemplifying home for) and then tested ...

Background/Objectives:The hepatic prognosis of long-term home total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-dependent children is poorly documented. The objective was to study outcome data in home TPN-dependent children and to describe precisely their liver biopsies in the attempt to analyze risk factors for biochemical and histological hepatic abnormalities.Subjects/Methods:Medical records of 42 children receiving ...

Eczema or atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common skin disease in children, and recent data derived from several studies showed that the prevalence of AD is still increasing in most Asian countries. The role of allergic reactions in AD is still a matter of debate. In some children allergy ...

Objectives Environmental exposure at home, such as dampness, has been shown to have adverse effects on respiratory health. However, few studies explored the association between home dampness and genetic polymorphisms on childhood asthma. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of home dampness and tumour necrosis factor-α ...

Perinatal brain lesion is a risk factor for development, making parents of such children particularly worried about consequences it may have on the child's cognitive and language development. Although literature findings on the outcome of perinatal brain lesion are inconsistent, most of the studies have found a positive general outcome, ...

Background. Developmental disorders are failure or inability to acquire various age-specific skills at expected maturational age, which affects about 5-10% of preschool children. One of the most important methods for evaluation of developmentally delayed children is neuroimaging, especially, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that provides useful information regarding brain tissue ...

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) is low in North Africa. We describe the epidemiology of this atopic condition among school children in Tunisia. We conducted a Cross-sectional survey study of 5 to 6-year-old schoolchildren from 21 primary schools of Sfax. The diagnosis of AD was based on the U.K. ...

The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare the neural activation patterns of children diagnosed with autistic disorder (AD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and typically developing controls (TCs) in response to a task involving evaluation of facial expressions. Substantially greater functional activity was noted in TCs ...

Recent research in behavioral genetics has found evidence for a Gene × Environment interaction on cognitive ability: Individual differences in cognitive ability among children raised in socioeconomically advantaged homes are primarily due to genes, whereas environmental factors are more influential for children from disadvantaged homes. We investigated the developmental origins ...

In children under the age of five, the majority of unintentional injuries occur in the home, with higher levels of injury morbidity and mortality being found among those from more deprived backgrounds. This paper presents the findings of a systematic review about the effectiveness of programmes in decreasing unintentional injury ...

Standard therapy for severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is home-based therapy with ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) containing 25% milk. In an effort to lower the cost of RUTF and increase availability, some have suggested that a portion of milk be replaced with soy. This trial was designed to determine whether treating ...

To determine the effectiveness of green banana in the home management of acute (<7 days) or prolonged (≥ 7 days) diarrhoea at the community level. A cluster randomized field trial was conducted among 2968 Bangladeshi rural children 6-36 months old. Wards (villages) were randomly assigned to either a standard care ...

Sénéchal's research in the West with English- and French-speaking children included positive relations of the development of literacy skills with home literacy experiences. There is a need to extend this research to other countries, especially in China where few studies have been done. This study examined relations of parental reports ...

Aim To determine whether emergency hospital admission rates (EAR) for common paediatric conditions in Greater London are associated with measures of child well-being and deprivation. Design Retrospective analysis of hospital episode statistics and secondary analysis of the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2007 and Local Index of Child Well-Being (CWI) ...

Abstract  Asthma is a leading chronic disease among children and places a significant burden on public health. Exposure to indoor mold has been associated with asthma symptoms. However, many mold assessments have relied on visual or other identification of damp conditions and mold presence, thus have not examined associations with ...

SUMMARYAcute diarrhoea remains a major public health challenge in developing countries. We examined the role of a probiotic in the prevention of acute diarrhoea to discover if there was an effect directed towards a specific aetiology. A double-blind, randomized, controlled field trial involving 3758 children aged 1-5 years was conducted ...

A total of 17 typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) were isolated from 396 children with and without diarrhoea. Out of 12 EPEC isolates from patients with diarrhoea, 3 (25 %) were atypical EPEC while 9 (75 %) were typical EPEC. It was observed that atypical EPEC strains had colonized the ...

The effectiveness of probiotic therapy for acute rotavirus infectious diarrhoea in an indigenous setting with bacterial/parasitic diarrhoea is unclear. In the present study, we assessed the efficacy of probiotics in Australian Aboriginal children in the Northern Territory admitted to hospital with diarrhoeal disease. A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted ...

OBJECTIVE: The frequency of viral, bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens among 270 paediatric patients (< 5 years of age) in various hospitals of Makkah and Jeddah cities of Saudi Arabia were investigated. METHODS: A total of 270 stool samples were collected from paediatric patients with signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis from ...

In Ethiopia, evidence is lacking about maternal care-taking and environmental risk factors that contribute to acute diarrhoea and the case management of diarrhoea. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors and to understand the management of acute diarrhoea. A pretested structured questionnaire was used for interviewing ...

SUMMARYWe studied changes in species distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella during 1980-2008, using the Diarrhoeal Diseases Surveillance system of Dhaka Hospital of ICDDR,B. In hospitalized patients Shigella prevalence decreased steadily from 8-12% in the 1980s to 3% in 2008. Endemic S. flexneri was the most commonly isolated species ...

A cross-sectional hospital-based study of 259 children aged < 5 years was carried out in Tikrit, Iraq, to identify the prevalence of nosocomial diarrhoea and sources of contamination in the ward environment. Nosocomial diarrhoea was diagnosed in 84 children (32.4%). Children with diarrhoea were more likely than unaffected children to ...

The aim of the study was to investigate home management of childhood acute diarrhoea. A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted in Prague, Czech Republic. The caregivers of 210 children ages 6 to 59 months were approached in public places and interviewed about the knowledge and use of oral rehydration solution ...

The removal of teeth amongst the Maasai is a traditional practice as part of an initiation or to make space for feeding in an event of diseases locking the jaw. Removal of deciduous canine tooth buds (DCB) among infants below 2 years has been reported in several studies to be ...

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether continuing with zinc supplementation after zinc treatment (ZT) of an acute diarrhoea episode will result in additional clinical benefits beyond ZT alone. METHODS: Children 6-23 months of age, living in an urban slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh with acute childhood diarrhoea (ACD), were enrolled in a randomized, ...

Diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality yet diarrhoea specific incidence and mortality rates for older children, adolescents, and adults have not been systematically calculated for many countries. We conducted a systematic literature review to generate regional incidence rates by age and to summarize diarrhoea specific mortality rates ...

Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) were sought in stool specimens from 72 adults and children aged over 3 years, who presented with diarrhoea at a hospital in Accra, Ghana, and 72 matched controls. Only diffusely-adherent E. coli were significantly associated with disease in these older individuals (P=0.029). We additionally tested 53 ...

OBJECTIVE: To describe the acid base and electrolyte pattern of morbidity and mortality in children with diarrhoea and protein energy malnutrition. SETTING: The diarrhoea treatment and training unit of the university of Calabar teaching hospital was used for the study. DESIGN/METHODS: It was a prospective study in which consecutive children ...

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of live and killed probiotics to decrease the presence of hydrogen using the breath hydrogen test (BHT). This pretest-posttest control group design single blinded randomized study was performed in 5 government elementary schools in Tuminting subdistrict, Manado, Indonesia from March ...

The diversity and capacity of human rotaviruses for rapid evolution and genetic reassortment suggests that rotavirus vaccine should be designed to provide heterotypic protection. The objective of the present study was to provide information on the circulating genotypes of rotavirus and allied baseline epidemiology in Lucknow, India. In a cross-sectional ...

BACKGROUND: Lactose intolerance is a common complication of diarrhoea in infants with malnutrition and a cause of treatment failure. A combination of nutritional injury and infectious insults in severe protein energy malnutrition reduces the capacity of the intestinal mucosa to produce lactase enzyme necessary for the digestion of lactose. The ...

Evidence suggests that probiotics reduce rotavirus diarrhoea duration. Although there are several probiotic strains potentially useful, daily practice is often limited by the type and number of products locally available. In general, information about combined products is scarce. In this study we compare the effect of two probiotic products in ...

Children with severe malnutrition who develop shock have a high mortality. Contrary to contemporaneous paediatric practice, current guidelines recommend use of low dose hypotonic fluid resuscitation (half-strength Darrows/5% dextrose (HSD/5D). We evaluated the safety and efficacy of this guideline compared to resuscitation with a standard isotonic solution. A Phase II ...

Persistent diarrhoea (diarrhoea lasting more than 14 days) accounts for one third of all diarrhoea related deaths in developing countries in some studies. Probiotics may help treatment. To evaluate probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children. In August 2010, we searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, ...

INTRODUCTION: Young children in the developing world continue to experience a median of between two and four episodes of diarrhoea each year. To better understand adherence to the WHO/UNICEF-recommended diarrhoea management guidelines, which now include zinc, this study aimed to determine how much caregivers were willing to pay for zinc ...

Globally rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in children. From March 2005 through February 2007, a prospective hospital-based surveillance study was conducted at a national hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, to estimate the burden of rotavirus hospitalizations among children aged <5 years old and to determine strain ...

Rotavirus was detected in 33% of 4519 children less than 5 years of age admitted with diarrhoea to treatment centres at Matlab in rural Bangladesh from 2000 to 2006. Highest rotavirus detection rates were in children aged 6-11 months with 56% being less than 1 year old. The peak seasonal ...

This study assessed the clinical management and impact of diarrhoea aetiology (rotavirus positive/negative) and rotavirus genotype on diarrhoeal disease severity. Of 7391 diarrhoea admissions less than 5 years of age over a 2-year period, 80% of patients were tested for rotavirus, 87% were cultured for bacterial pathogens and 78% were ...

Rotavirus is one of the most common causes of severe life-threatening diarrhoea in children leading to hospitalization especially in developing countries. At Mahosot Hospital in Vientiane, Lao PDR, children with diarrhoea underwent standard clinical evaluation and faecal specimen collection to estimate the burden of rotavirus hospitalizations and to determine rotavirus ...

In 2004, WHO and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) released a joint statement recommending a new lower osmolarity oral rehydration salts (ORS) formulation and zinc supplementation for diarrhoea management. More than 5 years later, diarrhoea remains the second leading cause of death and few children in developing countries are ...