Cold water submersion can induce a high incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in healthy volunteers. Submersion and the release of breath holding can activate two powerful and antagonistic responses; the "cold shock response" and the "diving response". The former involves the activation of a sympathetically driven tachycardia while the latter promotes ...

Brain edema is a severe clinical complication in a number of pathologies and is a major cause of increased morbidity and death. The swelling of astrocytes caused by a disruption of water and ion homeostasis, is the primary event contributing to the cytotoxic form of brain edema. Astrocyte cytotoxic swelling ...

The myxozoan parasite Ceratomyxa shasta is a significant pathogen of juvenile salmonids in the Pacific Northwest of North America and is limiting recovery of Chinook, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and coho, O. kisutch, salmon populations in the Klamath River. We conducted a 5-year monitoring program that comprised concurrent sentinel fish exposures and ...

The contaminations of peptide toxins in drinking water lead directly to sickness and even death in both humans and animals. A smart RNA as aptamer is covalently immobilized on graphene oxide to form a polydispersed and stable RNA-graphene oxide nanosheet. RNA-graphene oxide nanosheets can resist nuclease and natural organic matter, ...

  Today, little is known about the bacteriological environment of the autopsy room and its potential interest for medico-legal practices. Seven hundred fifty microbiological samples were taken from surface (n = 660), air (n = 48), and water (n = 42) to evaluate it in a French University Forensic Department. Median bacterial counts were compared before ...

We demonstrate the applicability of self-propulsion as a passive driving mechanism for droplets in chemically-confined microfluidics. The droplets can be used to transport considerably sized solid cargo particles. We implemented thermal actuation as a steering mechanism for the droplets at fluidic junctions.

The 1991 Gulf oil spill heavily impacted the coastal areas of the Saudi waters of the Arabian Gulf and recent studies have indicated that even 15years after the incident, macrobenthos had not completely recovered in the sheltered bays in the affected region such as, Manifa Bay. This study investigates the ...

Methanol and ethylene glycol cause significant mortality post-ingestion. Predicting prognosis based on the biomarkers osmolal gap, anion gap and pH is beneficial. To evaluate the relationship between biomarkers, measured post-methanol and ethylene glycol exposure, and clinical outcomes. A review of the literature identified cases where methanol or ethylene glycol had ...

Tight junctions (TJs) are the most apical component of junctional complexes and regulate the movement of electrolytes and solutes by the paracellular pathway across epithelia. The defining ultrastructural features of TJs are strands of transmembrane protein particles that adhere to similar strands on adjacent cells. These strands are mainly composed ...

So far the determination of unitary permeability pf of water channels which are expressed in polarized cells is subject to large errors because the opening of a single water channel does not noticeably increase the water permeability of a membrane patch above background. That is, in contrast to the patch ...

Odors are dispersed across aquatic habitats by turbulent water flow as filamentous, intermittent plumes. Many crustaceans sniff (take discrete samples of ambient water and the odors it carries) by flicking their olfactory antennules. We used planar laser-induced fluorescence to investigate how flicking antennules of different morphologies (long antennules of spiny ...

The formation of gold-gold junction electrodes for application in electroanalysis is described here based on electro-deposition from a non-cyanide gold plating bath. Converging growth of two hemispherical gold deposits on two adjacent platinum microelectrodes (both 100 µm diameter in glass, ca. 45 µm gap) followed by careful etching in aqueous chloride solution ...

Band gap narrowing is important for applications of ZnO, especially for photoelectrochemical water splitting. In this work, we carried out first-principles electronic structure calculations with a hybrid density functional on defected ZnO. It is found that nitrogen substitutional doping alone cannot explain the largely enhanced conversion efficiency observed in nitrogen ...

Layers of rabbit corneal endothelial cells were cultured on permeable inserts. We characterized the diffusional permeability of the cell layer to nonelectrolyte and charged molecules and compared the diffusional and filtration permeabilities of the paracellular and transcellular pathways. We determined the rates of diffusion of (3)H- and (14)C-labeled nonelectrolyte test ...

The crossed junction formed between a multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and a bundle of single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is investigated. The junction is fabricated by orthogonally assembling the MWCNT and SWCNT by a two-step dielectrophoresis process. The conventional dielectrophoresis method to self-assemble carbon nanotubes has been modified to ...

The mechanisms behind the transfer of molecules from the surrounding sea water to the site of coral calcification are not well understood, but are critical for understanding how coral reefs are formed. We conducted experiments with the fluorescent dye calcein, which binds to calcium and is incorporated into growing calcium ...

Polyethylene glycol solutions, used for bowel preparation before colonoscopy, in theory pass through the colon without any absorption of water. However, several investigators have reported that these solutions do increase plasma volume. This review compares polyethylene and sodium phosphate bowel preparations and their effects on patients with heart failure, and ...

Abstract Background: Exhaled breath studies suggest that humans exhale fine particles during tidal breathing, but little is known of their physical origin in the respiratory system during health or disease. Methods: Particles generated by 3 healthy and 16 human rhinovirus (HRV)-infected subjects were counted using an optical particle counter with ...

Objectives  Alendronate is a poorly absorbed bisphosphonate with an oral bioavailability of 0.7%. In this study, a positively-charged microemulsion was prepared with the aim of improving the bioavailability of alendronate. Methods  The positively-charged microemulsion was evaluated for physical stability, cellular uptake and permeability enhancement on Caco-2 monolayers. The bioavailability of ...

Barleys, a major source of feed, are all coarsely dry-rolled before feeding beef and dairy cattle in North America. The shapes of coarsely dry-rolled barley particles are not round but very irregular. The model for geometric mean is not suitable for determining irregular barley particle size. In a previous study, ...

At neutral pH, bovine serum album (BSA) conformation is "heart-shaped", and with decreasing pH, BSA may adopt the fast "F" form below a pH of about 4, and expanded "E" form at pH lower than about 3. However, as far as we know, the researches on the interaction between protein ...

In this study, we investigated the effects of two hydrotherapy interventions on match running performance and perceptual measures of fatigue and recovery during a 4-day soccer tournament. Twenty male junior soccer players were assigned to one of two treatment groups and undertook either cold-water immersion (5 × 1 min at ...

Many chemists are not familiar with the problem of the liquid junction potential (LJP) between electrolyte solutions in different solvents. Some even misunderstand it. Therefore, it seems worthwhile to write a review article on this subject. The LJP between electrolyte solutions in different solvents consists of three components: i.e., (a) ...

The PRINT(®) (pattern replication in non-wetting templates) process has been developed as a simple, gentle way to pattern films or generate discrete particles in arrays out of either pure biological materials or biomolecules encapsulated within polymeric materials. Patterned films and particle arrays can be fabricated in a wide array of ...

The nature and photoelectrochemical reactivity of nanoporous semiconductor electrodes have attracted a great deal of attention. Nanostructured materials have promising capabilities applicable for the construction of various photonic and electronic devices. In this paper, a mesoporous TiO(2) thin film photoanode was soaked in an aqueous methanol solution using an O(2)-reducing ...

The effect of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) on the gaseous and particulate emissions of a diesel engine was investigated using Euro V diesel fuel blended with different proportions of DMC. Combustion analysis shows that, with the blended fuel, the ignition delay and the heat release rate in the premixed combustion phase ...

Reliable measurements of the sublimation rate of nonuniform layers of trinitrotoluene (TNT) microcrystals were carried out using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The sample layer was prepared by precipitation of TNT from a well-defined volume of its solution in acetonitrile. The TNT solution was placed on the QCM electrode surface ...

Polymeric carrier systems of paclitaxel (PCT) offer advantages over only available formulation Taxol® in terms of enhancing therapeutic efficacy and eliminating adverse effects. The objective of the present study was to prepare poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles containing PCT using emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Critical factors involved in the processing method ...

This study compared size-selective workplace protection factors (WPFs) of an N95 elastomeric respirator (ER) and an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) in agricultural environments. Twenty-five healthy farm workers ranging in age from 20 to 30 years voluntarily participated in this study. Altogether, eight farms were included representing three different types: ...

New light scattering methods offer many advantages to particle size distribution characterization. In addition to ease of operation, speed, and accuracy, the particle size, particle surface characteristics, interaction of the surface with specific ligands, and hydrodynamic volume of the particle are easily obtained. Extensions of these methods also permit the ...

Lipidic nanoparticles (NP), formulated from a phase inversion temperature process, have been studied with chemometric techniques to emphasize the influence of the four major components (Solutol®, Labrasol®, Labrafac®, water) on their average diameter and their distribution in size. Typically, these NP present a monodisperse size lower than 200 nm, as ...

The poor orally available lopinavir was successfully encapsulated in glyceryl behenate based solid lipid nanoparticles (Lo-SLN) for its ultimate use to target intestinal lymphatic vessels in combined chemotherapy-the so-called Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART). SLN with mean particle size of 230 nm (polydispersity index, PDI<0.27) and surface electrical charge of ...

Needle shaped nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite (HA) have been synthesized at room temperature using orthophosphoric acid as the source of (PO4)3- ions, while calcium chloride, the calcium source, is suitably complexed with citric acid/tartaric acid/acetic acid. The presence of ligands inhibits the growth along [001] and [100] directions of the crystal ...

The aim of this work was to develop an innovative method for the internal sizing of paper by use of laccase and hydrophobic compounds. Nine different products containing hydrophobic moieties were tested in combination with laccase derived from Trametes villosa on Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulp in order to assess their ...

The formation of crystalline nanoparticles starts with nucleation and control of nucleation is crucial for the control of the number, size, perfection, polymorph modification and other characteristics of particles. Recently, there have been significant advances in the understanding of the mechanism of nucleation of crystals in solution. The most significant ...

Controlling the size distribution of polymer-based nanoparticles is a challenging task due to their flexible core and surface structures. To accomplish such as task requires very precise control at the molecular level. Here we demonstrate a new approach whereby uniform-sized supramolecular nanoparticles (SNPs) can be reliably generated using a digital ...

Nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(L-lactic acid) (nano-HA/PLLA) composites with uniform HA distribution and good mechanical performance were fabricated by a modified in situ precipitation method, using Ca(OH)(2) and H(3)PO(4) as precursors for the synthesis of HA phase. This method has solved the aggregation problem of the nano-sized particles in the polymer matrix. The X-ray ...

This study explores the effect of particle size and surfactant on the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of glass using colloidal silica-based slurry. It was found that the material removal rate strongly depends on the particle size and the types of surfactants and that the rms roughness was independent of particle ...

For the synthesis of Pt nanoparticles we used water-in-oil droplet microemulsions as templates. The focus was on the correlation between the size of the microemulsion droplets and that of the resulting Pt particles. To study this correlation in a systematic way, all particles were synthesized at the water emulsification failure ...

We report the results of a model study on the interrelation among the occurrence of complex aggregation patterns in drying nanofluids, the size of the constitutive nanoparticles (NPs), and the drying temperature, which is a critical issue in the genesis of complex drying patterns that was never systematically reported before. ...

The first stages of the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by forced hydrolysis of ZnCl2 with NaOH and water in ethanol have been investigated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. At sufficiently low water concentrations, focusing of the nanoparticle size distribution was observed during the nucleation and growth phase, followed by a defocusing phase ...

Clarification of citrus juice is a severe quality defect related to pectin methylesterase (PME) activity. PME activity and calcium chelation of pectic acid as well as other physical interactions of cloud components influence cloud stability. The cloud stability and physical properties of pulp-free, fresh juice with and without ammonium oxalate ...

Controlled emplacement of polyelectrolyte-modified nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) particles at high particle concentration (1-10 g/L) is needed for effective in situ subsurface remediation using NZVI. Deep bed filtration theory cannot be used to estimate the transport and deposition of concentrated polyelectrolyte-modified NZVI dispersions (>0.03 g/L) because particles agglomerate during transport ...

Physicochemical properties important in exposure characterisation of four different welding aerosols were investigated. Particle number size distributions were determined by scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), mass size distributions by separation and weighing the individual size fractions of an 11-stage cascade impactor. The size distribution of the primary particles of agglomerates, ...

This study investigated the breakthrough patterns of carboxymethyl cellulose- and polyacrylic acid-stabilized zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) nanoparticles (NZVI) from packed sand columns under a range of pore water velocities of 0.02, 0.2 and 1 cm min(-1) and NZVI influent concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 3 g L(-1). The NZVI effluent relative ...

Although coral reefs worldwide are subject to increasing global threats, humans also impact coral reefs directly through localized activities such as snorkeling, kayaking and fishing. We investigated five sites on the northern shore of Moorea, French Polynesia, and quantified the number of visitors on the beach and in shallow water. ...

Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) nanoparticles of different size are prepared using a flow system. Post-synthesis stabilization with a layer of poly[(α,β)-dl-aspartic acid] leads to stabilization of the ACC, but only for particles <100 nm. Larger and uncoated particles readily convert into the crystalline forms of CaCO₃. This shows that ACC ...

A new facile solution method for the synthesis of high-quality CuInSe(2) nanocrystals with monodispersed size and uniform hexagonal shape was developed. A high-performance hybrid photodetector based on a hybrid film of CuInSe(2) nanocrystals and poly(3-hexylthiophene) was constructed. The device showed distinct "ON" and "OFF" states with a ratio of >100 ...

Four dairy farms were used to determine the effects of water addition to diets and sample collection location on the particle size distribution and chemical composition of total mixed rations (TMR). Samples were collected weekly from the mixing wagon and from 3 locations in the feed bunk (top, middle, and ...

There is a need to evaluate nanoparticle (< 100 nm) exposures in occupational settings. However, portable instruments do not size segregate particles in that size range. A proxy method for determining nanoparticle count concentrations involves subtracting counts made with a condensation particle counter (CPC) from those of an optical particle ...