The optimal volume of resistance exercise to prescribe for trained individuals is unclear. The purpose of this study was to randomly assign resistance trained individuals to 6-weeks of squat exercise, prescribed at 80% of a 1 repetition-maximum (1-RM), using either one, four, or eight sets of repetitions to failure performed ...

Mechanisms underlying the relationship between exercise and mood are not well understood. This study sought to investigate the role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and autonomic balance in determining the impact of exercise withdrawal on negative mood. Healthy men and women who regularly exercised (N = 26, mean age = 25.5 years, SD = 4.5 years) ...

Adults of the Southern hemisphere lamprey Geotria australis were subjected to an exercise/recovery regime at the commencement and end of their 12-15 month non-trophic, upstream spawning migration. In early (immature) migrants and pre-spawning females, muscle glycogen was markedly depleted during exercise, but became rapidly replenished. As muscle lactate rose during exercise ...

Various types of exercise alter the population of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and change their transcriptional output. This work examines changes in PBMC populations and transcription in response to resistance exercise training (RET), and identify key transcriptional changes in PBMCs that may play a role in altering peripheral ...

Ghrelin, an acylated peptide produced predominantly in the stomach, stimulates feeding and growth hormone (GH) secretion via interaction with the GH secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin molecules are present in two major endogenous forms, an acylated form (ghrelin) and a des-acylated form (des-acyl ghrelin). Recent studies indicated that aerobic exercise did not ...

Kalapotharakos, VI, Ziogas, G, and Tokmakidis, SP. Seasonal aerobic performance variations in elite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 25(X): 000-000, 2011-The purpose of this study was to examine the seasonal changes in body composition and aerobic performance in elite soccer players. Twelve elite professional soccer players (aged 25 ± ...

The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on the induction of apoptosis in peripheral blood leukocytes and to investigate if the elevation in apoptotic leukocytes was mediated by changes in the concentration of anti-/pro-apoptotic proteins in circulation. Twelve moderately trained subjects performed ...

The aim of this study is to investigate the short-term influence of a period of dynamic exercise on axial length (AXL) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in young adult subjects. In all, 20 young adult subjects (10 myopes and 10 emmetropes) participated. Baseline measures of ocular biometrics, IOP and ocular pulse ...

Twenty one healthy untrained male subjects were randomized to follow a high fat diet (HFD) (55-60E% fat, 25-30E% carbohydrate and 15E% protein) or a normal diet (ND) (25-35E% fat, 55-60E% carbohydrate and 10-15E% protein) for 2 1/2 wk. Diets were isocaloric and tailored individually to match energy expenditure. At 2 ...

Previous authors have reported that chronic eccentric cycling facilitates greater changes in multi-joint leg function (hopping frequency, maximum jumping height) compared with concentric cycling. Our purpose was to evaluate changes in leg spring stiffness and maximum power following eccentric and concentric cycling training. Twelve individuals performed either eccentric (n=6) or ...

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess if the protective adaptation after eccentric exercise affects changes in passive stiffness of the biceps brachii muscle. Design: A within-group repeated measures design was used to compare changes in passive muscle stiffness after eccentric exercise between the first and second bouts ...

Objectives: The study aimed to assess acute changes in muscle architecture and its recovery after exhaustive exercise. We hypothesised that repetitive leg press exercise would decrease vastus lateralis fascicle length, while increasing both muscle thickness and pennation angles. By investigating the time kinetics of recovery of these parameters, we wished ...

Salivary melatonin concentration is an established marker of human circadian rhythmicity. It is thought that melatonin is relatively robust to the masking effects of exercise. Nevertheless, the extent and even the direction of exercise-related change is unclear, possibly due to between-study differences in the time of day exercise is completed. ...

This study tested the hypothesis that transdermal fluid (TDF) is more sensitive than serum to exercise-induced increases in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentration, and that these increases would be evident proximal, but not distal, to the exercising muscle. A novel, non-invasive methodology was used to collect TDF for analysis. TDF ...

Individuals with low back pain (LBP) have been shown to demonstrate decreased quadriceps activation following lumbar paraspinal fatigue. The response of other lower extremity muscles is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in motoneuron pool excitability of the vastus medialis, fibularis longus, and soleus following lumbar ...

We investigated the combined effect of low-intensity blood flow restriction and high-intensity resistance training on muscle adaptation. Forty young men (aged 22-32 years) were randomly divided into four groups of ten subjects each: high-intensity resistance training (HI-RT, 75% of one repetition maximum [1-RM]), low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction (LI-BFR, ...

Hypobaric hypoxia is associated with an increase in erythropoesis and an increased thrombotic risk. This is true of long haul air travel, mountaineering expeditions and longer stays at altitude. Studies looking at clotting on mountaineering expeditions are further complicated by the effects of exercise, plasma volume changes and the catecholamine ...

Air travel and exercise change hemostatic parameters. This study investigated the effect of air travel on exercise-induced coagulation and fibrinolysis in endurance athletes. A prospective longitudinal study. The 114th Boston Marathon (April 19, 2010). Forty-one adults were divided into travel (T: 23 participants, living >4-hour plane flight from Boston) and ...

Emerging evidence suggests that exercise may improve cognitive function in older adults. The purpose of this pilot study was to describe changes in measures of cognition and executive function in individuals with chronic stroke following participation in aerobic and strengthening exercise. A single-group, pretest-posttest design was used. Nine individuals with ...

Small-sided games (SSGs) are played on reduced pitch areas, often using modified rules and involving a smaller number of players than traditional football. These games are less structured than traditional fitness training methods but are very popular training drills for players of all ages and levels. At present, there is ...

PURPOSE:: There is large inter-individual variation in the parasympathetic adaptation induced by aerobic exercise training, which may be partially attributed to genetic polymorphisms. Therefore, we investigated the associationamong three polymorphisms in the endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) gene (-786T>C, 4b4a and 894G>T), analyzed individually and as haplotypes, and the parasympathetic adaptation ...

There are no studies analyzing the effect of training loads on purine metabolism during long training periods. PURPOSE:: To evaluate the effect of training load changes and subsequent detraining on purine metabolism in middle-distance runners during a 1-year cycle. METHODS:: In four characteristic points of the training cycle, loads assigned ...

PURPOSE:: An active lifestyle is widely recognized as having a beneficial effect on cardiovascular health. However, no clear consensus exists as to whether exercise training increases overall physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) or whether individuals participating in regular exercise compensate by reducing their off exercise physical activity. The purpose of ...

Exercise as well as hypoxia cause an increase in angiogenesis, changes in mitochondrial density and alterations in metabolism, but it is still under debate whether the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is active during both situations. In this study gene expression analysis of zebrafish larvae which were raised under normoxic, hypoxic ...

This study analysed the time course of neuro-mechanical changes underlying stretch-shortening cycle during intermittent exhaustive rebound exercise. On a sledge apparatus, ten subjects repeated until exhaustion a series of 30 unilateral submaximal rebounds, with intermediate 3-min rest periods. Rebound height, ground reaction force, 3D tibial acceleration and electromyographic activity of ...

This study investigated biceps brachii oxygenation and myoelectrical activity during and following maximal eccentric exercise to better understand the repeated bout effect. Ten men performed two bouts of eccentric exercise (ECC1, ECC2) consisting of 10 sets of 6 maximal lengthening contractions of the elbow flexors separated by 4 weeks. Tissue ...

It is investigated if exercise induced mRNA changes cause similar protein expression changes of Na(+), K(+) pump isoforms (α1, α2, β1, β2), FXYD1 and NHE1 in rat skeletal muscle. Expression was evaluated (n=8 per group) in Soleus and EDL after 1 day, 3 days and 3 weeks (5 sessions per ...

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of transiently elevated endogenous hormone concentrations during exercise on strength training adaptations. Nine subjects performed four unilateral strength training session per week on the elbow flexors for 11 weeks. During two of the weekly sessions, leg exercises were performed to ...

Many studies have investigated the immediate impact of physical activity on prolactin concentrations; however, it is currently unclear what impact exercise may have on prolactin concentrations in the long-term, particularly among women. Understanding the role of exercise on prolactin is important because epidemiologic studies have reported increased risks of breast ...

Objectives Microvascular integrity is compromised by several diseases and conditions as well as age. Exercise can reverse these effects but it is unclear whether these are systemic or localised, or which mechanisms are responsible for observed improvements Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to assess whether arm-cranking exercise ...

Two studies investigated the impact of affective and cognitive messages compared to a no-message control on self-reported exercise. Students (Study 1, N = 383 and Study 2, N = 197) were randomly allocated to one of the three conditions (control - no message, affective message or cognitive message). Participants completed ...

Examining the (experienced) changes associated with a nursing intervention to enhance adherence to leg ulcer lifestyle advice. Few interventions to enhance adherence to leg ulcer treatment are developed and tested. Qualitative evaluation approach and pre-post-test design were used. Twenty-six patients with venous ulcers in a community care setting participated. Data ...

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to modify the inflammatory response associated with allergic airway disease, primarily in animal models. To extend these observations to humans, the effect of short-term CLA supplementation on the severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) was investigated in asthmatics. Six subjects with physician-diagnosed asthma and ...

Long-term aerobic exercise improves cognition in both human and nonhuman animals and induces plastic changes in the central nervous system (CNS), including neurogenesis and angiogenesis. However, the early and immediate effects of exercise on the CNS have not been adequately explored. There is some evidence to suggest that exercise is ...

Skurvydas, A, Brazaitis, M, and Kamandulis, S. Muscle-damaging exercise affects isokinetic torque more at short muscle length. J Strength Cond Res 25(X): 000-000, 2011-The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in the length-dependent changes in quadriceps muscle torque during voluntary isometric and isokinetic contractions performed after severe ...

Although exercise-induced oxidative stress receives considerable scientific attention, there is still little information available regarding exercise-induced adaptations of the antioxidant defence system in adolescent and child athletes. The aim of our study was to establish the effects of long-term exercise training on the redox state of adolescents, and to find ...

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between intensities of exercise during match-play of elite-standard soccer referees with those of the players from the same match. Match analysis data were collected (Prozone® Leeds, UK) for 18 elite-standard soccer referees (age 26-49 years) on FA Premier League ...

This prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial compared changes in exercise performance and daily ambulatory activity in peripheral artery disease patients with intermittent claudication after a home-based exercise program, a supervised exercise program, and usual-care control. Of the 119 patients randomized, 29 completed home-based exercise, 33 completed supervised exercise, and 30 ...

The objective of the present study was to examine psychological aspects of intra- and interpersonal learning for patients with Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia treated with Exercise on prescription. The research design consists of a qualitative investigation of 30 patients in Denmark undergoing a community-based exercise treatment at baseline, ...

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in motor unit activity in the biceps brachii muscle after an initial (Bout 1) and repeated (Bout 2) session of eccentric exercise separated by 1 week. Eight subjects (age, 22 ± 2 yrs) participated in experimental assessments of neuromuscular function obtained ...

OBJECTIVE: Ghrelin is predominantly produced by the stomach and the growth hormone (GH)-ghrelin feedback loop between the stomach and the pituitary gland has recently been suggested. The disruption of the gut-brain axis might be involved in bulimia nervosa (BN). METHODS: We investigated responses of plasma GH, ghrelin, and neuropeptide Y ...

BackgroundIncreased elastic conduit artery stiffness with aging is associated with early wave reflection and increased wasted left ventricular pressure energy (LVE(W)). The effects of aging on central hemodynamics during exercise have not been well characterized. This study sought to investigate changes in central hemodynamics during cycle exercise in young, middle-aged, ...

It has been suggested that tear fluid is isotonic with plasma, and plasma osmolality (Posm) is an accepted, albeit invasive, hydration marker. Our aim was to determine if tear fluid osmolarity (Tosm) assessed using a new, portable, non-invasive, rapid collection and measurement device tracks hydration. PURPOSE:: To compare changes in ...

This 12-month, 2 arm, single blind randomized controlled exercise trial examined relationships among changes in multidimensional self-esteem as a function of intervention mode (i.e., walking vs. flexibility-toning-balance). Data were collected on three equidistant occasions (baseline, 6 and 12 months). One-hundred seventy-nine older adults (M(age) = 66.38) began the study and ...

In order to test our hypothesis that muscle condition has an effect on the cognition of self-motion and consequently on the ventilatory response during exercise, six healthy subjects performed a moderate incremental exercise test (IET) on a cycle ergometer under two conditions [resistance exercise condition (REC) and control condition (CC)]. ...

Objective Patients with arterial occlusive disease are typically hypoxaemic, and exercise is prescribed for rehabilitation. Both stressors independently contract plasma volume (PV), which may influence clinical interpretation of a patient's thrombogenicity. The aim of the study was to emphasise the conceptual significance of PV correction. Methods and Results Venous plasma ...

This study examined the role of skin temperature on self-selected exercise intensity (i.e., power output). Eight well-trained, male cyclists completed two 60 min self-paced cycling bouts during which they completed as much work as possible. Using a liquid-perfused suit, skin temperature (T (Sk)) was changed during the two trials such that ...

Background: The relationship of exercise to weight loss, beyond minimal caloric expenditures possible in obese and deconditioned individuals, requires clarification.Objective: We assessed whether changes in theory-based psychological variables associated with participation in an exercise treatment extended to psychologically based predictors of controlled eating and weight and waist-circumference reductions.Methods: A group ...

Enhanced recovery following physical activity and exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) has become a priority for athletes. Consequently, a number of post-exercise recovery strategies are used, often without scientific evidence of their benefits. Within this framework, the purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of whole body cryotherapy (WBC), ...

Athletic competition has been a source of interest to the scientific community for many years, as a surrogate of the limits of human ambulatory ability. One of the remarkable things about athletic competition is the observation that some athletes suddenly reduce their pace in the mid-portion of the race and ...