The significant rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased the importance of addressing this significant public health problem. Exercise appears to be an important factor for addressing the obesity epidemic. This review will focus on the role of exercise in the management of body weight and factors ...

PURPOSE: The objectives of this project were to investigate exercise load and body weight related to long-duration confinement in a closed environment simulating ISS flight conditions, and to evaluate subjects' motivation to continue the experiment and their adaptation to isolation. METHODS: Four Russian male subjects participated in a 240-d experiment ...

Pharyngeal disorders are complex and difficult to treat. Disorders that lead to anatomic derangement, such as trauma and neoplasia, can significantly affect the function of this organ. Pharyngeal dysfunction can manifest as dysphagia, persistent palatal displacement, or exercise intolerance. Secondary complications are serious and life threatening and include aspiration pneumonia, ...

Regular physical exercise is a widely accepted means of reducing mortality and improving a number of health outcomes, which is also efficacious in the treatment of obesity. Unfortunately, despite the evidence of favourable short- and long-term effects, the results seem to be affected by a lack of adherence, particularly over ...

OBJECTIVE: To understand the impact of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) G-148A gene and nutritional variables on weight loss in obese women. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: One hundred forty-nine women, ages 45 to 65 with a body mass index of >30 kg/m(2), participated in a 6-month, open-label intervention that included sibutramine ...

BACKGROUND: We assessed the impact of an exercise and diet program for two weeks in a specialized institute and six weeks at home on body composition and exercise metabolism in obese adolescents. METHODS: Fourteen obese adolescents took part in the two-week training course and seven continued exercise and diet at ...

Three studies investigated implicit biases, and their modifiability, against overweight persons. In Study 1 (N = 144), the authors demonstrated strong implicit anti-fat attitudes and stereotypes using the Implicit Association Test, despite no explicit anti-fat bias. When participants were informed that obesity is caused predominantly by overeating and lack of ...

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing exercise on strength, balance, gait and functional performance among older inpatients following hip fracture. Eighty people (mean age 81 years, SD 8) undergoing inpatient rehabilitation after fall-related hip fracture were randomised to receive two-week programs of ...

INTRODUCTION: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces an inflammatory response believed to contribute to postoperative morbidity. We hypothesized that the magnitude of the inflammatory response following CPB would be associated with adverse clinical outcomes. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients had plasma TNF, IL-6, IL-8, elastase, histamine, complement C5a, and complement C3a measured by ELISA ...

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, lipid abnormalities, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Exercise is reported to lower the incidence of cardiac events. The effect of exercise on plasma homocysteine concentrations, an independent cardiovascular risk factor, has not ...

Twelve untrained aged mares were used to determine whether 7 days of light exercise improved peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity. Mares were divided into obese-exercised (n = 3), obese-sedentary (n = 3), lean-exercised (n = 3) and lean-sedentary (n = 3) groups. The exercised groups were worked at a trot to ...

This study examined the effects of dietary weight loss and exercise on the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of overweight and obese, older adults with knee osteoarthritis. A total of 316 older men and women with documented evidence of knee osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 18-month interventions: ...

BACKGROUND: Sodium accumulation has been considered to take place in the extracellular space, leading to water retention and weight gain. This traditional view has been questioned by recent studies that showed sodium accumulation in humans without expansion of the extracellular volume. We investigated sodium balance and its impact on body ...

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether sodium supplementation 1) influences changes in body weight, serum sodium [Na], and plasma volume (PV), and 2) prevents hyponatremia in Ironman triathletes. SETTING: The study was carried out at the South African Ironman triathlon. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-eight athletes competing in the ...

Oxidant formation in the vasculature contributes to vascular disease and dysfunction associated with obesity. In contrast, exercise-dependent production of oxidants may stimulate adaptive responses that protect against the development of such diseases. In this review, we discuss current concepts in the biology of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and how ...

We have previously shown that a short-term weight (Wt) reduction programme consisting of energy restriction, physical activity and psychological counselling, produces physiological changes of body water distribution (BWD) in obese subjects as detected by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The present study was aimed at testing the contribution of diet and physical ...

The effects of regular physical exercise on obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities vary for each individual. In this study, we investigated whether genotypes of genes associated with obesity can predict the effects of exercise on changes in metabolic markers in healthy men. Healthy Japanese men (n=106) performed the exercise program at 50% ...

OBJECTIVE: The capacity for lipid and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation during exercise is important for energy partitioning and storage. This study examined the effects of obesity on lipid and CHO oxidation during exercise. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Seven obese and seven lean [body mass index (BMI), 33 +/- 0.8 and 23.7 ...

BACKGROUND: Quantitative techniques are necessary to achieve dry weight (DW) in patients with kidney failure. Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is a non-invasive method that determines the volume of body fluid compartments. The current work evaluates the use of BIS data in hemodialysis patients for the prediction of DW. METHODS: A new ...

To investigate the effects of obesity on the regulation of end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) during exercise we studied nine obese (41 +/- 6% body fat and 35 +/- 7 yr, mean +/- SD) and eight lean (18 +/- 3% body fat and 34 +/- 4 yr) women. We hypothesized that ...

The goal of the present work was to develop and test an innovative system for the training of paraplegic patients when they are standing up. The system consisted of a computer-controlled stimulator, surface electrodes for quadricep muscle stimulation, two knee angle sensors, a digital proportional-integrative-derivative (PID) controller and a mechanical ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether walking or resistance training improves weight maintenance after weight loss when added to dietary counselling. DESIGN: Two months' weight reduction with very-low-energy-diet (VLED) followed by randomization into three groups (control, walking, resistance training) for 6 months' weight maintenance (WM) program and 23 months' unsupervised follow-up. During ...

The recent "obesity epidemic" among children and adolescents is a major public health concern. The mechanisms responsible for the increased incidence of childhood obesity are not yet well understood. The absence of a clear mechanism makes treating the obese child or adolescent a difficult task, and standardized therapeutic approaches simply ...

PURPOSE: We used the rabbit model of obesity and exercise training to determine effects of exercise training during the development of obesity on resting blood pressure and heart rate, ventricular hypertrophy, blood volume, and hormonal profile. METHODS: Female New Zealand white rabbits were assigned to one of four groups: lean ...

Previous investigations have shown that alpha 2-adrenoceptor (alpha 2-AR) stimulation blunts lipid mobilization during physiological activation of the sympathetic nervous system promoted by exercise in sc abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT) in obese men. To investigate the effect of a low calorie diet (LCD) on the alpha 2-adrenergic responsiveness and on ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of adding exercise and maintenance to cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for binge eating disorder (BED) in obese women. METHOD: One hundred fourteen obese female binge eaters were randomized into four groups: CBT with exercise and maintenance, CBT with exercise, CBT with maintenance, and CBT only. RESULTS ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine motivators of health behaviors (relevant to risk for chronic disease and cancer recurrence) after a cancer diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty-six women who had been treated for breast cancer (mean age, 54.8 years; median time since diagnosis, 23.5 months) participated in this cross-sectional study (1997-1998). Respondents completed ...

Although many investigations have been conducted to determine the effects of exercise and/or diet prescription, seasonal variations in weight loss have not been thoroughly investigated in Japan. The present investigation was undertaken to determine seasonal variations in body composition and anthropometric characteristics during a weight-loss program. One hundred and twenty-seven ...

Involuntary weight loss with lean tissue depletion is a serious and AIDS-defining complication of HIV infection. This article explores definitions of AIDS wasting syndrome (AWS), its etiology, methods of assessing body composition, and pharmacological treatments. Recent research literature on the role of exercise in the prevention and treatment of AWS ...

The study employed an innovative exercise-based instrument to identify individuals at risk for eating disorder (ED). The Exercise Orientation Questionnaire (EOQ), a reliable and valid instrument, was used to compare 80 ED patients, 74 obese patients, 99 elite runners, and 214 controls from a previous study. Runners resembled ED patients ...

Sibutramine is the first of a new generation of weight management drugs, and offers long-term control of weight when used as an adjunct to diet and exercise. This paper considers the criteria set down by the European Union's regulatory agency for its use and how this relates to the information ...

In excess of 55% of adults in the United States are classified as either overweight (body mass index = 25-29.9 kg.m(-2)) or obese (body mass index > or = 30 kg.m(-2)). To address this significant public health problem, the American College of Sports Medicine recommends that the combination of reductions ...

In a community based study using systematic random sampling in two urban Assembly constituencies in East Delhi, 420 subjects above the age of 30 years were interviewed to find out their status regarding physical exercise. People doing regular exercise were found to be only 44.8%. The commonest reason associated for ...

(1) The reference treatment for achieving weight loss by obese patients is a combination of dietary measures, exercise and behavioural interventions. There is currently no drug treatment with demonstrated efficacy on the morbidity or mortality associated with excess body weight. (2) Sibutramine, a serotonin- and noradrenaline-reuptake inhibitor structurally related to ...

BACKGROUND: It is well established that morbid obesity affects the respiratory system and the diastolic function of the heart. During exercise, cardiopulmonary reserve is exhausted because of augmented requirements, leading to a significant intolerance. A study was undertaken to investigate the influence of body weight loss on the characteristics of ...

OBJECTIVE: The specific aim of this study was to determine if three 10 minute bouts of exercise per day (3 x 10) and two 15 minute bouts per day (2 x 15) were as effective as one 30 minute bout per day (1 x 30) for improving VO2 max and ...

The aim of this study was to assess the nature and magnitude of the differences in submaximal and maximal exercise capacity parameters between lean and obese women. A total of 225 healthy obese women 18-65 years (BMI> or=30 kg/m(2)) and 81 non-athletic lean women (BMI< or=26 kg/m(2)) were selected. Anthropometric ...

We studied the effect of full and partial weight-bearing on venous peak velocity in the legs of 73 subjects. We used colourflow Duplex ultrasound to determine the minimal amount of weight-bearing required to produce the same venous peak velocity as full weight-bearing. We found that the venous peak velocity remains ...

We studied the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on pulmonary gas exchange during external chest wall oscillation (ECWO), and the relationship with obesity, in nine patients with normal body weight (group 'N') and 10 obese patients (group 'O'). During ECWO with CPAP 5, PaCO2 decreased in group 'O' ...

The regulation of energy balance is enormously complex, with numerous genetic, hormonal, neural/behavioral, and societal influences. Although the current epidemic of obesity has its underpinnings in the changes in culture during the last half century, the role of the neuroendocrine system in the genesis of obesity is physiologically and therapeutically ...

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with CVD and increased morbidity and mortality. When the BMI is > or = 30 kg/m2, mortality rates from all causes, and especially CVD, are increased by 50% to 100%. There is strong evidence that weight loss in overweight and obese individuals improves ...

BACKGROUND: Obesity imposes additional stress to ventilation during exercise. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pulmonary function changes with graded exercise and the habitual level of physical activity in obese children. METHODS: This study recruited 42 obese and 10 normal students, aged 11, from Tamsui Elementary School. ...

OBJECTIVE: To establish an effective exercise prescription, the exercise capacity of obese subjects was investigated. METHODS: In 71 male obese (body mass index: BMI > or = 26.4) Japanese, aged 26-77 years, the body composition and physical fitness such as aerobic exercise level, muscle strength and flexibility were determined and ...

PURPOSE: Obesity is a major health problem and must be evaluated and treated in cardiac rehabilitation patients. The purpose of this study was to identify the scope of this problem in an urban-based cardiac rehabilitation program by evaluating the prevalence of obesity, and comparing the clinical and risk factor profiles ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess cardiorespiratory exercise function in obese children with and without metabolic syndrome (MS). DESIGN: Comparing three groups of subjects with different cardiovascular risk profiles. SUBJECTS: Twenty-two MS (body weight (mean+/-s.d.) 97.3+/-15.3 kg; age (mean+/-s.d.) 14.2+/-1.9 y), 17 obese (82.6+/-15.7 kg; 14.2+/-2.6 y) and 29 normal weight control (64.3+/-8.5 ...

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a Weight Watchers program for patients with schizophrenia who had olanzapine-related weight gain and ascertained whether the severity of patients' psychiatric symptoms was correlated with the patients' success in losing weight. Seven men and four women who had been treated with olanzapine and who ...

We consider a lattice model of a polymer system in which we distinguish between the end (E) and the middle (M) groups. The free volume is represented as a "hole" or "void" (0), which constitutes a separate species in addition to the two "species" M and E. There are three ...

To study on effect of obesity on changes in serum hypoxanthine with exercise, exercise stress testing with treadmill was performed on 7 obese subjects (body mass index [BMI], 30.6 +/- 3.2 kg/m(2)) and 16 healthy volunteers (BMI, 21.5 +/- 2.10 kg/m(2)). Expiratory gas analysis during exercise showed that peak Vo(2) ...

OBJECTIVE: To promote weight loss in Samoan church communities through an exercise program and nutrition education. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design was used to assess weight change, over 1 y, in cohorts of people aged 20-77 y from three non-randomised Samoan church communities (two intervention, n=365 and one control, n=106) in ...

Two hundred and thirty obese subjects (age: 18-77 yr, BMI: 31.1-65.8 kg/m2) were studied before and after a 3-week body mass reduction (BMR) program, coupling restricted energy diet (1200-1500 kcal/day) with low intensity exercise prescription. It involved 5 days per week (consisting of one-hour dynamic aerobic standing and floor exercise ...