In adults, exercise is a powerful and natural stimulator of immune cells and adhesion molecules. Far less is known about these exercise responses during childhood and whether or not exercise in real-life activities of healthy children might influence immune responses. We compared laboratory exercise (10 x 2 min periods of ...

Prolonged strenuous exercise is followed by a temporary functional immune impairment. Low numbers of CD4+ T helper (Th) and CD8+ T cytotoxic (Tc) cells are found in the circulation. These cells can be divided according to their cytokine profile into type 1 (Th1 and Tc1), which produce interferon-gamma and interleukin ...

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the expression of gelatinase B in the conjunctiva of patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and the cellular source of this enzyme. METHODS: Conjunctival biopsy specimens from 12 patients with active VKC and 12 control subjects were studied using immunohistochemical techniques and a monoclonal antibody against gelatinase B. ...

To examine the effect of exercise and adrenergic blockade on lymphocyte cytokine production, six men ingested either a placebo (control) or an alpha- (prazosin hydrochloride) and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist (timolol malate) capsule (blockade, or BLK) 2 h before performing 19 +/- 1 min of supine bicycle exercise at 78 +/- 3% ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible role of glutamine in exercise-induced impairment of lymphocyte function. Ten male athletes participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study. Each athlete performed bicycle exercise for 2 h at 75% of maximum O(2) consumption on 2 separate days. Glutamine or ...

Forty-three Dutch Warmblood foals were divided at random into 3 rearing groups immediately after birth: a box-rest group, a box-rest with exercise group, and a pasture group. All stabled foals (box-rest and exercise groups) were fed freshly cut grass harvested from the same pastures on which the pasture group foals ...

Postexercise immune impairment has been linked to exercise-induced decrease in plasma glutamine concentration. This study examined the possibility of abolishing the exercise-induced decrease in salivary IgA through glutamine supplementation during and after intense exercise. Eleven athletes performed cycle ergometer exercise for 2 h at 75% of maximal oxygen uptake on ...

It is well-established that bicycle exercise alters the endocrine and immune responses in men, but little information is available for women, especially middle-aged, post-menopausal women. The purpose of our study was to document the endocrine and immune reactivity to exhausting bicycle exercise in post-menopausal women, and to explore whether complaints ...

The immune response to exercise has received increased attention in the last decade. Most of this attention has focused on aerobic exercise (AEX), whereas the effect of resistance exercise (REX) has received comparatively little notice. Resistance exercise and AEX have different physiologic impacts; perhaps this also applies to the immune ...

OBJECTIVES: The immune changes induced by a bout of prolonged and vigorous exercise have been suggested to be a useful experimental model of sepsis and the inflammatory response. Available literature was reviewed to evaluate this hypothesis. METHODS: Literature describing the immune response to various patterns of exercise was compared with ...

The morbidity and mortality from sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) continues to be high. An increase in FcgammaRI+ (CD64+) monocytes was demonstrated in septic patients, and an association between cell number, their secretory activity, and poor outcome has been described. In the present investigation further characterization of CD64+ ...

There is growing evidence that exhaustive exercise can induce a suppression of the innate immune functions. Most studies so far describe exercise induced changes in cell counts or functional responses while information regarding intracellular signal transduction parameters is lacking. Therefore in the present study we investigated in granulocytes the regulation ...

This study compared leukocyte counts and lymphocyte responsiveness during and after a second bout of high-intensity endurance exercise on the same day with the response to a similar but single bout of exercise. Nine athletes participated in three 24-h trials: 1) rest in bed (Rest); 2) one bout of exercise ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have the unique ability to initiate a primary immune response. The effect of physiologic stress on circulating blood DCs has thus far not been studied. In this study, we applied a recently developed method of counting blood DCs to test the hypothesis ...

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency (ID) is the main cause of hyporesponsiveness to erythropoietin in haemodialysis patients and its detection is of value since it is easily corrected by intravenous iron. Markers of iron supply to the erythron, including erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin (Er-ZPP), percentage of hypochromic erythrocytes (Hypo), reticulocyte haemoglobin content (CHr) ...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical response among patients who initiate protease inhibitor therapies with different virological potency. DESIGN: We analysed patients who started indinavir, ritonavir or saquinavir hard gel capsule (hgc) as part of at least triple therapy during prospective follow-up within the EuroSIDA study. METHODS: Changes in plasma viral ...

The purpose of this investigation was to examine white blood cell counts (WBC), immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM) levels, and T-cell proliferation following acute resistance training in 9 untrained (UT) and 6 trained (TR) women. Resistance training on 7 Universal machines at the subject's 10 repetition maximum (IORM) was performed at ...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to find out whether iron repletion leads to an increase in red blood cell volume (RBV) and performance capacity in iron-deficient nonanemic athletes. METHODS: 40 young elite athletes (13-25 yr) with low serum ferritin (< 20 microg.L-1) and normal hemoglobin (males > 13.5 ...

This study was undertaken to determine the cell adhesion molecule profile of CD4+, CD8hi and CD56+ lymphocytes, which are mobilised to and from the peripheral blood during and after prolonged aerobic exercise. Ten healthy males (21-35 years old) were tested on two occasions, separated by at least 14 days. On ...

High-intensity exercise leads to an increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections in athletes, which had been related to an exercise-induced impairment of neutrophil function. In this study, several indices of neutrophil function were analysed before and after a biathlon and the effect of oral vitamin C on neutrophil function ...

The relationship between exhaustive exercise, oxidative stress, the protective capacity of the antioxidant defense system and cellular immune response has been determined. Exhaustive exercise in well-trained young men (n=19)-induced leukocytosis, decreased proportion of activated-lymphocyte subsets (CD4+ and CD8+) expressing CD69, decreased lymphocyte mitogenic response to concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohemagglutinin ...

This brief review will discuss an exciting new area in exercise science, namely the role of apoptosis or programmed cell death in exercise. Apoptotic cell death differs morphologically and biochemically from necrotic cell death, although both appear to occur after exercise. Accelerated apoptosis has been documented to occur in a ...

This study was carried out to investigate the possible role of increased nitric oxide (NO) production in the development of the low iron status in strenuously exercised rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sedentary (S1), sedentary + nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; S2), exercise (E1), and exercise ...

Reports of diverse relationships between blood concentrations of different lipids and peripheral total leukocyte count, and a unique lower peripheral monocyte count in hypercholesterolemia, have driven us to think that in humans, peripheral differential leukocyte counts may be influenced differently by different types of hyperlipidemia. Our subjects were Taipei residents ...

PURPOSE: Exhaustive exercise is accompanied by pronounced quantitative changes in leukocytes. Whereas most studies on lymphocytes have concentrated on their proliferative responses or cytokine secretion, not much is known about exercise-induced changes in intracellular signal transduction processes. In lymphocytes, the concentration of intracellular free calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) is an important intracellular ...

To further study the mechanism of observed iron mutagenicity and cellular toxicity, a number of different iron chelators were evaluated to select a compound that was not mutagenic and had limited toxicity to mouse lymphoma cells. A series of iron chelators including those used clinically, those under development for clinical ...

Strenuous prolonged exertion and heavy training are associated with depressed immune function. Furthermore, improper nutrition can compound the negative influence of heavy exertion on immunocompetence. Dietary deficiencies of protein and specific micronutrients have long been associated with immune dysfunction. An adequate intake of iron, zinc, and vitamins A, E, B6 ...

The aim of this study was to determine the response of inflammatory and vasoactive mediators to 3 consecutive days of exercise in African-American women with and without sickle cell anemia (SCA). Circulating inflammatory mediators [C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)] were measured before, and vasoactive mediators ...

For a period of two months during the competitive season the effects of endurance training in cross-country skiers were evaluated in order to compare the adaptive and innate immune systems between 10 competitive athletes, 10 moderately trained athletes and 10 untrained healthy controls. The main results were as follows: the ...

OBJECTIVE: Controversy exists in relation to the nature of the acute phase response, which is known to occur following endurance exercise. This study was conducted to demonstrate the similarities between this response and the response consequent to general medical and surgical conditions. DESIGN: This is a case series field study ...

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body. It is an important fuel for some key cells of the immune system. Both the plasma concentration of glutamine and the functional ability of immune cells in the blood are decreased after prolonged, exhaustive exercise. Glutamine feeding has had beneficial ...

The heterogeneous family of G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) provides excitatory and inhibitory controls of synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the nervous system. Eight mGluR subtypes have been cloned and are classified in three subgroups. Group I mGluRs can stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis and activate protein kinase C whereas group ...

Iron deficiency may lead to anemia and may result in compromised endurance exercise performance. Iron deficiency has also been reported to adversely affect the immune system and has been associated with attenuation of natural killer cell (NK) activity. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between iron status and ...

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have shown that children with cystic fibrosis (CF) are capable of mounting a normal immune response after the stress of exercise. However, few data are available regarding the underlying mechanisms by which this immune modulation occurs. METHODS: In this study, lymphocyte and leukocyte cell counts were measured ...

Phagocytosis and intracellular killing by bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are important host defence mechanisms against mastitis caused by Staphlylococcus aureus. We compared the phagocytosis and overall killing of a non slime-producing (NSP) S. aureus and its slime-producing (SP) variant by blood PMN, using an in vitro bacteriological assay. Seven clinically ...

Physical activity induces a subclinical inflammatory response, mediated in part by leukocytes, and manifested by elevated concentrations of circulating proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). However, the source of the cytokines that appear during exercise remains unknown. In this study, we examined exercise-induced changes in ...

Immunosenescence is characterized by impaired cellular immune function concomitant with increased inflammatory activity. Immune dysfunction is associated with increased mortality risk in elderly people. An important part of human ageing is characterized by a decline in the ability of individuals to adapt to environmental stress. Exercise has been suggested as ...

The present review examines the effects of exercise on mucosal immunity in recreational and elite athletes and the role of mucosal immunity in respiratory illness. Habitual exercise at an intense level can cause suppression of mucosal immune parameters, while moderate exercise may have positive effects. Saliva is the most commonly ...

Strenuous exercise induces increased levels in a number of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, naturally occurring cytokine inhibitors and chemokines. Thus, increased plasma levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist, TNF receptors, IL-10, IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 are found after strenuous exercise. The concentration of IL-6 increases up to ...

Macrophages are important effector cells involved in phagocytosis, microbial killing and antitumour activity. Macrophages also display accessory cell function, in that they can present antigen to foster the development of T lymphocyte-mediated immunity. Recent work, including studies from this group, has demonstrated that acute and chronic exercise can affect many ...

Strenuous, anaerobic exercise leads to an increase of leukocytes that are mobilized from the marginal pool. We have analyzed in human peripheral blood the effect of exercise on the number of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes as determined by two-color immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. We show herein that this type of monocyte responds ...

OBJECTIVES: To review results on exercise induced changes in the immune system following strenuous and moderate exercise. METHODS: A literature search over the past 15 years was conducted using Medline and selected papers. RESULTS: After intense long term exercise, the immune system is characterised by concomitant impairment of the cellular ...

The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia is likely to be higher in athletic populations and groups, especially in younger female athletes, than in healthy sedentary individuals. In anemic individuals, iron deficiency often not only decreases athletic performance but also impairs immune function and leads to other physiologic dysfunction. Although it ...

PURPOSE: This paper reviews the recent literature on the chronic effects of exercise training on immune function in humans. There is a general perception by athletes and other physically active individuals that regular moderate activity enhances, whereas intense exercise suppresses, resistance to minor illnesses such as upper respiratory tract infection ...

PURPOSE: In recent years, health professionals have placed increased attention on the benefits of physical activity for maintaining health in the general population as well as regaining health in many disease states. Conversely, reports of apparent decreases in immune cell function after acute exercise are widespread in the literature. The ...

INTRODUCTION: Intense long-duration exercise could lead to immune suppression through a decrease in the circulating level of plasma glutamine. The decrease in plasma glutamine concentration as a consequence of intense long-duration exercise was reversed, in some cases, by supplementing the diet of the athletes with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). To ...

The effects of strenuous exercise on transferrin-free iron (Fe II) uptake by bone marrow erythroblasts in rats were investigated. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of six groups, three of which underwent 3, 6, or 12 months of strenuous exercise (swimming 2 hr/day, 5 days/week) or their corresponding ...

The role of exercise in meaningful alterations in immune function is unclear. The recent demonstration that stress proteins are potent modulators of immune cell activation and cytokine production, coupled with the role of exercise in stress protein production, suggest that exercise-associated alterations in immune function may be related to exercise ...

Anecdotal, survey, and epidemiological data suggest that endurance athletes are at an increased risk for upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) during periods of heavy training and the 1 - to 2-wk period after race events. The majority of athletes, however, who participate in endurance race events do not experience illness. ...

Stress-induced immunological reactions to exercise have stimulated much research into stress immunology and neuroimmunology. It is suggested that exercise can be employed as a model of temporary immunosuppression that occurs after severe physical stress. The exercise-stress model can be easily manipulated experimentally and allows for the study of interactions between ...