The effects of training are dependent on complex, adaptive changes which are induced by acute physical exercise at different levels. In particular, evidence shows that the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, as well as the sympatho-adrenomedullary system, is mainly involved in mediating the physiological effects of physical exercise. The aim of the present ...

ABSTRACT: Macaluso, F, Morici, G, Catanese, P, Ardizzone, NM, Marino Gammazza, A, Bonsignore, G, Giudice, GL, Stampone, T, Barone, R, Farina, F, and Di Felice, V. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on testosterone levels in vitro and in vivo after an acute bout of resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res ...

ABSTRACT: Wax, B, Brown, SP, Webb, HE, and Kavazis, AN. Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on force output and time to exhaustion during static leg contractions superimposed with electromyostimulation. J Strength Cond Res 26(6): 1717-1723, 2012-The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of carbohydrate ingestion on force output ...

To assess the effects of exercise on liver and brain bioenergetic infrastructures, we exposed C57BL/6 mice to 6 weeks of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise. During the training period fasting blood glucose was lower in exercised mice than it was in sedentary mice, but serum insulin levels were not reduced. At week ...

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are chaperones that are known to have important roles in facilitating protein synthesis, protein assembly and cellular protection. While HSPs are known to be induced by damaging exercise, little is known about how HSPs actually mediate skeletal muscle adaption to exercise. The purpose of this study ...

Gastrocnemius muscle [PCr] and [H(+)] were measured using (31)P-MRS during repeated bouts of 10 s heavy-intensity (HI) exercise and 5s rest compared to continuous HI exercise. Recreationally active male subjects (n=7, 28 yr ± 9 y) performed on separate occasions 12min of isotonic plantar flexion (0.75 Hz) continuously (CONT) and ...

Purpose: To investigate the effects of exercise on cancer progression, metastasis, underlying mechanisms in an orthotopic model of murine prostate cancer. Experimental Design: C57BL/6 male mice (6-8 weeks of age) were orthotopically injected with TRAMP C-1 cells (5 x 10(5)) and randomly assigned to exercise (n= 28) or a non-intervention ...

Gill remodeling in goldfish (Carassius auratus) is accomplished by the appearance or retraction of a mass of cells (termed the interlamellar cell mass or ILCM) between adjacent lamellae. Given the presumed effects of gill remodeling on diffusing capacity, the goals of the current study were (1) to determine the consequences ...

This study aimed to determine whether maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) represents a boundary above which not only physiological but also technical changes occur. On different days, 13 male swimmers (23±9 years) performed the following tests: 1) a 400-m all-out swim, to determine maximal aerobic speed (S-400); 2) a series ...

When aquatically adapted mammals and birds swim submerged, they exhibit a dive response in which breathing ceases, heart rate slows, and blood flow to peripheral tissues and organs is reduced. The most intense dive response occurs during forced submersion which conserves blood oxygen for the brain and heart, thereby preventing ...

BACKGROUND: The pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) response to exercise may provide a tool for the early detection of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Therefore, an accurate noninvasive method for evaluating exercise-induced PAH (EIPAH) is desirable. HYPOTHESIS: We sought to examine if cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is able to indicate EIPAH. METHODS: ...

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of exercise intensity on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations of copy numbers and mutations in the gastrocnemii of mice. A total of 50 male mice were randomly divided into 5 groups; control group (K) and groups A-D, which underwent 10,30,60 and 90 min of swimming per ...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction on the quadriceps-dominant strategy as a parameter associated with the neuromuscular control of the knee joint. METHODS: In this study 14 competitive soccer players who had undergone ACL reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft ...

It has been a long-lasting debate whether the heart's stroke volume (SV) increases at high aerobic intensities or plateau. Further, sex and level of aerobic power are shown to influence the response. The purpose of this study was to investigate the SV at increasing intensities in elite female athletes and ...

The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the modulation of the H reflex immediately after and 24 h after eccentric exercise in the presence of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and (2) test the reproducibility of the H reflex in trapezius across days. H reflexes were recorded from the dominant ...

Exercise has been shown to positively augment adult hippocampal neurogenesis; however, the cellular and molecular pathways mediating this effect remain largely unknown. Previous studies have suggested that microglia may have the ability to differentially instruct neurogenesis in the adult brain. Here, we used transgenic Csf1r-GFP mice to investigate whether hippocampal ...

Patterns of fuel use during locomotion are determined by exercise intensity and duration, and are remarkably similar across many mammalian taxa. However, as lipids have a high yield of ATP per mole and are stored in large quantities, their use should be favored in endurance-adapted animals. To examine capacity for ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: It is well documented that exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) decreases muscle function and causes soreness and discomfort. Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation has been shown to increase protein synthesis and decrease muscle protein breakdown, however, the effects of BCAAs on recovery from damaging resistance training are unclear. Therefore, ...

Physical inactivity in combination with a sedentary lifestyle is strongly associated with an increased risk of development of inflammatory-mediated diseases, including autoimmune disorders. Recent studies suggest that anti-inflammatory effects of physical exercise may be of therapeutic value in some affected individuals. In this study, we determined the effects of forced-exercise ...

Aging is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are key mediators of the inflammatory process. IL-6, especially muscle-derived IL-6, is expected to mediate the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise. There was no report that directly compares the effects of chronic endurance exercise on ...

The aim of the present study was to explore the role of exercise in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and the mechanisms involved. For this purpose, 31 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The rats were assigned to 5 groups: diabetic rats subjected to exercise training (swimming) for 8 weeks (D-Ex1 group), diabetic rats ...

Fatigue during prolonged exercise is related to brain monoamines concentrations, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship have not been fully elucidated. We investigated the effects of increased central tryptophan (TRP) availability on physical performance and thermoregulation in running rats that were pretreated with parachlorophenylalanine (p-CPA), an inhibitor of the conversion ...

Aims: QT-RR hysteresis is characterized by longer QT intervals at a given RR interval while heart rates are increasing during exercise and shorter QT intervals at the same RR interval while heart rates are decreasing during recovery. It has been attributed to a lagging QT response to different directional changes ...

We purposed to study energy expenditure, power output and gross efficiency during kayak ergometer exercise in 12 elite sprint kayakers. 6 males (age 24.2±4.8 years, height 180.4±4.8 cm, body mass 79.7±8.5 kg) and 6 females (age 24.3±4.5 years, height 164.5±3.9 cm, body mass 65.4±3.5 kg), performed an incremental intermittent protocol ...

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may be involved in the signaling processes leading to exercise-mediated vascular protection. METHODS AND RESULTS: The effects of voluntary exercise on AMPK activity, endothelial NO synthase expression and phosphorylation, vascular reactive oxygen species formation, and cell senescence were tested in α1AMPK knockout ...

The effects of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) on the physiological, metabolic and perceptual responses during upper body arm cranking exercise are unknown. Nine physically active male participants performed 6 min of arm cranking exercise at ventilatory threshold (VT), followed by a time to exhaustion (TTE) trial at a workload corresponding to ...

The purpose of this study was to examine whether progressive training exercise resulted in changes in neuronal expression of c-Fos in the hypothalamic regions (paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus and suprachiasmatic nucleus) and subfornical organ of Wistar rats and its relation to hydromineral parameters such as plasma proteins, osmolality and hematocrit. ...

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is released from working skeletal muscle during exercise. We investigated the acute and the long-term beneficial effects of IL-6 on exercise-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and insulin sensitivity. The acute effect on exercise-induced glucose uptake was measured in IL-6 deficient (-/-) mice and wild type controls using ...

PURPOSE: This study determined the effect of ingesting galactose and glucose 30 minutes prior to exercise on exogenous and endogenous fuel utilization during exercise. METHODS: Nine trained male cyclists completed three bouts of cycling at 60% Wmax for 120 minutes, following an overnight fast. Thirty minutes prior to exercise the ...

Strongman exercises consist of multi-joint movements that incorporate large muscle mass groups and impose a substantial amount of neuromuscular stress. The purpose of this study was to examine salivary testosterone responses from two novel strongman training (ST) protocols in comparison to an established hypertrophic (H) protocol reported to acutely elevate ...

We sought to elucidate the effects of restricting calcium, energy, or food on the skeletal integrity of exercising female rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (4 mo old) were randomly assigned to 5 groups (n = 10/group): ad libitum intake of an AIN-93M diet (Research Diets D10012M, Research Diets, Inc.) with no ...

The roles of estrogens extend from the regulation of reproduction to other functions involved in control of metabolism, fluid balance, as well as gastrointestinal, lung, and brain function, with a strong effect on other hormones that subsequently alter the physiology of multiple tissues. As such, alteration of endogenous estrogens across ...

The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanics of the traditional squat with two popular exercise variations commonly referred to as the powerlifting squat and box squat. Twelve male powerlifters performed the exercises with 30, 50 and 70% of their measured 1RM, with instruction to lift the loads ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The effect on performance of protein ingestion during or after exercise is not clear. This has largely been attributed to the utilization of different scientific protocols and the neglection of accounting for factors such as differences in physical and chemical properties of protein supplements and differences in athletic ...

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 10 weeks of aerobic endurance training (AET), resistance exercise training (RET), or a control (CON) condition on absolute and relative fat mass (FM) or fat-free mass (FFM) in the total body (TB) and regions of interest (ROIs) of sedentary overweight ...

The effects of strenuous exercise and ex vivo stimulation of TLR3 and TLR4 pathways on the expression of six inflammatory genes in equine pulmonary leukocytes were investigated. The genes tested were interferon-beta (IFN-β), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 5 (RANTES) and tumor ...

Aging-related neurophysiological alterations are a matter of growing concern in gerontology. Physical exercise has been therapeutically employed to ameliorate aging-associated deleterious neurological changes. The aging process, as well as the effects of treadmill exercise on brain excitability, can be influenced by nutritional demands during lactation. In this study we investigated ...

In a previous study we demonstrated that, regular aerobic exercise during pregnancy decreased maternal deprivation induced anxiety. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the positive effects of maternal exercise on the male and female offspring's early and late period of life. Half of the test subjects in ...

Insulin brain resistant state is associated with cognitive deficits and Alzheimer's disease by mechanisms that may involve mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress. Conversely, physical exercise improves cognitive function and brain insulin signaling. The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of streptozotocin (STZ) in rodents is an established model of insulin-resistant brain state. This ...

Early life stress increases the risk of developing psychopathology accompanied by reduced cognitive function in later life. Maternal separation induces anxiety-like behaviours and is associated with impaired memory. On the other hand, exercise has been shown to diminish anxiety-like behaviours and improve cognitive function. The effects of maternal separation and ...

Agouti-related protein (AgRP), is a signaling peptide that affects feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, and has also been shown to stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 90 min of treadmill exercise on circulating AgRP concentrations and the relationship of AgRP responses to cortisol. ...

Anuran amphibians are known to exhibit an intermittent pattern of pulmonary ventilation and to exhibit an increased ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercarbia. However, only a few species have been studied to date. The aquatic frog Pipa carvalhoi inhabits lakes, ponds and marshes that are rich in nutrients but low ...

Exercise training (ET) improves endurance capacity by increasing both skeletal muscle mitochondrial number and function, as well as contributing to favourable cardiac remodelling. Interestingly, some of the benefits of regular exercise can also be mimicked by the naturally occurring polyphenol, resveratrol (RESV). However, it is not known whether RESV enhances ...

Background: Exercise capacity, like some other variables of exercise stress test, is a strong predictor of cardiovascular and overall mortality. Many confounding factors, including gender, have been found to affect exercise capacity. This study evaluated whether exercise capacity differs in age-matched type 2 diabetic Nigerian men and their women counterparts ...

ABSTRACT: Wilkin, LD, Cheryl, A, and Haddock, BL. Energy expenditure comparison between walking and running in average fitness individuals. J Strength Cond Res 26(4): 1039-1044, 2012-Increased energy expenditure (EE) is a key component in maintaining a healthy body mass. Walking and running are 2 common aerobic activities that increase EE ...

Prevention of the female athlete triad is essential to protect female athletes' health. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of regularly exercising adult women in Australia toward eating patterns, menstrual cycles, and bone health. A total of 191 female exercisers, age 18-40 yr, ...

Previous studies have indicated that exercise-induced muscle damage might be attenuated by coingestion of protein and carbohydrate supplement. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of three various ratios of carbohydrate-protein (CHO+PRO) supplements on resistance exercise-induced muscle damage indices. Twenty-eight untrained male students voluntarily participated in this ...

Gastrointestinal disturbances are common in athletes following intense exercise. Variations in apoptotic protein expression and cell death may contribute to acute exercise-induced intestinal inflammation. The effect of age on apoptotic protein response in the intestinal compartment in response to exercise is not known. Using a mouse model, we examined the ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the pre-workout supplement AssaultTM (MusclePharm, Denver, CO, USA) on upper and lower body muscular endurance, aerobic and anaerobic capacity, and choice reaction time in recreationally-trained males. Subjective feelings of energy, fatigue, alertness, and focus were measured to ...

We tested the hypothesis that dehydration exacerbates reductions of middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) and alters cerebrovascular control during standing after heavy resistance exercise. Ten males participated in two trials under: 1) euhydration (EUH) and 2) dehydration (DEH; fluid restriction + 40mg furosemide). We recorded finger photoplethysmographic arterial pressure ...