Possible cytological changes of the conjunctival fluid in association with physical activity were studied in a series of 39 subjects practising aerobics, 22 football players, and 29 marathon runners by means of the quantitative pipette method and the qualitative stix method of Norn. The first group was only examined after ...

The aim of this study was to investigate the physical demands of international rugby union. Five games in the 1989-90 Five Nations Championship were analysed using video-recordings of live television transmissions. When the ball was in open play, the average running pace of players central to the action ranged from ...

The subjects were 20 male triathletes in the 4th Kaike Triathlon, held in Tottori during 1984. The competitors' hemogram values were estimated at rest, during, and after the competition. The results were related to their competition order by methods of rank correlations and cluster analysis, using the average distance method. ...

Biathletes commonly reduce their skiing intensity as they approach the firing line. However, it is not clear how the intensity of the previous exercise affects their shooting results. The purpose of this investigation was to assess shooting performance among elite American biathletes immediately after exercise of various intensities. Shooting performance ...

The physiological demands of cross-country skiing require competitive skiers to have high maximal oxygen uptakes and anaerobic thresholds. Anaerobic capacity has a relatively less important role, but may be of greater importance today with the faster race velocities resulting from the new skiing techniques of ski skating. Although use of ...

The use of in-line skates has become popular in recent years for recreational and conditioning purposes. This investigation evaluated the physiological responses of ten subjects during in-line skating on a flat track with three different in-line skating techniques. The double pole technique demonstrated the greatest economy with oxygen uptake requirements ...

The physical activity of referees (n = 4) and linesmen (n = 6) was analyzed from videotapes of four varsity hockey games to determine the frequency, average duration, and total time spent in each of six activity categories. The average duration of activity was low while frequency of occurrence was ...

In order to study the movement pattern of soccer players, 14 top-level players were filmed during several competitive matches. In addition, the relationship between the observed activity during match play and blood lactate values was examined. The mean distance covered during competitive matches was 10.80 km, and the average individual ...

The purpose of this study was to determine the structural, functional and nutritional adaptation of college basketball players over a season. Structure was determined by somatotype and body composition, function was determined by peak work capacity and work efficiency, and nutrition was determined by plasma metals analysis. The tests were ...

The purpose of this study was to determine if the factors which coaches feel indicated superior player potential were the same as those factors which contribute to successful competition outcome. Players from two colleges were evaluated for general and specific performance variables prior to a regular season match between the ...

Nine bandy players from an elite team were used as subjects in order to examine effects of the competitive season on a physical fitness profile. The present findings demonstrated that the competitive season led to a minor change in maximum oxygen uptake (from 63.2 +/- 6.0 to 60.8 +/- 3.7 ...

The results of the three experiments provide insight into the time/motion characteristics of racquetball and the physiological responses of elite-level racquetball players during competition. The maximum oxygen uptakes of the male and female athletes tested were relatively low in comparison to those of other elite-level sports, suggesting that aerobic demand, ...

The purpose of the present research was to determine whether EEG biofeedback training could improve archery performance as well as self-reported measures of concentration and self-confidence. Experienced pre-elite male (N = 16) and female (N = 8) archers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: (a) correct feedback ...

Six games players (GP) and six endurance-trained runners (ET) completed a standardized multiple sprint test on a non-motorized treadmill consisting of ten 6-s all-out sprints with 30-s recovery periods. Running speed, power output and oxygen uptake were determined during the test and blood samples were taken for the determination of ...

This study examined saliva levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) before and after three games and three practice sessions during the basketball season. Saliva was collected from 27 prepubescent boys (10-12 years) in a small Fry league and 23 postpubescent boys (16-18 years) on a high school varsity team. Saliva samples ...

The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of obtaining information about the heart rate and physiological load imposed on soccer players during a game. The study was conducted on 27 soccer players, 9 each from semi-professional, university and recreational soccer teams. Players from all positions (attack, midfield ...

Ten young women tennis players (YP: 15-30 years) and 10 veteran women tennis players (VP: 40-51 years) of equivalent skill took part in this study. In the laboratory, maximal heart rate (maxHR), VO2max and blood lactate concentration (LA) at exhaustion were measured. On the field, each match was carried out ...

The present study was conducted on 18 female players of the Punjabi University hockey team during their camp held at Punjabi University from 4.10.1988 to 24.10.1988; before participating in the Inter-varsity competition held at Ranchi. Weight, heart rate and blood pressure of each subject was taken before doing the exercise ...

The purpose of this study was to determine whether lower extremity preference influenced the relationship between the dominant and nondominant knee extensors of intercollegiate soccer players. Twelve recreational athletes and 12 soccer players completed isometric contractions at 60 degrees flexion, and concentric-eccentric contraction cycles at angular velocities of 60 degrees ...

Squash is a moderate- to high-intensity intermittent exercise. Players are active 50 to 70% of the playing time. 80% of the time, the ball is in play 10 seconds or less. The rest intervals fit a normal distribution with an average duration of 8 seconds. Heart rate increases rapidly in ...

This study investigated some physiological responses to exercise performed by a horse during show jumping. The effects of jumping on heart rate (HR), blood lactate (LA) and some other blood values were studied in nine normal horses participating at the Belgian Junior Championship. Venous blood was sampled before and immediately ...

Unique requirements of field hockey include dribbling the ball and moving quickly in a semi-crouched posture. First, the net physiological strain due to dribbling was examined. Seven male hockey players completed a 5 min run on the treadmill at 8 km h-1 and 10 km h-1: subjects also ran at ...

Spinal shrinkage, measured by changes in stature, is used as an index of spinal loading as alterations reflect changes in intervertebral disc height. Shrinkage induced by various physical activities may be reversed using gravity inversion. The present purpose was to examine the shrinkage induced by a drop jumping regimen and ...

Ten elite and eight other bandy players served as subjects in order to examine which characteristics in physical performance capacity might differentiate these two groups of bandy players representing a greatly different competitive level. The value of 60.0 +/- 4.8 ml.kg-1.min-1 for VO2max in the elite group was significantly (p ...

Vertical jumping ability is of importance for good performance in sports such as basketball and volleyball. Coaches are in need of exercises that consume only little time and still help to improve their players' jumping ability, without involving a high risk of injury. Drop jumping is assumed to satisfy these ...

A simple and cheap device has been designed which makes it possible to quantify a vertical jump. The parameters which can be measured or calculated with this device include: height of the jump, duration of thrust, maximal velocity and thus the corresponding maximal power output. The device was tested on ...

We studied 10 older males during a competitive game and the early post-exercise period to define the metabolic response to squash in veteran players. For comparison, all subjects were also studied during exhaustive treadmill exercise. Squash caused a dramatic increase in heart rate (150%), and circulating levels of noradrenaline (164%), ...

We kinetically measured total lactate dehydrogenase (LD, EC 1.1.1.27), total creatine kinase (CK, EC 2.7.3.2), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, EC 2.6.1.1.) in 16 elite college basketball players, before the competition season and not in close temporal relation to near-maximal exercise, and in 17 healthy non-athlete controls. LD isoenzymes were determined ...

The present investigation represents an attempt to begin to delineate the specific advance cues that tennis players might employ as a basis for predicting the passing shots (i.e., forehand and backhand; down-the-line, cross-court, or lob) of their opponents and, as well, to evaluate the predictive accuracy of any such cues ...

Medium hybrid hens were housed as pairs and observed at three cage heights: 30.0, 42.5 and 55.0 cm, and at three area allowances per bird: 570, 807 and 1045 cm2. With increased height, head stretching, head scratching and body shaking were performed at a higher rate and feeding and cage ...

The authors investigated lactic anaerobic metabolism in handball players during practice games. Seven players aged 18-21, belonging to second division league clubs, took part in the study. In the laboratory, VO2 max and the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) were determined with progressive maximal ergocycle tests. On the field, ...

Eight well trained marathon skaters performed all-out exercise tests during speed skating on ice and roller skating. To compare these skating activities in relation to the concept of training specificity, relevant physiological (VO2, VE, RER and heart rate) and biomechanical variables (derived from film and video analysis) were measured. There ...

Fourteen sprinters were assigned to an experimental group (N = 7) and a control group (N = 7) in order to study the effects of 3 wk of extra-load conditioning. The extra-load conditioning was achieved by the athletes wearing special vests containing weights (7-8% body mass). The vests were used ...

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the early anatomic and functional changes of the left ventricles in junior freshman non-professional athletes just beginning specific regular training programs for 6 different types of sport. Forty-nine males (mean age 20 +/- 6 years) and 9 sedentary controls were studied by ...

A model was developed to identify the characteristics of long jumping technique that determine the distance of the jump. The performances of the finalists in the TAC (U.S. national) Championships were recorded cinematographically and the best trials analyzed. The results indicated that the relative lengths of the last two strides ...

The finger extension game was designed in response to a learning exercise by two students on preclinical assignment. It is an activity designed to facilitate the rehabilitation process of the finger extensors on a subcortical level. Occupational therapy literature emphasizes exercise techniques rather than incorporating activities with exercise. This game ...

Soccer is characterised as a high intensity, intermittent non-continuous exercise. Players cover approximately 10 km of ground per game, of which 8 to 18% is at the highest individual speed. In higher levels of competition there is a greater number of tackles and headings plus a greater percentage of the ...

Ten well-trained male volleyball players performed one-legged and two-legged vertical countermovement jumps. Ground reaction forces, cinematographic data, and electromyographic data were recorded. Jumping height in one-legged jumps was 58.5% of that reached in two-legged jumps. Mean net torques in hip and ankle joints were higher in one-legged jumps. Net power ...

IgA levels in saliva differed 15-fold between different individuals. The correlation between IgA in repeated stimulated saliva samples was good in both a short and a 2-yr period. The correlation between resting and stimulated samples was low, in particular when output of IgA over time was considered. Physical exercise affected ...

The extent to which different mechanical baseball-batting devices used during a rest affected performance immediately after rest (warm-up decrement) was examined. Difference scores between the average of prerest Trials 8, 9, and 10 and each of 10 postrest trials were used to determine the presence of warm-up decrement. It was ...

We describe here techniques designed to aid both the physically and mentally handicapped. T.V. games and exercises for the handicapped have been designed and tested with patients. The system initially consisted of a central game box with a microprocessor, interchangeable memory cards, and body joint angle transducers which operate with ...

In 18 trained football players, blood samples were collected before a football match, at half-time, at the end, and 45 and 90 min after the end of the match. The testosterone (T) level showed a decrease in the rest period. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased during the match, but returned to initial ...

To investigate the influence of training on the isometric force-time (f-t) characteristics and on dynamic force production, eight Finnish male high jumpers were tested six to seven times during a twelve month period. The variations in the isometric maximal force, in the rate of isometric force development (RFD), as well ...

Hamstring/quadriceps ratios were assessed on 60 intercollegiate football players at functional speeds of 90, 180, and 300 deg/sec on the Cybex II. The ratio rose as velocity of exercise increased and the quadriceps was stronger than the hamstrings at all speeds. The flexor/extensor ratio differed bilaterally at all speeds with ...

Perceived exertion during the performance of purposeful and nonpurposeful activity was studied in 26 women. The subjects acted as their own controls in the performance of both kinds of exercise. The two exercises were jumping rope, defined as a purposeful activity, and jumping in place without a rope, defined as ...

Ambulatory electrocardiography was carried out in 21 healthy, fit, male squash players (aged 23-43 years) before, during, and after match play. Resulting electrocardiograms were analysed with respect to heart rate and changes in rhythm. The results indicate that squash increases the heart rate to 80% of an individual's predicted maximum ...

Perhaps the most striking aspect of gambling behavior is that people continue to gamble despite persistent failure. One reason for this persistence may be that gamblers evaluate outcomes in a biased manner. Specifically, gamblers may tend to accept wins at face value but explain away or discount losses. Experiment 1 ...

The present investigation utilized a unique, variable ratio schedule of reinforcement (the "bathroom game") to treat a 10-year-old encopretic male. Dependent measures included confirmed incidents of (a) soiling and (b) appropriate bowel movements monitored across an ABAB design (Baseline 1, "Bathroom Game 1", Baseline 2, "Bathroom Game 2") with one-year ...

The purpose of this study was to describe the anthropometric and physiological parameters that apply to a USA amateur rugby union club team. Fifteen players who were members of the club's first team were evaluated for body composition, muscular strength, power and endurance, flexibility, anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity, and cardio-respiratory ...

In order to establish baseline data and to prescribe training programmes to off-set weaknesses, selected measures of aerobic fitness (VO2max), muscular power (peak torque and watt output) and performance times on-ice were collected on the Canadian Olympic Hockey Team (1980). VO2max values (54 ml. kg. min) were similar to other ...