Thickening of the carotid artery wall has been adopted as a surrogate marker of pre-clinical atherosclerosis, which is strongly related to increased cardiovascular risk. The cardioprotective effects of exercise training, including direct effects on vascular function and lumen dimension, have been consistently reported in asymptomatic subjects and those with cardiovascular ...

"Regular training has been claimed to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and, consequently, augments the resistance to oxidative stress; however, large volumes of training performed by elite sportsmen could lead to a chronic oxidative stress state. The aim of our study was to assess the oxidative status of elite ...

Please cite this paper as: Jansen F, Hiemstra E. Laparoscopic skills training using inexpensive box trainers: which exercises to choose when constructing a validated training course. BJOG 2012;119:263-265.

Exercise-associated iron deficiency is a common disorder in endurance athletes. The authors investigated the effects of long-term endurance exercise on hepcidin concentrations, inflammatory parameters, and iron status in moderately trained female long-distance runners. Eighteen runners were assigned to either an interval- or a continuous-training exercise group. The physical training consisted ...

Six days of dietary nitrate supplementation in the form of beetroot juice (~0.5 L/d) has been reported to reduce pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2) during submaximal exercise and increase tolerance of high-intensity work rates, suggesting that nitrate can be a potent ergogenic aid. Limited data are available regarding the effect of ...

Non-technical skills are recognised as crucial to good anaesthetic practice. We designed and evaluated a specialty-specific tool to assess non-technical aspects of trainee performance in theatre, based on a system previously found reliable in a recruitment setting. We compared inter-rater agreement (multir-ater kappa) for live assessments in theatre with that ...

Nitric oxide (NO) has led a revolution in physiology and pharmacology research during the last two decades. This labile molecule plays an important role in many functions in the body regulating vasodilatation, blood flow, mitochondrial respiration and platelet function. Currently, it is known that NO synthesis occurs via at least ...

Study design:Case-control.Objectives:To execute an echocardiographic comparison between trained and untrained spinal cord injury (SCI) subjects, and to evaluate whether long-term heart adjustments to endurance training are comparable to those observed in able-bodied (ABL) subjects.Setting:Italy.Methods:We enrolled: (1) 17 male SCI patients (lesion level T(1)-L(3), 34±8 years, body mass index (BMI) 23.0±2.8 kg m(-2)), ...

Since the work of Eriksson and Lindgärde, published over two decades ago (Diabetologia 1991;34:891-898), we have known that type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed by supervised lifestyle interventions (physical exercise and diet modification) in persons at risk of the disease. Here we discuss a novel, time-efficient approach to ...

Hypertension is characterized by elevated blood pressure (BP) and autonomic dysfunction, both thought to be improved with exercise training. Isometric handgrip (IHG) training may represent a beneficial, time-effective exercise therapy. We investigated the effects of IHG training on BP and traditional and nonlinear measures of heart rate variability (HRV). Pre- ...

Arteriosclerosis with aging leads to central arterial stiffening in humans, which could be a prime cause for increased cardiac afterload in the elderly. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of one year of progressive exercise training on central aortic compliance and left ventricular afterload in ...

Bearing in mind that cancer cachexia is associated with chronic systemic inflammation and that endurance training has been adopted as a nonpharmacological anti-inflammatory strategy, we examined the effect of 8 weeks of moderate intensity exercise upon the balance of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines in 2 different depots of white adipose ...

Endurance training may lead to different hormonal alterations e. g., exercised induced hypothalamic ovarian/testicular dysfunction. The aim of this study was to reveal new connections between physical exercise, leptin and hormonal responses. 36 male participants of the Berlin-Marathon had their blood samples taken 2 days before the marathon. Hormones of the ...

AimsDiastolic dysfunction (DD) was identified as a predictor of adverse prognosis in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF). It is, however, unknown if DD is improved by exercise training, which is known to induce reverse remodelling, and if the training effect is attenuated in elderly HFREF patients. We therefore ...

Objective: To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of six weeks of home-based treadmill training in people with mild Parkinson's disease.Design: Pilot randomized controlled trial of a six-week intervention followed by a further six weeks follow-up.Setting: Home-based treadmill training with outcome measures taken at a hospital clinic.Participants: Twenty cognitively intact participants ...

Life-history theory predicts that animals face a trade-off in energy allocation between performing strenuous exercise, such as migratory flight, and mounting an immune response. We experimentally tested this prediction by studying immune function in European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, flown in a wind tunnel. Specifically, we predicted that constitutive immune function ...

PURPOSE: The relationship between physical activity and airway health in children is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine whether eight weeks of high-intensity exercise training would improve airway responsiveness in prepubescent, non-asthmatic, inactive children. METHODS: Sixteen healthy, prepubescent children were randomized (training group [TrG] n=8, ...

Elite competitive swimmers are particularly affected by airway disorders that are probably related to regular and intense training sessions in a chlorinated environment. Upper and lower airway respiratory symptoms, rhinitis, airway hyper-responsiveness, and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction are highly prevalent in these athletes, but their influence on athletic performance is still unclear. ...

Astrocytic changes have been demonstrated in several neurodegenerative diseases, showing that these cells play an important role in functional recovery/maintenance against brain damage. Physical exercise is known to contribute to this process; however, the cellular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of physical exercise on ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis is a multisystem disease where the main problems are existing in the respiratory system. Aerobic exercise programs are effective in increasing physical fitness and muscle endurance in addition to chest physiotherapy. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chest physiotherapy and ...

INTRODUCTION: We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials of combined electrical stimulation versus conventional exercise training or placebo control in heart failure patients. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted of Medline (Ovid) (1950-September 2011), Embase.com (1974-September 2011), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and CINAHL (1981-September 2011). The search ...

MacDonald, CJ, Lamont, HS, and Garner, JC. A comparison of the effects of six weeks of traditional resistance training, plyometric training, and complex training on measures of strength and anthropometrics. Complex training (CT; alternating between heavy and lighter load resistance exercises with similar movement patterns within an exercise session) is ...

The hormonal response of 32 older men (70-80years) to a bout of sub-maximum aerobic exercise was examined before, after 16weeks of resistance or aerobic training and again after 4weeks of detraining. Blood samples were obtained at rest and immediately post sub-maximum exercise (30min @ 70% VO(2) max) to determine the ...

INTRODUCTION: Physical activity and eating are two major physiological muscle growth stimuli. Although muscle protein turnover rates are not different in young and middle-aged men and women, we recently found that the basal rate of muscle protein synthesis is greater and the anabolic response to mixed meal intake is blunted ...

Data from the past five Olympic Games obtained from athletes seeking to inhale β2 adrenoceptor agonists (IBA) have identified those athletes with documented asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). With a prevalence of about 8%, asthma/AHR is the commonest chronic medical condition experienced by Olympic athletes. In Summer and Winter athletes, ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and soluble forms of the TNF-α receptor (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2) from plasma taken from the peripheral blood of elderly individuals presenting with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. These patients underwent aerobic treatment ...

The objective of the present study was to investigate a large panel of oxidative stress biomarkers in long-term trained elderly men to analyse the effects of chronic training on an aged population. We collected blood samples from two groups of male volunteers older than 65 years who maintain a measure of ...

INTRODUCTION: Heart rate recovery, defined as the fall in heart rate during the first minute after exercise, is an indicator of autonomic function, and has been found to be an independent predictor of mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Exercise training has several well-known benefits in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness, modifiable ...

PURPOSE: Training specificity for a number of exercise parameters has been demonstrated for the limb musculature. The current study is a Phase I exploration of training specificity in the lingual musculature. Methods Twenty-five healthy participants were assigned to one of five training conditions. Four groups completed four weeks of lingual ...

Unilateral and bilateral lower-body heavy resistance exercises (HRE) are used for strength training. Little research has examined whether muscle activation and testosterone (TES) responses differ between these exercises. Our purpose was to compare the effects of unilateral and bilateral lower-body HRE on muscle activity using surface electromyography (sEMG) and TES ...

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the intrasession sequencing of concurrent strenght and aerobic training on the acute testosterone and cortisol responses. Ten young recreationally strength-trained men (23.5 ± 0.9 years) performed two exercise interventions: aerobic-strength (AS) and strength-aerobic (SA), which consisted of 30 minutes ...

Little is known about the relationship between attitudes and characteristics of instructors and uptake and adherence of older people to exercise classes. This article explores these issues. The authors surveyed 731 UK exercise instructors with specialist older adult exercise qualifications. A questionnaire investigated instructors' characteristics and attitudes toward older adults' ...

Background: Little is known about the effects of resistance training on health related quality of life (HRQL) in the elderly. Aim: The main purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of resistance training on strength, body composition, functional capacity and HRQL in independent living elderly people. We hypothesised ...

FATP1 and FATP4 appear to be important for the cellular uptake and handling of long chain fatty acids (LCFA). These findings were obtained from loss- or gain of function models. However, reports on FATP1 and FATP4 in human skeletal muscle are limited. Aerobic training enhances lipid oxidation; however, it is ...

Currently, it is unclear which index of haematological parameters could be used to most easily monitor iron deficiency during endurance training. To address this question, 16 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to two groups: a sedentary group (n = 8) and an exercised group (n = 8). Initially, animals in the exercise group ...

Background. Activated cardiac apoptosis was found in hearts from hypertensive animals but less information regarding the effects of exercise training on cardiac apoptosis in hypertension is available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-apoptotic and pro-survival effects of exercise training on hypertensive hearts. Methods. Twenty-eight spontaneously hypertensive ...

Vitamin C and E supplementation has been shown to attenuate the acute exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration. Here, we studied the effect of antioxidant vitamins on the regulation of IL-6 expression in muscle and the circulation in response to acute exercise before and after high-intensity endurance exercise training. ...

Menopause is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Exercise and soy isoflavone diets have been suggested to reduce the risk of CVD in postmenopausal women. We investigated the effects of exercise, or combined exercise and soy isoflavone diet, on plasma lipid profiles, paraoxonase (PON), nitric oxide (NO) ...

ABSTRACT: It is believed that the adaptations induced by aerobic training would prevent athletes from overheating while retaining body electrolytes during exercise in the heat. Data from our lab suggest that aerobic training is not enough to induce these adaptations. This review considers the factors that can lead to hyperthermia ...

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alterations in hepatic lipoprotein kinetics are common metabolic complications associated with obesity. Lifestyle modification involving dietinduced weight loss and regular exercise decreases intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride (TG) secretion rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate ...

INTRODUCTION: Older breast cancer survivors (BCS) report more falls and functional limitations than women with no cancer history. Exercise training could reduce risk factors for future falls and disability. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, controlled trial in 106 early-stage, postmenopausal BCS who were ≥50 years old at diagnosis and post-treatment. Women ...

To determine whether high-intensity interval training (HIT) would increase respiratory muscle strength and expiratory flow rates more than endurance training (ET), 15 physically active, healthy subjects (untrained) were randomly assigned to an ET group (n = 7) or a HIT group (n = 8). All subjects performed an incremental test to exhaustion (VO(2)max) on ...

In this study we have hypothesised that 5-week cycling endurance training can decrease the magnitude of the non-proportional increase in VO2 to PO relationship (VO2 'excess') at exercise intensities exceeding the lactate threshold (LT). Ten untrained, physically active men performed an incremental cycling exercise until exhaustion before and after training. ...

A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to examine the effect of exercise training on daily physical activity (PA) in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from their inception to week 27 ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Institutionalized older persons have a poor functional capacity. Including physical exercise in their routine activities decreases their frailty and improves their quality of life. Whole-body vibration (WBV) training is a type of exercise that seems beneficial in frail older persons to improve their functional mobility, but the evidence ...

OBJECTIVEMyocellular ATP synthesis (fATP) associates with insulin sensitivity in first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes. Short-term endurance training can modify their fATP and insulin sensitivity. This study examines the effects of moderate long-term exercise using endurance or resistance training in this cohort.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSA randomized, parallel-group trial ...

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers in overweight and obese adults participating in a progressive resistance exercise training program. Twenty-three (26.1 ± 4.7 years) overweight and obese (BMI 31.3 ± 3.2 kg/m(2)) adults were randomized into a double-blind vitamin D supplementation (Vit D 4,000 IU/day; female ...

Several studies have demonstrated that exercise helps to reduce or prevent cognitive deterioration among older adults, and recent studies have further examined the effects of resistance exercise training on cognition. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of resistance exercise training on cognition in healthy older adults. ...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a 8-week detraining period after a 16-week multicomponent training program including strength and aerobic exercises on the main determinants of aerobic fitness, muscle strength and some metabolic markers in 24 older subjects (60.2 ± 3.0 years). The oxygen uptake at ...

The present study assessed the effects of exercise training on biomarkers of inflammation in postinfarction patients. This single-centre prospective randomized controlled trial encompassed 42 patients after the first myocardial infarction divided into exercise-training (n=22) or usual care (n=20) groups. Complete randomization was performed by choosing one of 2 sealed envelopes. ...