An Escherichia coli mastitis model was used to characterize enzymes involved in bovine mammary tissue damage and proteolysis in milk. One-quarter each of four cows were inoculated with a suspension (104 cfu mL_1) of E. coli P4:O32. Blood and milk were collected before inoculation and for 216 h afterwards. Intracellular ...

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method for pulsed-flow microinjection using the Eppendorf FemtoJet injector and Eppendorf InjectMan; this is the most common type of pulsed-flow microinjection system currently being used. The advantage of this type of system over a controlled-flow system is that much more control is available over the injection ...

Currently there is no simple method available to assess milk ejection and breast milk flow in lactating women in both the clinical and research setting. The authors hypothesize that changes in milk flow rate are associated with milk ejection and therefore may provide a method suitable for the assessment of ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of endurance training on the relationships of body composition, blood lipid profiles and sex hormones in adolescent female distance-runners. We cross-sectionally compared body composition, blood lipid profiles and blood sex hormones of non-athletes (n=7) and distance-runners (n=8), ...

Oxidative stress is considered to be involved in pathogenesis of many disorders of the female genital tract. In this study, we explored the lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in women diagnosed with different forms of uterine diseases in order to evaluate the extent of oxidative stress in blood ...

We examined the association between blood flow and chilly sensation in the lower extremities, comparing the changes in blood flow induced by the vitamin E and herbal therapy (Wen-jing-tang) in perimenopausal women with chilly sensation. One hundred sixty-one perimenopausal women aged 42-61 years (mean: 50.4 +/- 3.8 years) with chilly ...

Plasma total protein (TP), albumin (ALB) and globulin (GLOB) concentrations and albumin/globulin ratio (A/G) were analysed from blood samples collected from free-ranging reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) herds at varying times of year. The same parameters were followed in nine captive reindeer with varying protein and energy intake. Variation in the ...

Eight ruminally cannulated lactating cows from a study on the effects of dietary rumen degraded protein (RDP) on production and N metabolism were used to compare 15N, total purines, amino acid (AA) profiles, and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) as microbial markers for quantifying the flow of microbial protein ...

OBJECTIVE: To compare milk yield among cows classified as nonlame, moderately lame, and lame and to examine the relationship between severity of lameness and milk yield in cows classified as lame during the first 100 days after parturition. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. ANIMALS: 465 Holstein cows. PROCEDURE: Cows were examined weekly ...

A nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation of the response of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayers to a solvent shear flow is presented. Application of shear flow to planar, stationary DMPC bilayers results in a redistribution of the membrane density profile along the bilayer normal due to the alignment of the lipids in the ...

The objective of this study was to investigate circadian variations of blood and milk lead toxicokinetics in dairy cows in summer. Twenty lactating Holstein animals were randomly assigned to four treatments corresponding to different hours after onset of light (HALO): 2, 8, 14, and 20. Cows received a single intravenous ...

BACKGROUND: Components of biological variation can be used to define objective quality specifications (imprecision, bias, and total error), to assess the usefulness of reference values [index of individuality (II)], and to evaluate significance of changes in serial results from an individual [reference change value (RCV)]. However, biological variation data on ...

Sorting of normal and abnormal milk at time of milking is done visually for conventional milking systems, but more concrete standards are needed when milking is done in automatic milking systems (AMS). Several panel tests were carried out to find out how different consumer groups, milkers and advisors look at ...

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the temporal changes in whole-blood and plasma glutathione in ICU patients with multiple organ failure. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective and descriptive pilot study performed in an ICU with eight beds at a university hospital. PATIENTS: Critically ill patients (n=11) with multiple organ failure and ICU stay ...

In a series of 3 experiments, we documented how sand-bedding depth and distribution changed within freestalls after new bedding was added and the effect of these changes on lying behavior. In experiment 1, we measured changes in bedding depth over a 10-d period at 43 points in 24 freestalls. Change ...

In two subsequent breeding seasons (2001 and 2002), we measured 12 organochlorines (OCs), including hexachlorobenzene (HCB), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), oxychlordane, and eight polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs), in the blood of the same 25 great black-backed gulls (Larus marinus). The wet-weight concentrations of different OCs in the blood decreased between ...

The National Phosphorus Project rainfall simulator was used to quantify overland flow and P transport from nine sites distributed throughout the watershed of a New York City Watershed Agriculture Program collaborating dairy farm. Observed concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) were low (0.007-0.12 mg L(-1)) in flow from deciduous forest, ...

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The triglyceride (TG) fatty acyl composition in lipid emulsions influences their metabolism. Little is known about the effects of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on lipid emulsion metabolism. We investigated possible differences between omega-3 containing emulsions in their metabolism and tissue-targeting in vivo in a ...

The physiology of lactation includes development of the mammary gland from the foetal to the adult stage, further development during pregnancy and onset of lactation, with the accompanying metabolic and behavioural adaptation. At the onset of pregnancy the endocrine system undergoes dramatic changes. The growth of the mammary gland is ...

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of high hydrostatic pressure on the stability of blood constituents for the purpose of an effective reduction of viral and bacterial count. The effect of HHP treatment on the several blood constituents were analyzed at different HHP levels at ...

Adhesion molecule and homing receptor expression on blood and milk polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from periparturient dairy cattle was studied. Both percentages and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of PMN expressing CD11a, CD44, CD62L, and LPAM-1 (alpha4 beta7) were evaluated at seven time points during the twenty-one day period post calving. ...

Previous studies have noted that susceptibility to systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure seems to differ between individual cows. However, to date inter-individual variation in the response to intravenous injection of LPS has been reported only as an empirical finding, and its existence or extent has never been backed up by statistical ...

Over a 5-year period, from 1996 to 2001, blood selenium levels were recorded in a set of 2414 healthy blood donors (1781 men and 633 women; 880 smokers and 1534 nonsmokers) living in four selected areas of the Czech Republic. About 100 blood samples per year and region were analyzed ...

Previous studies showed an anti-atherosclerotic effect of PADMA 28, an herbal formula based on Tibetan medicine. As the mechanisms of action are not fully understood, we investigated whether PADMA 28 may lower blood lipids and lipid oxidisability, and affect early endothelial dysfunction. Sixty otherwise healthy subjects with total cholesterol > ...

A survey of blood selenium (Se) concentrations in Norwegian Red heifers and dry period cows was conducted to reveal possible association to management, feeding, health and fertility. Selenium contents were determined in 254 herd blood samples consisting of pooled samples from individual non-lactating animals from herds in 5 counties. The ...

During parturition maximal dilatation of the vagina and cervix is necessary for expulsion of the neonate. The aim of the present study was to characterize the cell infiltration of the vagina and cervix that is associated with this event in cows and sheep. For this purpose, vaginal and cervical tissue ...

BACKGROUND: Microembolism during cardiopulmonary bypass has been suggested as being the predominant cause of neurocognitive disorders after cardiac surgery. Shed blood, normally retransfused into the patient during cardiopulmonary bypass, is a major source of lipid microemboli in the brain capillaries. A newly developed technique based on acoustic standing-wave separation of ...

Four macrominerals have the distinction of being involved in the "downer cow" syndrome, which is, unfortunately, often associated with parturition in cows. Inadequate blood calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), or potassium (K) concentrations can cause a cow to lose the ability to rise to her feet because these minerals ...

This study was performed to determine the relationship between selenium (Se) content and Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in blood and semen, and semen quality of boars at different age used in an artificial insemination (AI) station. Routine macroscopic and microscopic analyses of semen quality were accompanied by measurement of ...

Anatomical and functional characteristics of the teat are supposed to have considerable influence on milk flow performance. In the present study, various teat and milking characteristics in 148 quarters of 38 cows were analyzed via 3 different approaches. Teat canal length, teat wall thickness, and teat diameter were measured by ...

The blood reduced glutathione (GSH)/GSH disulfide (GSSG) ratio is an index of the oxidant/antioxidant balance of the whole body. Nevertheless, data indicating GSH and GSSG physiological levels are still widely divergent, especially those on GSSG, probably due to its low concentration. Standardization in methodological protocols and sample manipulation could help ...

Vitamin E administration prevented DEHP induced deleterious effects like (i) degenerative changes in the brain and thyroid, (ii) decrease in the activity of neuronal membrane Na+ - K+ ATPase, (iii) decrease in the concentration of insulin, cortisol and TSH, and (iv) the increase in T3 and T4 in female Albino ...

Segregation analyses with Gibbs sampling were applied to investigate the mode of inheritance and to estimate the genetic parameters of milk flow of Swiss dairy cattle. The data consisted of 204,397, 655,989 and 40,242 lactation records of milk flow in Brown Swiss, Simmental and Holstein cattle, respectively (4 to 22 ...

In this study, we present a method for determining the fastest moving particle (FMP) and residence time distribution (RTD) in a pilot-scale high temperature, short time (HTST) pasteurizer to ensure that laboratory or pilot-scale HTST apparatus meets the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance standards for pasteurization of milk and can be used ...

Transportation of selenium from mother to fetus and its possible effects on mother's zinc, copper, cadmium, and mercury levels were studied together during the first trimester and at term in 216 mothers. Mothers came from three geographical places with different selenium intakes. The role of selenium as a biomarker for ...

A method to continuously separate different particle types in a suspension is reported. Acoustic forces in a standing wave field were utilized to discriminate lipid particles from erythrocytes in whole blood. The presented technology proposes a new method of cleaning, i.e. removing lipid emboli from, shed blood recovered during cardiac ...

A fast-response and interference-free amperometric biosensor based on choline oxidase immobilized onto an electropolymerized polypyrrole film for flow injection determination of choline in milk, milk powder, and soy lecithin hydrolysates is described. The sensor displayed an Imax value of 1.9 +/- 0.2 microA and an apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, k'M, equal ...

Blood samples were collected from 3449 cows on 57 representative Ontario dairy herds during the summer of 1998 and analysed for antibody to Neospora caninum using an ELISA. Forty-eight herds (2742 cattle) contained at least one N. caninum-seropositive animal. Two composite milk samples were collected from all cattle: the first ...

During clinical mastitis in dairy cows, the quantity of milk produced decreases and the composition of the milk is altered. As the severity of inflammation associated with the disease increases, the chemical composition of milk approaches that of blood as a consequence of increased permeability of the blood mammary barrier, ...

Left displaced abomasum (LDA) and abomasal volvulus (AV) occur most commonly in postparturient dairy cows. Our main hypothesis was that endotoxemia occurred more frequently in the peripheral blood of cows with LDA or AV than in healthy cows because increased luminal pressure in AV or LDA, or the presence of ...

Effects of garlic extract supplementation on blood lipid profile and oxidant/antioxidant status were investigated in volunteer subjects with high blood cholesterol. A total of 23 volunteer subjects with high blood cholesterol (>5.98 mmol/L) participated in the study. Of them, 13 patients were evaluated as a hypertensive group and the others ...

Lipid-coated microbubbles represent a new class of agents with both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Microbubbles have low density. Stabilization of microbubbles by lipid coatings creates low-density particles with unusual properties for diagnostic imaging and drug delivery. Perfluorocarbon (PFC) gases entrapped within lipid coatings make microbubbles that are sufficiently stable for ...

BACKGROUND: The genotoxic effects in two patients with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD) intoxication were measured; an association with the workplace was suspected. METHODS: We determined sister chromatid exchange (SCE), micronuclei (MN) and comet assay tail factor in peripheral lymphocytes of the patients and of control persons. RESULTS: A determination of polychlorinated ...

This study assessed the daily exposure to dioxin using comparable approach methods in order to predict the human health risks of dioxin on the general adult population and incinerator workers in Korea. The health risk assessment of dioxin involved four scenarios (General-Direct, General-Breast Milk, General-Blood, and Worker-Blood). The risks were ...

This study tested the development of oxidative stress and the effects of antioxidant supplementation in an 80-km ride. A precompetition survey revealed that no competitor would participate without vitamin E supplementation; therefore, 46 horses were paired for past performances and randomly assigned to two groups of 23 each for 3 ...

Both lipids and inflammation sensitive proteins have been reported to affect the aggregation of red blood cells yet their relative importance in this regard have not been determined. We have included high sensitive C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation, fibrinogen concentrations as well as various serum lipid concentrations and the degree of ...

Neutrophil function, blood micronutrients, and cortisol concentrations were measured in 43 clinically healthy postparturient Holstein cows. Estimated 305-day mature equivalent milk production and neutrophil function were related to results of the blood micronutrient concentrations and neutrophil function tests. Cattle had low to normal zinc concentrations; normal to high selenium, vitamin ...

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that there is a link between fetal growth and chronic diseases later in life. Several studies have shown a negative association between birthweight and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as blood pressure and type 2 diabetes. Far fewer studies have ...

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been shown to affect retinol (vitamin A) homeostasis in adult as well as neonatal seals. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationships between plasma (PL)-retinol status and PCB concentrations in different blood compartments (blood cells (BCs), PL, and whole blood (WB)) of ...

The present investigation reports the effect of sodium selenite-induced sub-chronic toxicity in crossbred cow calves on various antioxidant enzymes. Sodium selenite (0.25 mg/kg for 16 w) resulted in characteristic signs of sub-chronic selenosis, ie alopecia, cracking and enlargement of hooves, interdigital lesions, ring formation on the coronet region, and gangrene ...