We use an age-period-cohort (APC) model to estimate the contribution of smoking-related mortality to cohort changes in adult mortality in Britain since 1950. We show that lung cancer and overall mortality can be satisfactorily modelled using cohort relative risk and a fixed age pattern. The results of the model suggest ...

Violence risk assessment instruments are mainly based on historical and clinical risk factors. Biological factors have been related to violent behaviour but hardly used in risk assessment. A recent study indicated that both low total cholesterol (TC) and the patients' own estimates about their risk of future violent behaviour, the ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: To date no study on smoking behavior of medical students in Inner Mongolia has been carried out. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with daily smoking among medical students in Inner Mongolia of China, to assist interventions designed to ...

Abstract Evidence implicates MDM2 T309G polymorphism as a risk factor for several cancers. Increasing studies have been carried out on the association of MDM2 T309G polymorphisms with susceptibility to leukemia and have generated conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to derive a more precise estimation of the ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Subclinical atherosclerotic plaque is an important marker of increased vascular risk. Identifying factors underlying the variability in burden of atherosclerotic carotid plaque unexplained by traditional vascular risk factors may help target novel preventive strategies. METHODS: As a part of the carotid substudy of the Northern Manhattan Study ...

Postmenopausal bleeding is associated with an elevated risk of having endometrial cancer. The aim of this review is to give an overview of existing prediction models on endometrial cancer in women with postmenopausal bleeding. In a systematic search of the literature, we identified nine prognostic studies, of which we assessed ...

Women make up a growing proportion of the physician workforce, and their career satisfaction may affect their health. The authors hypothesized that many facets adversely affecting career satisfaction in women physicians were extrinsic, therefore, preventable or modifiable. The authors conducted a systematic review of the literature in English published through ...

Aim:  The postoperative effects on Asian women after hysterectomy have not been fully explored. This study was undertaken to investigate the physical, psychological and sexual functioning effects in multi-ethnic Malaysian women who have undergone hysterectomy. Material and Methods:  A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted on women who underwent hysterectomy at ...

INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the associations of smoking family and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home with quit attempts and smoking cessation among adolescents. METHODS: Students from 85 randomly selected secondary schools in Hong Kong were surveyed using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire on SHS exposure at home and outside the ...

The relationship between male rape myth acceptance, female rape myth acceptance, attitudes toward gay men, a series of gender role and sexism measures, victim blame and assault severity were investigated. It was predicted that men would display more negative, stereotypical attitudes than women and that male rape myth endorsement would ...

Communication regarding the benefits and risks of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) remains a challenge in view of persistent misconceptions about the 'pill'. The aim of this study was to investigate how women understand the benefits and risks of COCs, comparing their assessments with an expert model created from literature- and ...

INTRODUCTION: To facilitate translational work in medications development for smoking cessation, we have developed a human laboratory analogue of smoking lapse behavior. Our paradigm models 2 critical features of smoking lapse: the ability to resist the first cigarette and subsequent ad libitum smoking. In this paper we present the results ...

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to test the pathways of change from individual exposure to smoke-free legislation on smoking cessation, as hypothesized in the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Conceptual Model. METHODS: A nationally representative sample of Dutch smokers aged 15 years and older was surveyed during 4 consecutive annual surveys. Of ...

Objective:  To investigate whether smoking has adverse effects in simple exodontia. Methods:  A single-centre, prospective study of postoperative inflammatory complications in simple exodontia was performed. All procedures were conducted under similar and sterile conditions. Postoperative complications (PCs) in exodontia were classified as alveolar osteitis (AO) or alveolar infection (AI) and ...

The current study investigated whether emotion dysregulation (difficulties in the self-regulation of affective states) mediated relationships between anxiety sensitivity (fear of anxiety and related sensations) and cognitive-based smoking processes. Participants (n = 197; 57.5% male; mean age = 38.0 years) were daily smokers recruited as part of a randomized control ...

To examine the impact of cigarette excise taxes and smoke-free legislation on tobacco use among households with school-age children and adolescents as well as disparities in children's secondhand smoke exposure. We compare the results from models using causal inference techniques to those from cross-sectional models. We linked families of 6-17-year-olds ...

Being recalled for further diagnostic procedures after an abnormal screening mammogram (ASM) can evoke a high state anxiety with lowered quality of life (QoL). We examined whether these adverse psychological consequences are found in all women with benign breast disease (BBD) or are particular to women referred after ASM. In ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Breast cancer screening rates have increased over time in the United States. However actual screening rates appear to be lower among black women compared with white women. Purpose To assess determinants of breast cancer screening among women in Michigan USA, focusing on individual and neighborhood socio-economic status and ...

BACKGROUND: Framingham-based and Reynolds risk scores for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prediction have not been directly compared in an independent validation cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: We selected a case-cohort sample of the multi-ethnic Women's Health Initiative Observational Cohort, comprising 1722 cases of major CVD (752 MIs, 754 ischemic strokes, and 216 ...

Abstract: Although the etiology of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) remains unclear, the pathologically increased permeability of blood vessels, elucidated by gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), suggests the involvement of inflammation. Because SSNHL is considered a multifactorial disease, possibly caused by interactions between genetic factors and environmental factors, the ...

Background: Increased adverse pregnancy outcomes related to psychiatric and psychosocial problems can be observed for urban areas when compared to national averages. We developed a personal digital assistant (PDA)-based self-report screening model that produces tailored intervention advices. After having adapted the model to local care pathways, we tested the reliability, ...

For many smokers, the benefits of quitting will outweigh the risks associated with varenicline.

Background: Schizophrenia does not involve the same risk of violence among women than men. The offensive and criminal acts were less studied in women. Aims: To raise the sex ratio of the criminal acts and to seek the characteristics and the risk factors of this female violence. Methods: We carried ...

The purpose of this study was to assess gender differences regarding perceptions of smoking between Romanian non-smoking boys and girls, to facilitate the development of effective smoking prevention programmes. Cross-sectional data were obtained in 2006 by means of written questionnaires among 981 non-smoking school students aged 13-14 years from Cluj-Napoca, ...

To determine which web-based model best identifies women at low risk of further axillary disease after a positive sentinel lymph node (SLN+) biopsy. 673 women with T1-2cN0M0 SNB+ breast cancer who underwent completion axillary dissection (AxD) were identified. A subgroup not eligible to avoid AxD as part of the Z0011 ...

INTRODUCTION: Smoking family predicts adolescent smoking, but whether the level of nicotine addiction is affected by exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is unclear. We investigated the associations of smoking family and SHS exposure at home with morning smoking and heavier smoking among Chinese adolescent smokers. METHODS: In a school-based anonymous ...

PURPOSE: Exposure to racial insults among youth in Jujuy, Argentina, was examined as a factor associated with smoking behavior. METHODS: Youth sampled from eighth-grade classes in 27 randomly selected middle schools completed annual surveys in the ninth and tenth grades. Demographics, race/ethnicity (Indigenous/Amazonian, Indigenous/Andean, Indigenous unspecified group, Mixed European-Indigenous, European), ...

INTRODUCTION: This study investigates the independent and combined effects of smoking of parents and best friend on smoking and the intention to initiate or quit smoking in adolescents. METHODS: In this school-based survey, 6,553 Hong Kong students aged 13-18 reported their demographic characteristics, smoking status of themselves, parents, and best ...

The role of nonchemical stressors in modulating the human health risk associated with chemical exposures is an area of increasing attention. On March 9, 2011, a workshop titled "Approaches for Incorporating Nonchemical Stressors into Cumulative Risk Assessment" took place during the 50(th) Anniversary Annual Society of Toxicology Meeting in Washington ...

The Cytochrome P-450 1A1 (CYP1A1) gene has been implicated in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the results have been inconsistent. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to clarify the associations of polymorphisms in CYP1A1 gene with HCC risk. Published literature from PubMed, Embase, CNKI and Wanfang Data ...

: Anal acoustic reflectometry is a new reproducible technique that allows a viscoelastic assessment of anal canal function. Five new variables reflecting anal canal function are measured: the opening and closing pressure, opening and closing elastance, and hysteresis. : The aim of this study was to assess whether the parameters ...

: The copper intrauterine device (IUD) is the most effective emergency contraceptive available but is largely ignored in clinical practice. We examined clinicians' recommendations of the copper IUD for emergency contraception in a setting with few cost obstacles. : We conducted a survey among clinicians (n=1,246; response rate 65%) in ...

: Evaluation of "near-miss" maternal mortality is a robust surveillance method to assess the quality of obstetric care and determinants of poor maternal outcome. To evaluate near-miss maternal mortality, we examined patient characteristics and maternal and neonatal outcomes for an obstetric population admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) in a ...

OBJECTIVE: Latina college women are at risk for eating disorders (EDs), but assessment is problematic, because the psychometric properties of risk factor measures have not been evaluated with this group. METHOD: Reliability and validity estimates of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Body Esteem Scale, Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-3, and ...

OBJECTIVES:: This study uses observational data collected as part of Zambia's male circumcision program to measure sexual behavior in the post-surgical healing period and to model its influence on HIV transmission for men and their partners. DESIGN/METHODS:: From August to October 2010, 248 men about to undergo male circumcision were ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: As well as biomedical risk factors, psychological factors have been reported to be related to mortality rate. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between life satisfaction and mortality in elderly people through an 11.8-year follow-up study of a prospective cohort. METHODS: Among 3,600 participants ...

Objective To evaluate the level of reduction in hot flushes among a cohort of postmenopausal women randomized to a phase-2 clinical trial evaluating MF101, a selective estrogen receptor β modulator, for treatment of vasomotor symptoms to determine clinically meaningful efficacy. Methods We performed a re-analysis of data from a double-blinded, ...

BACKGROUND: We aim to investigate whether the association between circulating interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels and the risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) is robust and perhaps even causal by a meta-analysis implementing mendelian randomization approach with IL-6 gene G-174C polymorphism as an instrument. METHODS: Data were available from 19 articles ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate overall trends in melanoma mortality rates among non-Hispanic whites by educational level. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Death certificate records from 26 states, representing approximately 45% of the US population as reported by the National Center for Health Statistics, with recorded educational level information and population data from ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of intimate partner violence in Pakistan and its association with reproductive health outcomes. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 8 hospitals in Lahore and Sialkot between October 2008 and January 2009. Information from randomly selected ever-married women of reproductive age was collected via a ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis of osteoporosis can potentially decrease the risk of fractures and improve the quality of life. Detection of thin inferior cortices of the mandible on dental panoramic radiographs could be useful for identifying postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density (BMD) or osteoporosis. The aim of our ...

Previous research has demonstrated that women's physical appearance or sexual interest is different across the menstrual cycle. However, the nonverbal behavior of women toward men according to their menstrual cycle has not been previously explored. In this study, the gait of women walking ahead a male confederate was recorded with ...

The aim of the study is to evaluate the usefulness of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974), an overall measurement of the cultural construct of masculinity and femininity, in the psychological assessment of Spanish transsexuals. Seventy male-to-female transsexuals (MF), 51 female-to-male transsexuals (FM), 77 control men, and 79 ...

BACKGROUND: Our goal was to assess stroke literacy, behavior, and proficiency in our South Florida service population. METHODS: Data were obtained from the 2006 to 2010 Cleveland Clinic Florida annual "stroke prevention screening" questionnaires. "Stroke risk factor awareness" was attributed to participants correctly identifying at least 5 out of the ...

Introduction.  Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery is a noninvasive tool used for endothelial function evaluation. There is increasing evidence that endothelial dysfunction is a common etiological factor for erectile dysfunction (ED) and cardiovascular events. Aim.  To evaluate endothelial function with a high-resolution ultrasound device, to assess FMD in ...

Introduction.  Little is known about the characteristics of sexual events during which individuals choose to use lubricant with condoms. Aims.  The aims of this article were to evaluate the determinants of adding lubricant to condoms during baseline and at the event level, to assess the event-level variables' influence on adding ...

BACKGROUND: Disparities in postpregnancy contraception utilization exist, with low-income women disproportionately undergoing sterilization. We assessed the impact of increased intrauterine device (IUD) availability on rates of female sterilization. STUDY DESIGN: Hospital billing records were used to identify women with an IUD placement or sterilization within 1 year of a pregnancy ...

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to explore factors associated with contraception among 20- to 44-year-old women in different ethnic groups in two Eastern European countries. STUDY DESIGN: Data on sexually experienced women in need of contraception taken from population-based cross-sectional surveys, conducted in Estonia (n=1680) and in St. ...

Obesity is increasing in most western countries and rises significantly with age. Obese women are as sexually active as women of normal weight, and new sexual relationships in the older reproductive years are becoming more commonplace and still require effective contraception. Continuation of pregnancy in a woman over 40 carries ...

The European Council Directive 89/391/EC of 12 June 1989 is concerned with the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the occupational safety and health. For example, it deals with risk assessment and preventive measures. The Finnish legislation enacts the risk assessment and prevention measures in a similar way as ...