Several studies have reported that improvements in endurance performance following respiratory muscle training (RMT) are associated with a decrease in blood lactate concentration ([Lac](B)). The present study examined whether pressure threshold inspiratory muscle training (IMT) elicits an increase in the cycling power output corresponding to the maximum lactate steady state ...

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether providing incorrect distance feedback would alter pacing strategies, perceived exertion, and heart rate during 20-km cycling time trials (TT). METHODS: Well-trained cyclists (N=15) performed a peak power output (PPO) test, familiarization trial, and four 20-km cycling TT during which they ...

We established reliability of upper-limb muscle performance in adults with post-stroke hemiparesis. Ten adults with post-stroke hemiparesis (51.5 +/- 34.5 months) performed isokinetic concentric shoulder flexion, elbow flexion, and extension at 3 criterion speeds (30 degrees/s, 75 degrees/s, and 120 degrees/s) on 3 separate occasions (Days 1, 7, and 49). ...

AIM: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of attempting to exercise supra-maximally on reaction time and movement time in a non-compatible response time task. METHODS: Subjects (n=9) undertook a 4-choice non-compatible response time test at rest, while cycling at 70 rpm with a resistance of ...

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the isocapnic buffer (beta(isocapnic)) and hypocapnic hyperventilation (HHV) phases as well as performance in a short (20-min) and long (90-min) time trial (TT) in trained athletes. In addition, gross (GE, %) and delta (deltaE, %) efficiency were calculated and ...

AIM: The present study investigated the effects of hyperthermia on intermittent exercise and repeated sprint performance. METHODS: Seven men completed 40 min of intermittent cycling comprising of 15 s exercise (306 +/- 22 W) and 15 s rest periods (0 W) followed by 5 x 15 s maximal sprints on ...

The purpose of this research was to examine the effectiveness of a 6-week plyometric training period on power production of the posterior shoulder and elbow musculature. Twenty-eight normal college-aged volunteers (5 men, 23 women) were divided into control and plyometric training groups. Both groups were pre- and posttested using shoulder ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the direction and magnitude of kinematic changes in bar path and kinetic variable changes in the power clean (PC) after 4 weeks of PC training. Eighteen healthy adult men who had a minimum of 1 year of previous experience in the PC ...

The efficient coordination of agonist and antagonist muscles is one of the important early adaptations in resistance training responsible for large increases in strength. Weak antagonist muscles may limit speed of movement; consequently, strengthening them leads to an increase in agonist muscle movement speed. However, the effect of combining agonist ...

In a microbial fuel cell (MFC), power can be generated from the oxidation of organic matter by bacteria at the anode, with reduction of oxygen at the cathode. Proton exchange membranes used in MFCs are permeable to oxygen, resulting in the diffusion of oxygen into the anode chamber. This could ...

The authors conducted a 30-year review (1969-1998) of the size of moderating effects of categorical variables as assessed using multiple regression. The median observed effect size (f(2)) is only .002, but 72% of the moderator tests reviewed had power of .80 or greater to detect a targeted effect conventionally defined ...

This review presents information that is useful to athletes, coaches and exercise scientists in the adoption of exercise protocols, prescription of training regimens and creation of research designs. Part 2 focuses on the factors that affect cycling performance. Among those factors, aerodynamic resistance is the major resistance force the racing ...

The aim of this review is to provide greater insight and understanding regarding the scientific nature of cycling. Research findings are presented in a practical manner for their direct application to cycling. The two parts of this review provide information that is useful to athletes, coaches and exercise scientists in ...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate patterns of cardiovascular and ventilatory response during cardiopulmonary exercise stress test and determine standard values of physical capacity during cardiopulmonary exercise stress tests for professional basketball players. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Materials of the study were collected during a ramp exercise test ...

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between maximal and submaximal tests for aerobic fitness and performance in an off-road cross-country circuit race. Thirteen competitive off-road male cyclists participated in the study. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), peak power output, and lactate thresholds corresponding to 1 mmol x ...

The ability to optimise muscular power output is considered fundamental to successful performance of many athletic and sporting activities. Consequently, a great deal of research has investigated methods to improve power output and its transference to athletic performance. One issue that makes comparisons between studies difficult is the different modes ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of exercise intensity on arousal level. METHODS: Twelve subjects (22-33 years) performed a S1-S2 reaction time task consisting of warning stimulus (S1) and imperative stimulus (S2) in a control condition, and again after low, medium, and high intensity ...

The purpose of this study was to compare ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) following memory-anchoring and two different types of combined exercise and memory-anchoring during short duration, near-peak-intensity cycle exercise. Thirty recreationally trained males volunteered to participate. The M group, n = 10, received only verbal instructions prior to the ...

This study proposed a non-invasive method to determine the gross (GE, no baseline correction), net (NE, resting metabolism as the baseline correction) and work (WE, unloaded cycling as the baseline correction) efficiencies during cycling at an intensity higher than the maximal aerobic power (MAP). Twelve male subjects performed two exercises ...

The power output achieved at peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and the time this power can be maintained (i.e., Tmax) have been used in prescribing high-intensity interval training. In this context, the present study examined temporal aspects of the VO2 response to exercise at the cycling power that output well trained ...

Previous research work on the ergogenic effects of music has mainly involved constant power tests to exhaustion as dependent variables. Time trials are more externally valid than constant power tests, may be more reliable and allow the distribution of self-selected work-rate to be explored. We examined whether music improved starting, ...

The purpose of this study was to compare submaximal physiological responses (oxygen uptake, ventilation, heart rate) and gross mechanical efficiency between synchronous and asynchronous hand cycling at different cadences. Thirteen non-disabled men (22.4 +/- 1.6 yr) performed two submaximal exercise tests on a treadmill, using synchronous and asynchronous crank settings ...

PURPOSE: Athletes adopt a pacing strategy to delay fatigue and optimize athletic performance. However, many current theories of the regulation of muscle function during exercise do not adequately explain all observed features of such pacing strategies. We studied power output, oxygen consumption, and muscle recruitment strategies during successive 4-km cycling ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the power output generation from anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-injured and noninjured limbs during stationary cycling. DESIGN: Repeated measures. SETTING: Research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Ten people with unilateral ACL deficiency and 10 uninjured controls matched for age and sex. INTERVENTIONS: Participants performed 6 randomized bouts of stationary cycling at ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of different wheelchair stroke patterns on efficiency and propulsion technique (force application and timing). DESIGN: Inexperienced, able-bodied subjects were randomly divided into two velocity groups (1.11 m/sec [n = 13] and 1.39 m/sec [n = 11]). An external (medium) load was set at 0.23 N/kg. ...

This study examined the torque-velocity and power-velocity relationships of quadriceps muscle function, stretch shortening cycle function, and leg-spring stiffness in sprint and endurance athletes. Isokinetic maximal knee extension torque was obtained from 7 sprinters and 7 endurance athletes using a Con-trex isokinetic dynamometer. Torque and power measures were corrected for ...

The aim of the present study was to compare electromyographic responses during arm exercises with a crank rate chosen spontaneously ( T(S)) or set at 20% below or above ( T(-20), T(+20)) the spontaneously chosen crank rate (SCCR). Ten male physical education students performed arm exercises with intensities ranging from ...

There is an optimal load and corresponding velocity at which peak power output occurs. It is reasonable to expect that these conditions will change as a result of fatigue during 30 s of all-out cycling. This study evaluated optimal velocity after 30 s of maximal isokinetic cycle ergometer exercise and ...

In this study, we assessed the agreement between the powers recorded during a 30 s upper-body Wingate test using three different methods. Fifty-six men completed a single test on a Monark 814E mechanically braked ergometer fitted with a Schoberer Rad Messtechnik (SRM) powermeter. A commercial software package (Wingate test kit ...

The purpose of this study was to assess the reproducibility over four trials of perceptually regulated exercise intensity during short-term cycle ergometry. Recent research has suggested that an improvement in the reproducibility (better agreement) of the exercise output would be observed with a repeated practice using regulatory tools such as ...

AIM: This study determined changes in knee extensor and plantar flexor muscle volume during 29 days of bed rest with or without resistance exercise using a gravity-independent flywheel ergometer. METHODS: Seventeen men (26-41 years) were subjected to 29 days of bed rest with (n = 8) or without (n = ...

The purpose of this study was to assess whether the platform foot-pedal position affected maximal oxygen intake (VO2 max) at the highest aerobic demand in cycling. 21 inexperienced cyclists completed two exercise tests, one in the "normal" platform foot-pedal position and the other in the Biopedal forefoot varus foot-pedal position, ...

AIM: The aim of the study was to test the ability to estimate the power output (PO) and heart rate (HR) associated with ''anaerobic threshold'' levels for triathletes by means of a 30-min perceptive individual time trial (PITT30). METHODS: Thirteen triathletes (8 males and 5 females) performed an incremental exercise ...

The paper sought to determine the exercise intensity where the slow component of oxygen uptake (Vo(2)) first appears in decremental work load exercise (DLE). Incremental work load exercise (ILE) was performed with an increment rate of 15 watts (W) per minute. In DLE, power outputs were decreased by 15 W ...

PURPOSE: To determine the effects of changes in pedaling frequency on the gross efficiency (GE) and other physiological variables (oxygen uptake (VO2), HR, lactate, pH, ventilation, motor unit recruitment estimated by EMG) of professional cyclists while generating high power outputs (PO). METHODS: Following a counterbalanced, cross-over design, eight professional cyclists ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare four methods of calculating the mechanical efficiency of hand-rim wheelchair propulsion. METHODS: After completing a maximal incremental test, 18 untrained able-bodied males (mean age 22 years) performed four 4-min bouts of exercise (0%, 40%, 55%, and 70% of peak power output) ...

This study aims at describing the workload demands during mountain bike races using direct power measurements, and to compare these data to power output and physiological findings from laboratory exercise tests. Power output (P, Watt) from 11 national team cyclists (9 male, 2 female) was registered continuously during 15 races ...

Although a number of studies have been devoted to the analysis of the activity pattern of the muscles involved in pedaling in sedentary subjects and/or amateur cyclists, data on professional cyclists are scarce and the issue of inter-individual differences has never been addressed in detail. In the present series of ...

The influence of exercise intensity on information processing in the central nervous system was investigated using P300 and no-go P300 event-related potentials. Twelve subjects (22-33 years) performed a go/no-go reaction time task in a control condition, and again after high-, medium-, and low-intensity pedaling exercises. Compared to the control condition, ...

Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis before and after 84 days of bed-rest from six control (BR) and six resistance-exercised (BRE) men to examine slow- and fast-twitch muscle fibre contractile function. BR did not exercise during bed-rest and had a 17 and 40% decrease in whole muscle size ...

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of glycine-arginine-alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (GAKIC) supplementation on repeated bouts of anaerobic cycling performance. Ten men completed a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled exercise protocol of two sessions separated by 7 d. Plasma lactate was analyzed in blood collected 45 min before exercise (REST) ...

The effect of recovery duration on performance and fatigue pattern during short exercises was studied including and excluding the flywheel inertia. Subjects (11 males and 11 females) performed a force-velocity test to determine their optimal force (f (opt)). On the following day, subjects performed randomly 4 series of two 8-s ...

BACKGROUND: Power is a central element in all social interactions. In order to act appropriately in different care situations, it is important to understand the meaning of power. AIM: This paper reports a study whose aim was to describe delivery ward staff opinions about the exercise of power over women ...

The power-inertial load relationship of the lower limb muscles was studied during a single leg thrust using the Modified Nottingham Power Rig (mNPR) and during cycling exercise in nine young male subjects. The relationship between peak power and inertial load showed a parabolic-like relationship for mNPR exertions, with a peak ...

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate feedback control strategies for integration of electric motor assist and functional electrical stimulation (FES) for paraplegic cycling, with particular focus on development of a testbed for exercise testing in FES cycling, in which both cycling cadence and workrate are simultaneously well ...

We investigated the effects of a training program on the aerobic aptitudes and the relevance of the instant of equality of pulmonary gas exchange (i. e., RER = 1.00) to assess these effects in professional basketball players. Eight athletes performed two incremental exercise tests on a cycloergometer separated by 4.7 ...

Experimental study in subjects with paraplegia and nondisabled subjects. To compare submaximal physical strain and peak performance in handcycling and handrim wheelchair propulsion in wheelchair-dependent and nondisabled control subjects Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Nine male subjects with paraplegia and 10 nondisabled male subjects performed two exercise tests on a motor-driven treadmill ...

In this study, we examined whether a preparatory perceptual 'anchoring' technique would enhance the reproducibility (test-retest reliability) of adolescent children in their ability to self-regulate their exercise output on the basis of their effort perceptions. Forty-one adolescents aged 12.6 +/- 0.7 years (mean +/- s), randomly assigned to either an ...

PURPOSE: This study assessed whether pacing strategies are adopted during supramaximal exercise bouts lasting longer than 30 s. METHODS: Eight healthy males performed six Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnT). Subjects were informed that they were performing four 30-s WAnT, a 33-s, and a 36-s WAnT. However, they actually completed two trials ...

This article examines the effects of levels of resistance loading during arm Wingate Anaerobic Testing (WAnT) in persons with differing levels of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Thirty-nine persons with motor-complete SCI tetraplegia (13 each at C5, C6, and C7) performed six bouts of arm-crank WAnT with relative loads equivalent ...