β-Adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling is a regulator of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in mice. We hypothesized that β-AR blockade blunts postexercise skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis rates in adult humans. Six healthy men (mean ± SD: 26 ± 6 yr old, 39.9 ± 4.9 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1) peak O(2) ...

The diving response is the sequence of cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic adjustments produced by apnoea and further strengthened by cooling of the facial area and/or hypoxia. This study aimed at comparing the cardiovascular response to diving of trained divers with that of a control group. In this order, 14 trained ...

Mojock, CD, Kim, J-S, Eccles, DW, and Panton, LB. The effects of static stretching on running economy and endurance performance in female distance runners during treadmill running. J Strength Cond Res 25(X): 000-000, 2011-Stretching can lead to decreased muscle stiffness and has been associated with decreased force and power production. ...

Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterized by progressive airflow obstruction, due to mucus plugging and inflammation within the bronchial walls, and destruction of the lung parenchyma secondary to bronchiectasis. These alterations result in an increase of the work of breathing, leading to alveolar hypoventilation predominantly during sleep, exercise and ...

Hypoperfusion of active skeletal muscle elicits a reflex pressor response termed the muscle metaboreflex. Our aim was to determine the muscle metaboreflex threshold and gain in humans by creating an open-loop relationship between active muscle blood flow and hemodynamic responses during a rhythmic handgrip exercise. Eleven healthy subjects performed the ...

The present study was designed to address the contribution of α-adrenergic modulation to the genesis of low frequency (LF, 0.04-0-15 Hz) oscillations in R-R interval, (RRi), blood pressure (BP) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during different sympathetic stimuli. BP and RRi were measured continuously in twelve healthy subjects during ...

It was demonstrated that acute hypoxia increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) by using microneurographic method at rest, but its effects on dynamic leg exercise are unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify changes in MSNA during dynamic leg exercise in hypoxia. To estimate peak oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)), ...

We evaluated the effect of exercise-induced hyperthermia (EIH) on autonomic nervous system (ANS) function in the early (<80 min) and late (24 and 48 h) stages of recovery. Eight males underwent three repeated 6 min 70° head-up tilts (HUT1, HUT2 and HUT3), each separated by 10-min supine rest in a non-exercise/non-heat stress control ...

Caffeine's metabolic and performance effects have been widely reported. However, caffeine's effects on affective states during prolonged exercise are unknown. Therefore, this was examined in the present study. Following an overnight fast and in a randomised, double-blind, counterbalanced design, twelve endurance trained male cyclists performed 90min of exercise at 70% ...

During incremental exercise, stroke volume (SV) plateaus at 40-50% of maximal exercise capacity. In healthy individuals, left ventricular (LV) twist and untwisting ("LV twist mechanics") contribute to the generation of SV at rest, but whether the plateau in SV during incremental exercise is related to a blunting in LV twist ...

Background: In-vivo observations of microcirculatory behaviour during autoregulation and adaptation to varying myocardial oxygen demand are scarce in the human coronary system. This study assessed microvascular reactions to controlled metabolic and pressure provocation (bicycle exercise and external counterpulsation ECP). Methods: In 20 healthy subjects, quantitative myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) and ...

Maximal workload in elite athletes induces increased generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) and oxidative stress, but the dynamics of RONS production are not fully explored. The aim of our study was to examine the effects of long-term engagement in sports with different energy requirements (aerobic, anaerobic, and aerobic/anaerobic) on ...

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of acute passive stretching on cycling efficiency during an exercise of heavy intensity. After maximum aerobic power (V̇O(2max) ) assessment, nine active males (24 ± 5 years; stature 1.71 ± 0.09 m; body mass 69 ± 7 kg; mean ± standard deviation) ...

Burt, DG and Twist, C. The effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on cycling time-trial performance. J Strength Cond Res 25(X): 000-000, 2011-Previous research has advocated that plyometric training improves endurance performance. However, a consequence of such a training is the immediate and prolonged appearance of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). This ...

This project was aimed at evaluating the impact of combat armor on physiological and cognitive functions during low-intensity exercise in hot-humid conditions (36 degrees C and 60% relative humidity). Nine males participated in three trials (2.5 hours), walking at two speeds and wearing different protective equipment: control (combat uniform and ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether changes in angular velocity would alter vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) oxygenation status during maximal isokinetic knee extension exercises. Eleven recreationally active male participants randomly performed ten maximal knee extensions at 30, 60, 120 and 240° s(-1) . Tissue oxygenation ...

This project evaluated the use of an ingestible temperature sensor to measure body core temperature (Tc) in exercising dogs. Twenty-five healthy, unconditioned Labrador retrievers participated in an outdoor 3.5-km run, completed in 20 min on a level, 400-m grass track. Core temperature was measured continuously with a telemetric monitoring system ...

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between trait emotional intelligence and emotional state changes over the course of an ultra-endurance foot race covering a route of approximately 175 miles (282km) and held in set stages over six days. Design A repeated measures field design that sought ...

Self-regulatory efficacy (SRE) should influence persistence towards goals. Mothers attempting to exercise while managing work and young children (N = 49, M(age) = 35.69, M(children) = 1.88) were stratified into high or low concurrent SRE groups, then randomized to read a hypothetical scenario detailing numerous or minimal exercise barrier conditions. ...

The effectiveness of facial exercises therapy for facial palsy has been debated in systematic reviews but its effects are still not totally explained. Objective: To perform a systematic review with meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of facial exercise therapy for facial palsy. Data sources: A search was performed in the ...

There is a paucity of empirical evidence on the extent to which price and perceived benefits affect the level of participation in sports and exercise. Using an illustrative sample of 60 adults at Brunel University, West London, we investigate the determinants of demand for sports and exercise. The data were ...

This study investigated whether human chemosensory-stress cues affect neural activity related to the evaluation of emotional stimuli. Chemosensory stimuli were obtained from the sweat of 64 male donors during both stress (first-time skydive) and control (exercise) conditions, indistinguishable by odor. We then recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) from an unrelated group ...

The purpose of the present study was to correlate the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) with cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular variables during the execution of stationary running in water at different cadences. The sample consisted of 12 apparently healthy women (age: 22.33 ± 0.57 years). During the assessment session, the subjects ...

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of four different meals on fat and CHO metabolism during subsequent exercise in elderly males. Eight healthy males (age: 63.3 ± 5.2 years) reported to the physiology laboratory on four separate occasions, each of which was allocated for the performance of ...

The objective of this study is to identify the relationship between physical exercise and the feelings of well-being of the retired elderly. Face-to-face questionnaire survey was adopted, and quota sampling was chosen to select the respondents. A total of 352 valid questionnaires were collected in selected parks in Taipei. The ...

Background: Gradual impairment of exercise tolerance is the commonest sign of heart failure (HF). Little is known as to which cardiac contributors of poor exercise capacity carry an independent prognostic information in HF. Aim: We investigated the prognostic role of exercise echocardiography (ex-echo) in HF patients. Methods: We studied 85 ...

Objective: Physical trauma is the third leading cause of facial nerve damage, which can disrupt communication, social interaction and emotional expression. The objective of this report was to investigate the effects of facial muscle exercise as a stand-alone treatment in a young adult with unilateral facial nerve damage 13-years post-onset. ...

Exposure to microgravity drives adaptive changes in healthy individuals reconditioned for abnormal gravity states. These changes are maladaptive for return to earth's gravity. The intersubject variability of sensorimotor decrements is striking, although poorly understood. Multisensory integration, which is important for resolving sensory ambiguity on earth, is a critical mechanism for ...

Breathing is both a voluntary and an involuntary action, and the changes in breathing intensity or breathing stops has an influence on vegetative functions of the body during exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the possible changes in cardiovascular parameters when patients shortly stopped to breath at ...

Carbohydrates (CHOs), branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and caffeine are known to improve running performance. However, no information is available on the effects of a combination of these ingredients on performance and neuromuscular function during running. The present study was designed as a randomized double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled trial. Thirteen trained adult ...

The question of whether pulmonary edema develops during exercise on land is controversial. Yet, the development of pulmonary edema during swimming and diving is well established. This paper addresses the current controversies that exist in the field of exercise-induced pulmonary edema on land and with water immersion. It also discusses ...

Are inpatients undergoing rehabilitation who appear able to count exercises able to quantify accurately the amount of exercise they undertake? Observational study. Inpatients in an aged care rehabilitation unit and a neurological rehabilitation unit, who appeared able to count their exercises during a 1-2 min observation by their treating physiotherapist. ...

There is wide consensus that long duration exercise in the heat is impaired compared with cooler conditions. A common observation when examining exercise tolerance in the heat in laboratory studies is the critical limiting core temperature (CLT) and the apparent attenuation in central nervous system (CNS) drive leading to premature ...

Both the act of competing, which can create a kind of mental stress, and participation in motor sports, which induces physical stress from intense g-forces, are known to increase heart rate dramatically. However, little is known about the specific effect of competition on heart rate during motor sports, particularly during ...

The influenza A/H1N1/09 pandemic spread quickly during the Southern Hemisphere winter in 2009 and reached epidemic proportions within weeks of the official WHO alert. Vulnerable population groups included indigenous Australians and remote northern population centres visited by international travellers. At the height of the Australian epidemic a large number of ...

Pregnancy is a good time to develop healthy lifestyle habits including regular exercise and good nutrition. Programs of physical exercise for pregnant women have been recommended; however, there are few references on this subject in the literature. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice ...

This study aimed to compare respiratory responses, focusing on the time-domain variability of ventilatory components during progressive cardiopulmonary exercise tests performed on cycle or arm ergometers. The cardiopulmonary exercise tests were conducted on twelve healthy volunteers on either a cycle ergometer or an arm ergometer following a ramp protocol. The ...

Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in mammals. In humans the majority of glycogen is stored in skeletal muscles (∼500 g) and the liver (∼100 g). Food is supplied in larger meals, but the blood glucose concentration has to be kept within narrow limits to survive and stay healthy. Therefore, the ...

University professors are subjected to psychological stress that contributes to blood pressure (BP) reactivity and development of hypertension. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise on BP in university professors during teaching and sleeping hours. Twelve normotensive professors (42.2 ± 10.8 years, 74.2 ± 11.2 ...

One-legged dynamic knee-extension exercise (DKE) is a widely used model to study the local cardiovascular and metabolic responses to exercise of the quadriceps muscles. In this study, we explored the extent to which different muscles of the quadriceps are activated during exercise using positron emission tomography (PET) determined uptake of ...

The aim of the study was to train and test support vector machines (SVM) and self-organizing maps (SOM) to correctly classify gait patterns before, during and after complete leg exhaustion by isokinetic leg exercises. Ground reaction forces were derived for 18 gait cycles on 9 adult participants. Immediately before the ...

In this meta-analysis of diving bradycardia in humans, we sought to quantify any heart rate (HR) reduction using a relatively simple mathematical function. Using the terms "diving reflex,""diving bradycardia,""diving response,""diving plus heart rate," databases were searched. Data from the studies were fitted using HR=c+aexp(-(t-t(0))/τ), where c is the final HR, ...

Aims Several treadmill exercise testing prognostic parameters have been identified in various populations. However, despite the widespread use of treadmill exercise testing, the prognostic value in very elderly patients has not been well characterized. The aim of this study was to assess the results of treadmill exercise testing in octogenarians, ...

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of SPB on a range of postural stability changes occurring after moderate exercise in elderly people. Twenty-seven males from the age of 65-81 years old (mean 71.6±4.9 years) took part in the study. The postural stability during bipedal quiet standing ...

Electrocardiographic reference values of clinically normal horses during exercise are a prerequisite when evaluating horses with poor performance or horses presented with cardiac abnormalities (e.g. valvular regurgitation). No published studies have reported cardiac rhythms of clinically normal showjumping horses. To demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) in normal ...

The quantity of glucose disposal during exercise (walk and trot) compared to rest by use of the hyperglycaemic clamp technique has not been reported previously and has relevance to nutritional requirements. Exercise (walk and trot) significantly increases glucose disposal compared to rest. Seven healthy Dutch Warmblood mares, all in dioestrus, ...

There is limited information about factors regulating glucose utilisation post exercise in horses. To determine the effects of a single bout of moderate intensity exercise on measures of insulin-mediated (IMGU) and noninsulin-mediated (NIMGU) glucose uptake during a hyperglycaemic clamp (HC). Hyperglycaemic clamps were administered in random order to 8 Standardbreds ...

Frequent supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias during and after exercise are considered pathological in horses. Prevalence of arrhythmias seen in apparently healthy horses is still a matter of debate and may depend on breed, athletic condition and exercise intensity. To determine intra- and interobserver agreement for detection of arrhythmias at rest, ...

Exercise-associated arrhythmias are important differentials when evaluating poor performance sport horses. However, most studies of arrhythmias have been conducted in racehorses and therefore there is a paucity of knowledge concerning the prevalence and significance of exercise-associated arrhythmias in riding horses. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence ...

Objective blinded efficacy data during exercise are lacking on the use of single-dose i.v. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) before, during and after exercise. Single i.v. doses of either phenylbutazone (PBZ) or flunixin meglumine (FM) would prove more efficacious than negative saline control (SAL) before, during and after exercise in a ...