This study investigated the impact of health-related prototypes and possible selves on exercise behavior. In addition, this study examined if these effects might be moderated by individual differences-specifically social comparison (SC) and consideration of future consequences (CFC). One hundred and fifty-two students participated in all three waves of the study-premanipulation, ...

In this study, the positive correlation between conscientiousness and death age discovered by H. S. Friedman et al. (1993, 1995) was replicated for 32 American presidents. Conscientiousness scores, using the Big Five variables produced by S. J. Rubenzer, T. R. Faschingbauer, and D. S. Ones (1996, 2000), were correlated with ...

The settling behavior of fresh and aged unpurified oocysts was examined in settling column suspensions with varied ionic strengths and concentrations of calcium and magnesium. Independent measurements of the size and density of unpurified oocysts were performed to determine a theoretical settling velocity for the test populations. Viability of the ...

This randomized trial examined the effects of 2 oncologist-based exercise interventions--recommendation only (RO) and recommendation plus referral (RR)--versus usual care (UC) on social-cognitive constructs from the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The authors also examined whether the TPB mediated the significant effect of the RO intervention on exercise and explained ...

BACKGROUND: After total knee replacement, elders need an effective intervention to change exercise and physical activity behavior. OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effects of a behavioral change intervention (BCI) on self-efficacy and outcome expectations for exercise and functional activity, physical activity participation, and physical performance of older adults. METHODS: The ...

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of exercise advertising on self-efficacy and decisional balance for changing exercise behavior. METHODS: One hundred seventy-four university students (females = 108; males = 66) watched a video that contained health, appearance, or control advertising and completed stage of change, exercise self-efficacy, and decisional balance questionnaires. ...

Drosophila melanogaster is known to have two races in the incipient stages of speciation that exhibit strong asymmetric premating isolation: Zimbabwe (Z) and cosmopolitan (M). In a study examining the phenotypic and genotypic evolution after secondary contact, we found that despite strong sexual selection favoring the Z-type behavior, it is ...

The results of an animal experiment without anesthesia suggested the presence of expectation control in which sympathetic nerve tone increases at rest immediately before behaviors to prepare for the subsequent behavior. We investigated whether such function is present in humans in their daily living and whether patients with dementia could ...

Ectotherm locomotion is restricted by low temperatures, and many species, such as some flying insects, need to achieve thermal thresholds before taking off. Body size influences heat exchange between an animal and the environment. Therefore, larger animals have higher thermal inertia, and necessarily spend more time in pre-flight warming up, ...

This paper describes the stability of the stages of change concept of the Transtheoretical Model for three different nutrition behaviors (fat, fruit and vegetable intake) among adult individuals who are unexposed to planned interventions. Secondary analyses were conducted on data collected in control groups (n = 386 and n = ...

The purpose of this study was to examine prospectively the ability of direct and belief-based measures of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) constructs to predict exercise and diet intention and behavior of overweight women. Participants were 117 overweight, community-dwelling women and university students enrolled in a 4-week exercise and ...

This field investigation tested relationships between personal characteristics, feeling state changes occurring after exercise, and attendance in females (N = 50, Mage = 39 years) initiating a 12-week, 3 days/week cardiovascular, community wellness center-based exercise program. Self-motivation and changes in exercise-induced revitalization demonstrated significant positive correlations with attendance (r = ...

Individuals with disabilities, including stroke, are frequently deconditioned. A variety of factors, including infrequent exercise participation, may be responsible for the deconditioning observed. According to the transtheoretical model (TTM), individuals progress through cognitive processes, termed stages, that indicate their readiness to undertake a particular healthy behavior, such as exercise. Our ...

A central construct of the transtheoretical model is stages of change, which describes progression through five stages that reflect behavioral and cognitive indicators. This article examines the usefulness of the stages of exercise to address various intensities of physical activity. It also documents support for intention, the second construct contained ...

A study was performed to compare the personality characteristics of healthy eating and exercise behavior. The results revealed that a hierarchical model of personality accounted for significantly more variance than a version of the Five-Factor Model. The predictors of health and exercise behaviors were similar. In each case, the need ...

Using microdata for adults from 1987 to 2000 years of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), I show that smoking and excess weight decline during temporary economic downturns while leisure-time physical activity rises. The drop in tobacco use occurs disproportionately among heavy smokers, the fall in body weight among ...

The purpose of this study was to examine predictors of exercise adherence (i.e. exercise in the intervention group) and exercise contamination (i.e. exercise in the control group) in a randomized controlled trial of home-based exercise in colorectal cancer survivors. At baseline, 102 participants completed measures of the theory of planned ...

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a theoretical integrated persuasive message on exercise motivation in college students. METHOD: Four hundred and fifty introductory psychology students (M age = 20.02 years; SD = 3.94) were randomly assigned to reading positively or negatively framed strong messages ...

Researchers have long been interested in the coping styles of individuals who display disordered eating characteristics. Recently, exercise has been recognized as both a behavior and coping strategy that might be present among individuals with disordered eating. The present study evaluates the role of exercise as both a coping mechanism ...

There is an insufficient number of cadavers in anatomy education in Turkey. This is because of decreased number of unclaimed bodies and very few cadaver donations. Increasing the number of cadaver donation is one of the probable solutions. Although anatomists encourage people to donate bodies, the attitudes of anatomists toward ...

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effect of perceived need on exercise and healthy eating using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). In addition, it investigated the determinants of perceived need. METHOD: Participants completed a questionnaire measuring components of TPB and perceived need. A follow-up questionnaire 1 week later measured behaviour. ...

This study was designed to develop and evaluate a stage-matched intervention (SMI) in Korean participants with type 2 Diabetes. The SMI was based on main constructs derived from the Transtheoretical Model match to the individual's stages of readiness for exercise behavior. The SMI was developed according to the results of ...

Urban areas contribute pollutants such as excess nitrogen and bacteria to receiving water bodies. The objective of this project was to determine if stormwater quality could be improved by educating homeowners and implementing best management practices (BMPs) in a suburban neighborhood. The paired watershed design was used, where a control ...

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects about 20-30% of exposed individuals. Clinical studies of PTSD generally employ stringent criteria for inclusion in study populations, and yet in animal studies the data collection and analysis are generally expressed as a function of exposed vs nonexposed populations, regardless of individual variation in response. ...

PURPOSE: In this study, we examined the influence of self-efficacy in predicting stage of change (SOC) movement, without intervention, over a 1-month period for smoking cessation, exercise adoption, and dietary fat reduction. DESIGN: The design of this study was longitudinal. Patients' stage of change and self-efficacy were assessed at baseline, ...

PURPOSE: To test the utility of applying the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) to adolescent exercise behavior. The purpose of Study 1 was a replication study to examine whether the TTM could predict exercise stage readiness in adolescents. The purpose of Study 2 was to test the model's internal validity to predict ...

The mechanical behavior of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) was investigated by nanoindentation with a spherical indenter. The transition from perfectly elastic behavior to plastic deformation was clearly observed as a pop-in event (sudden displacement excursion) on the load-displacement curves. Hertzian stress analysis was used to describe fully the load-displacement behavior ...

In order to better understand the behavioral adaptations induced by physical activity, this set of experiments assessed the effects of two modes of running exercise on a battery of behavioral tests. The effects of 8 weeks of forced treadmill running and voluntary wheel running on behavior measures in the elevated ...

Based on recent applications of attachment theory to religion, the authors predicted that the loss of a spouse would cause widowed individuals to increase the importance of their religious/spiritual beliefs. This hypothesis was examined using the Changing Lives of Older Couples sample from which preloss measures of religiosity were available ...

Perceived behavioral control (PBC) and intention, the proximal predictors from the theory of planned behavior (TPB), were used to predict cardiovascular risk behaviors in 597 patients 1 year after diagnosis with coronary heart disease. The outcome measures were self-report measures of exercise plus objective measures of fitness (distance walked in ...

Beek and van Santvoord [Beek, P. J., & van Santvoord, A. A. M. (1992). Journal of Motor Behavior, 24, 85-94] proposed a three-stage model of learning to juggle based on group analyses of temporal measures. Here, we examined in detail how the temporal and spatial features of juggling evolved in ...

Self-efficacy has been noted to have a significant impact on exercise behaviors across several clinical conditions, but the influence of self-efficacy and outcome expectations on exercise behaviors in stroke survivors is unknown. This study investigates the reliability and validity of the Short Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SSEE) and Short Outcome Expectations ...

PURPOSE: This integrative review critically examined the literature on diabetes research using Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) to determine its predictive ability in explaining exercise behavior and to identify key interventions that enhance exercise initiation and maintenance. METHODS: Literature published between 1985 and 2002 was searched using the following keywords: SCT, ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: When factors that influence exercise behavior are known, health care professionals can more likely design and modify patient education materials targeted to promote exercise behavior. This study aimed to identify predictors of exercise behavior in patients with rheumatoid arthritis 6 months after a visit with their rheumatologist. ...

Improvement following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has been reported to be less in women than men. Relationships between exercise behavior and functional status of men and women 5 to 6 years after CABG have not been examined in a representative patient sample. This study compared the 5- to ...

The effects of a treatment system, based on tenets of cognitive behavioral and social cognitive theory, were estimated using case studies conducted in 17 fitness facilities of six regional associations of the YMCA. Significant reductions in drop-out rates of new and returning exercisers were found for the treatment groups (ns=30 ...

Two experiments are reported that examine the possibility that exercise selectively influences different types of cognition. To our knowledge, these experiments represent the first attempt to study higher-cognitive processes during exercise. Theoretical thinking was guided by the transient hypofrontality hypothesis. In both experiments, athletes who exercised at a sustained, moderate ...

This study examined the relationships among eating attitudes, exercise identity, and body alienation in ultramarathoners. Eighty-seven competitive ultramarathoners (73 males, 14 females) completed the Eating Attitudes Test-26, Exercise Identity Scale, and Body Alienation Scale as part of their pre-race registration. Correlation coefficients revealed that eating attitudes were positively related to ...

We confirm universal behaviors such as eigenvalue distribution and spacings predicted by random matrix theory (RMT) for the cross correlation matrix of the daily stock prices of Tokyo Stock Exchange from 1993 to 2001, which have been reported for New York Stock Exchange in previous studies. It is shown that ...

Modifiable variables related to Bandura's social cognitive theory were tested for their relationship to self-reported retrospective exercise maintenance in 178 adults. Significant bivariate correlations were found between length of adherence to regular moderate-to-vigorous exercise and item clusters reflecting social support (r = .42), self-management ability (r =.39), and ability to ...

Attendance rates from two groups incorporating a cognitive behavioral treatment system (male counselor group, n=53; female counselor group, n=56) and a control group using standard methods of exercise counseling (n =56) were contrasted with new and returning female exercisers (overall M age=40 yr.). Analysis of variance with follow-up Scheffé tests ...

Counterproductive work behaviors have predominantly been investigated at relatively narrow levels, with the focus limited to subsets of the behavioral domain as well as to specific explanatory approaches. This study took a broader perspective with respect to both dependent and independent variables. A sample of German employees from 2 organizations ...

BACKGROUND: Excessive exercise has long been observed to be a problematic behavior of many patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, many questions remain as to the exact role exercise plays in this disorder. In particular, it has been suggested that exercise holds "addictive" properties in persons with AN, but that ...

OBJECTIVE: To examine predictors of adherence in a randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training (RET) in prostate cancer survivors receiving androgen deprivation therapy. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A randomized controlled trial conducted at fitness centers in Ottawa and Edmonton, Canada. Prostate cancer survivors (n=155) completed measures of social cognitive ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess demographic predictors of response for specialists who were mailed a postal questionnaire on drug treatments for Alzheimer disease. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: The questionnaire was sent to 317 specialists in Quebec, Canada. Demographic variables included specialty, urban/rural practice, language, sex, and 'number of years since receiving a ...

PURPOSE: To examine the exercise behavior of Korean adolescents, reveal the differences in self-efficacy and decision balance by the stages of exercise behavior, and identify the relationship between exercise behavior and psychological variables. METHODS: A total of 671 adolescents randomly selected from junior high and high schools in Seoul were ...

OBJECTIVES: Two studies tested (a) whether anticipated regret (AR) qualifies as an additional predictor of intentions to engage in a health-enhancing behaviour (exercise) after variables from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and past behaviour have been controlled, and (b) whether a manipulation that induces participants to focus on AR ...

PURPOSE: Examine the theorized associations of transtheoretical model (TTM) of behavior change constructs (behavioral and cognitive processes of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy), along with exercise barriers, by stage of change for exercise behavior among individuals with physical disabilities. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of 322 adults with physical disabilities residing in ...

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of a mail-mediated intervention, based on self-determination theory, on adults'exercise behavior. METHODS: The study was a randomized control trial conducted over a 2-month period. Of the initial 185 volunteer participants, 126 (68.1%) completed questionnaires at baseline, 1 month, and 2 months. Participants in intervention-only and ...

Relations of overt and relational aggression with perceived popularity among children and early adolescents were examined in 2 studies (Ns = 607 and 1,049). Among older youths, positive concurrent relations found between overt aggression and perceived popularity became nonsignificant when relational aggression was controlled, whereas positive associations found between relational ...