Smoking is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It has also been shown to result in endothelial dysfunction as assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in response to reactive hyperemia (RH)-induced increases in shear stress. Handgrip exercise (HGEX) is an emerging alternative method to increase shear stress for FMD assessment ...

PURPOSE: This study examined the effect of a hot humid (HH) compared to a hot dry (HD) environment, matched for heat stress, on intermittent sprint performance. In comparison to HD, HH environments compromise evaporative heat loss and decrease exercise tolerance.6 It was hypothesized HH would produce greater physiological strain and ...

The purpose of this study was to clarify the acute effects of a single session of stretching exercises on vascular endothelial function and peripheral circulation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. This study evaluated 32 patients (mean age, 66 ± 9 years) who received phase I cardiac rehabilitation after acute ...

PURPOSE: Evaluate the effects of hypohydration and hyperthermia during exercise on movement technique and postural control. METHODS: Twelve healthy males (age=20±2 y, height=182±8 cm, mass=74.0±8.2 kg, VO2max=57.0±6.0 mL·kg·min) completed four randomized test sessions: Euhydrated Temperate (EUT), Euhydrated Hot (EUH), Hypohydrated Temperate (HYT), Hypohydrated Hot (HYH). Temperate and hot conditions were ...

Acute mental stress can impair brachial artery (BA) flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in response to reactive hyperemia (RH) induced increases in shear stress. Handgrip exercise (HGEX) is emerging as a useful tool to increase shear stress for FMD assessment; however, the impact of acute mental stress on HGEX-FMD is unknown. The ...

The head's capacity for evaporative heat loss is important for design of protective helmets for use in hot environments. This study quantified head sweating rate (m (sw)) in eight males during rest and exercise at three metabolic rates (338 ± 36, 481 ± 24, 622 ± 28 W) in hot-dry (HD: 45 °C, 21 % RH) and hot-wet (HW: 35 °C, ...

Vigorous-intensity exercise has been shown to aid in smoking cessation, especially among women. In a previous trial, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation plus regular vigorous aerobic exercise enhanced cessation rates, improved exercise capacity, and reduced weight gain compared to CBT plus equal contact time. This study examined the ...

OBJECTIVE:: To describe changes in aging firefighters' aerobic capacity at 3- and 13-year follow-ups, and to investigate the lifestyle factors predicting them. We evaluated the sufficiency of aerobic capacity for the demands of rescue diving. METHODS:: We studied 78 male Finnish firefighters aged 30 to 44 years at baseline. The ...

Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) may exhibit reduced expiratory flows at low lung volumes, which could promote exercise-induced dynamic hyperinflation (DH). This study aimed at examining the impact of a potential exercise-related DH on the intensity of dyspnoea in patients with PAH undergoing symptom-limited incremental cardiopulmonary cycle exercise testing ...

To investigate the influence of cigarette smoking on exercise capacity, respiratory responses and dynamic changes in lung volume during exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes. Forty-one men with type, 2 diabetes without cardiopulmonary disease were recruited and divided into 28 non-current smokers and 13 current smokers. All subjects received ...

RATIONALE: Smoking cessation is associated with cigarette cravings and tobacco withdrawal symptoms (TWS), and exercise appears to ameliorate many of these negative effects. A number of studies have examined the relationships between exercise, cigarette cravings, and TWS. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were (a) to review and update the ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of 10-day methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage. Eighteen healthy, non-smoking, active young men were recruited to participate in this study. Participants were randomized in a double-blind placebo-controlled fashion into two groups: MSM (M) (N.=9) and placebo (P) (N.=9). Subjects ...

Nicotine appears to be the primary pharmacologic agent that causes smoking-related pulmonary diseases. An understanding of the effect of nicotine on lungs is essential to develop interventions that can be used to counter smoking-related diseases. Further, it is shown that physical exercise may partially reverse smoking-induced pathological changes in experimental ...

AIM: Environmental cigarette smoke (CS) contains many compounds that are harmful to the respiratory system and lead to chronic lung inflammation and other lung diseases. Exercise training is known to confer protection against diseases with chronic inflammation by reducing inflammatory response in human or experimental animals. In this study, we ...

Although international guidelines on pulmonary rehabilitation acknowledge that psychological factors contribute to exercise intolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the few empirical studies investigating this association have found inconsistent results. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether negative affect and beliefs about exercise of patients ...

Flight attendants who worked on commercial aircraft before the smoking ban in flights (pre-ban FAs) were exposed to high levels of secondhand smoke (SHS). We previously showed never-smoking pre-ban FAs to have reduced diffusing capacity (Dco) at rest. To determine whether pre-ban FAs increase their Dco and pulmonary blood flow ...

BACKGROUND: Children with cystic fibrosis (CF) tend to suffer from chronic systemic inflammation and may have impaired growth associated with muscle catabolism. Therefore, investigating which type of exercise can elicit an anabolic response with minimal inflammation is of clinical value. METHODS: Twelve children with CF (mean±SD; age: 14.7±2.3years, predicted FEV(1): ...

Despite the availability of effective therapies, uncontrolled asthma remains a common problem. Previous large surveys suggest that exercise-related respiratory symptoms may be a significant element of uncontrolled asthma. The Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm (EIB) Landmark Survey is the first comprehensive, national survey evaluating EIB awareness and impact among the general public, asthma ...

To study the ventilatory response during exercise in 8- to 10-year-old children born in 1998 to 2000 with a birthweight <1500 g (very low birthweight [VLBW]). We studied 19 VLBW children and 20 full-term children paired for age and sex. A physical activity questionnaire was administered. Lean body mass, spirometry, ...

Chronic and persistent mouth or oral breathing (OB) has been associated with postural changes. Although posture changes in OB causes decreased respiratory muscle strength, reduced chest expansion and impaired pulmonary ventilation with consequences in the exercise capacity, few studies have verified all these assumptions. To evaluate exercise tolerance, respiratory muscle ...

It has been hypothesized that exhaled breath temperature (EBT) is related to the degree of airway inflammation/remodeling in asthma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the level of airway response to exercise and EBT in a group of controlled or partly controlled asthmatic children. Fifty ...

Exercise creates a physiologic burden with recovery from such effort crucial to adaptation. Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) refers to the body's increased metabolic need after work. This investigation was designed to determine the role of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the description of exercise recovery in healthy controls (NL) ...

BACKGROUND: Cardiorespiratory fitness is significantly reduced in children with end-stage renal disease. The role of renal transplantation in improving cardiorespiratory fitness has not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS: In this work, we wanted to assess whether, in children after a successful renal transplant, the amount of weekly physical exercise affects cardiorespiratory ...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To analyze and discover if stress testing with exhaled gases in children who have had congenital heart surgery is useful so we could make physical exercise recommendations according to heart disease, type of surgery performed, present hemodynamic state and level of exercise practiced. METHODS: Prospective study of ...

Dyspnea limits exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is known to induce anxiety. Little is known whether anxiety contributes to exercise-induced dyspnea, which in turn might influence the outcome of diagnostic tests. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between general anxiety ...

Background Cigarette smoking is one of the cardinal causes for the development of bronchial hyperresponsiveness among the smokers. Objectives This study was perspectively designed to determine the peripheral bronchial responsiveness to sub-maximal exercise challenge in the asymptomatic smokers. Methods The subjects were between age of 18-25 years without any findings ...

BACKGROUND: Leukotrienes are among the most important mediators associated with inflammatory responses in patients with exercise induced asthma (EIA). The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of exercise on the urinary leukotriene profile. Hence, we compared post exercise changes of urinary leukotriene E4 (LTE4) concentration between children ...

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Exercise induces adaptations in fat metabolism favourable to the treatment of obesity. However, time interval between meal and exercise alters substrate bioavailability and oxidation during exercise. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of time interval between food intake and exercise on substrate ...

Aim  To compare the effects of a supported speed treadmill training exercise program (SSTTEP) with exercise on spasticity, strength, motor control, gait spatiotemporal parameters, gross motor skills, and physical function. Method  Twenty-six children (14 males, 12 females; mean age 9y 6mo, SD 2y 2mo) with spastic cerebral palsy (CP; diplegia, ...

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is increasingly used in children with congenital heart defects. Because of changes related to growth, the interpretation of exercise test results heavily relies on the presence of normative data. There is growing interest in the assessment of the ventilatory response to exercise in children with congenital heart ...

This paper is a review of studies published during the last several years on exercise effects on overweight, growth, chronic illnesses, depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. Although the lion's share of the research involves aerobic exercise, studies on yoga and tai chi are also reviewed. Following exercise, body ...

Background and objective:  An estimated 20-40% of COPD patients are underweight. We sought to confirm the physiological and psychosocial benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation programmes (PRP) in underweight compared with non-underweight patients with COPD. Methods:  Twenty-two underweight COPD patients with BMI <20 kg/m(2) , and 22 non-underweight COPD patients, who were matched ...

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a 14-week aquatic exercise programme for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Design: Non-randomized control trial. Methods: Twelve children participated in this pilot study with seven participants in the aquatic exercise group and five in the control group. The programme was held twice per ...

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that leads to impairment in social skills and delay in language development, and results in repetitive behaviors and restricted interests that impede academic and social involvement. Physical exercise has been shown to decrease repetitive behaviors in autistic children and improve cognitive function across the life-span. ...

Modulation of inflammatory status is considered a key component of the overall health effects of exercise. This may be especially relevant in children with obesity (Ob) or type 1 diabetes (T1DM), in which an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators could accelerate onset and progression of cardiovascular complications. To date, ...

COPD is a major cause of disability, but little is known about how disability develops in this condition. The authors analysed data from the Function, Living, Outcomes and Work (FLOW) Study which enrolled 1202 Kaiser Permanente Northern California members with COPD at baseline and re-evaluated 1051 subjects at 2-year follow-up. ...

Proportional assist ventilation (PAV) has been proposed as a more physiological modality of non-invasive ventilation, thereby reducing the potential for deleterious cardio-circulatory effects during exercise, in patients with COPD. We therefore evaluated whether PAV modulates the kinetic and 'steady-state' haemodynamic responses to exercise in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. Twenty patients ...

Lung uptake of iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (¹²³I-MIBG) is used as an indicator of pulmonary endothelial function. Decreased lung uptake of ¹²³I-MIBG has been demonstrated in patients with COPD as compared with normal subjects. The present study was performed to examine the relationship between lung uptake of ¹²³I-MIBG and pulmonary artery pressure ...

Obese individuals have impaired respiratory function relative to their normal-weight counterparts. Despite these negative effects, obesity is paradoxically associated with better survival in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of this review is to describe this 'obesity paradox', to discuss the effects of obesity on respiratory function, ...

The assessment of aerobic exercise capacity is an important component in the clinical management of patients with heart failure (HF). Although a significant percentage of patients diagnosed with HF also present with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) comorbidity, the combined impact of these chronic conditions on the aerobic exercise response ...

To determine the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial of the effect of a tai chi program on quality of life and exercise capacity in patients with COPD. We randomized 10 patients with moderate to severe COPD to 12 weeks of tai chi plus usual care (n = 5) or ...

In COPD, skeletal muscle ATP resynthesis may be insufficient to meet demand during exercise due to excessive anaerobic and reduced oxidative (mitochondrial) energy production, leading to metabolic stress. We investigated the effect of outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) on the metabolic response (measured by exercise-induced accumulation of plasma ammonia) and determined ...

Although the benefits of comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation have been demonstrated in patients with COPD, the effects of exercise sessions within self-management programs remain unclear. We hypothesized that 8 supervised exercise sessions incorporated in a 1-month self-management education program in COPD patients would be effective to improve health outcomes and to ...

Impaired resting metabolism in peripheral muscles potentially contributes to exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study investigated the cytosolic energy metabolism of the quadriceps, from glycogen degradation to lactate accumulation, in exercising patients with COPD, in comparison to healthy controls. We measured, in 12 patients with COPD ...

Little is known about effects of community-based physiotherapeutic exercise programmes incorporated in COPD self-management programmes. In a randomised trial, the effect of such a programme (COPE-active) on exercise capacity and various secondary outcomes including daily activity as a marker of behaviour change was evaluated. All patients attended four 2-h self-management ...

Helium-oxygen mixtures and pressure-support ventilation have been used to unload the respiratory muscles and increase exercise tolerance in COPD. Considering the different characteristics of these techniques, we hypothesized that helium-oxygen would be more effective in reducing exercise-induced dynamic hyperinflation than pressure-support. We also hypothesized that patients would experience greater increases ...

Respiratory mechanical abnormalities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may impair cardiodynamic responses and slow down heart rate (HR) kinetics compared with normal resulting in reduced convective oxygen delivery during exercise. We reasoned that heliox breathing (79% helium-21% oxygen) and the attendant reduction of operating lung volumes should ...

Reduced inspiratory muscle strength is common in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is associated with dyspnea and decreased exercise capacity. Most studies of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in COPD have demonstrated increased inspiratory muscle strength. Many have also shown improvements in dyspnea and exercise capacity. However, a ...

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 10-week combined training programme (aerobic and strength exercise) compared to an aerobic training programme, and respiratory physiotherapy on COPD patients' health. Fifty subjects with moderate to severe COPD were randomly assigned to two groups. Combined group (CG, n=25) ...

OBJECTIVES: To describe within-subject effects of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) on balance in persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to determine whether any observed changes in balance were associated with change in exercise tolerance or health-related quality of life. DESIGN: Single-arm longitudinal study. SETTING: Inpatient PR center. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects ...