The behaviour of chlorobiphenyls in marine mammals is best described by a pharmacokinetic model where the blood acts as the central transport compartment between the external environment and a number of peripheral organs, each maintaining a dynamic balance with the concentrations in the blood. Thus, blood samples can be a ...

We evaluated autonomic function in alcoholic neuropathy by non-invasive hemodynamic studies using servo-plethysmo-manometry and laser Doppler flowmetry. In 16 alcoholics compared with 17 age-matched healthy controls, the extent of AP responses to phase IV of the Valsalva maneuver, cold pressor test and isometric exercise decreased significantly, indicating sympathetic hypofunction. Five ...

The effect of both the ethyl alcohol content of liquids and the type of plasticizer on the viscoelastic properties after gelation of tissue conditioners was studied by means of a stress relaxation test. The results are summarized as follows. The liquids containing the larger percentages of ethyl alcohol produced the ...

Determination of blood alcohol concentration and water content were performed on blood specimens from 71 bodies. Two blood specimens were sampled from each body. First-specimens (short-time-specimens) were sampled from 0 to 9.6 hours postmortem, in mean 2.1 hours. Second-specimens (long-time-specimens) were sampled from 8.0 to 229.9 hours postmortem. The relation ...

Groups of 20 CFY male rats were made to drink water containing 10% alcohol and 5% sugar or 5% sugar. Half of both groups (10-10 animals) were exposed to 95 dBAeq mixed industrial noise for 3 weeks, 6 hours daily. Haemodynamic measurements were carried out using isotope (57Co) labelled microspheres, ...

We hypothesized that while moderate drinking is associated with increasing levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, excessive drinking of ethanol might, in fact, be associated with lower HDL levels and by implication increased cardiovascular risk. We therefore performed analyses of whole blood-associated acetaldehyde (WBAA) as a measure of drinking ...

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) stereoselective distribution was investigated in rabbits after 20 mg/kg po of racemic-HCQ (rac-HCQ) and 20 mg/kg po of each enantiomer, 97% pure (-)-(R)-HCQ and 99% pure (+)-(S)-HCQ. Concentrations were 4 to 6 times higher in whole blood than in plasma. Melanin did not affect plasma and whole blood ...

A 26-year-old man died from severe brain contusion after falling from a moving car during an attempt at car-surfing. Toxicological urine screening was positive for amphetamines, the blood analysis revealed a MDMA level of 0.63 mg/l and a blood alcohol concentration of 1.23 g/l. The case is another example of ...

Patients with pure autonomic failure (PAF) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) may complain of feeling light-headed after alcohol ingestion particularly on assumption of the upright posture. The reasons for this have not been investigated. We therefore studied the effects of oral alcohol (40% vodka in sugar-free orange juice) and placebo ...

Free or liposome-encapsulated sodium humate was administered to chickens intracardially, orally or subcutaneously and the following principal pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using the MW Pharm software for two-compartment models: elimination half-life (t1/2 el), steady state distribution volume (Vdss), blood clearance (Cl), maximal drug concentration (Cmax), time required for appearance of ...

1. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a well known neurotransmitter implicated in mental disorders, tryptophan (Trp) as amino acid precursor may be interesting. 2. A rapid and simple reversed-phase (mu Bondapac C18 as stationary phase) liquid chromatographic method with fluorimetric detection (excitation: 302 nm, emission: 340 nm) is described for the quantitation ...

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses of marijuana data have provided new insights into the relationship of blood concentrations of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and metabolites to drug-induced effects. THC is rapidly absorbed and distributed to tissues; initial changes in blood concentrations are out of phase (hysteresis) with physiological and behavioral changes. Once blood/tissue ...

1. Withdrawal of cholecalciferol (D3) supplement from a layers diet drastically reduced blood 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3), 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) and egg specific gravity (SG) within two weeks, followed by a decrease in blood total calcium (Ca). 2. Doubling the D3 supplement in the control diet (27.5 micrograms or 1100 IU/kg) almost ...

The question of gender differences regarding blood acetaldehyde levels during ethanol intoxication has not been clarified because of the difficulties in the determination of acetaldehyde levels. Although the blood acetaldehyde levels in men during normal ethanol oxidation are reported to be undetectable, no valid data on female blood acetaldehyde levels ...

Trace amounts of paraquat and diquat in blood were extracted with phenol after deproteinization of blood protein with a chloroform:ethanol mixture and ammonium sulfate. The color reaction of paraquat was achieved by addition of alkaline sodium dithionite to the phenolic extract. The blue paraquat radical produced was determined directly by ...

The relationship between the blood to vitreous humor ethanol ratios (B/V) and the corresponding urine to blood ethanol ratios (U/B) of 200 postmortem cases were found to be bimodal in nature. Using the U/B ratio of 1.20 as a demarcation below which early absorption prevails, the results in the early ...

The effect of alcohol intoxication on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) is unclear. The few published studies provide a mixed picture of alcohol effects, suggesting that blood flow increases at low doses and decreases at higher doses of alcohol. Using the cerebral blood flow agent 99mtechnetium hexamethyl-propylene-amine-oxime (HMPAO) and image ...

A PB-PK model has been developed for nasal nonreactive vapor uptake in the F344 rat which incorporates nasal enzyme distribution as well as nasal airflow patterns. Nasal tissue is separated into respiratory and olfactory mucosal areas with each area containing mucus, epithelial, and submucosal compartments. Metabolic activities are distributed among ...

The acute effects of ethanol on intracellular free magnesium ions ([Mg2+]i) in cultured canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were studied by digital imaging microscopy using the Mg2+ fluorescent probe mag-fura-2. In 0 mM ethanol, the basal level of [Mg2+]i was between 500-700 microM with a heterogeneous distribution within ...

A fatality involving cyamemazine, a phenothiazine derivative, is presented. Cyamemazine was formally identified in postmortem blood using an HPLC-DAD screening procedure, and then quantified in some postmortem samples by means of a specific HPLC method. The blood concentration of cyamemazine was 9.8 micrograms/mL. Tissue distribution of cyamemazine is discussed in ...

Experimental studies in rats have demonstrated that lactating females have blood ethanol levels five times lower than those observed in non-lactating rats. The purpose of the present study was to verify if this phenomenon also occurs in human beings. Five lactating (L) and five control (C) women received, after formal ...

This study compared the degree of vasoconstriction and anesthesia obtained with cocaine vs. that obtained with a mixture of lidocaine and oxymetazoline (lido/oxy) in healthy, male volunteers. Blood flow was evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry. Anesthesia was measured with Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments, testing both sensation threshold and pain perception. A greater ...

Little is known about the possible existence of endogenous acetaldehyde in human blood. This has partly been due to analytical difficulties preventing accurate determination of blood acetaldehyde levels with and without the presence of ethanol. In the present study the possible existence of endogenous acetaldehyde in human blood was investigated ...

The concentration-time profiles of ethanol were determined for capillary blood, end-expired breath, and saliva after 21 healthy men ingested ethanol at 0.68 g/kg body weight. Near the time of obtaining body fluids, the volunteers estimated their feelings of intoxication, and body sway (with open and closed eyes), hand tremor, positional ...

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the investigation and prosecution of drunk drivers and identify reasons for system failure. DESIGN: Prospective data collection on all drivers with an elevated blood alcohol level who were treated at a Level I trauma center between January 1 and June 30, 1991. SETTING: Level I trauma ...

The distribution of free and bound acetaldehyde in human blood was studied. Fresh whole blood was precipitated with a perchloric acid (PCA) in saline solution and an aliquot of the crude sample was taken for determination of 'total' acetaldehyde. The remaining sample was centrifuged and the clear supernatant taken for ...

The relation between the blood alcohol concentration and the vitreous humor alcohol concentration, blood propanol-1 concentration, and the signs of putrefaction of the body was described by a multiple regression equation. The calculations showed that the blood alcohol concentration increased 0.79/1000 when the vitreous humor alcohol concentration increased 1.00/1000, and ...

Sober alcoholics show an attenuated hormonal response to pharmacological agents that normally stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPAC) axis. To determine if this same result would be found using biobehavioral stressors, 52 detoxified (mean = 32 days) male alcoholics and 30 male nonalcoholic controls were given two moderately aversive tasks (mental arithmetic ...

A study was undertaken to determine if a relatively minor modification of our existing specimen collection tubes could enhance the long-term stability of blood cocaine. We added cocaine, benzoylecgonine (BE) and ethanol to whole sheep blood in glass tubes that were prepared to contain one of several combinations of preservatives ...

This report describes the retardation of ethanol absorption from the intestinal tract and reduction of portal blood flow by high acetaldehyde concentrations in dogs using a jejunal segment with the vascular supply intact. The cyanamide-pretreatment group (CY), in which an extremely high acetaldehyde concentration developed, in comparison with the control ...

Isoprene is present in human breath and in human blood. The fact that isoprene concentrations in breath are linked to states of sleep and wakefulness led us to study its concentration in blood of 12 patients before, during, and after general anesthesia. Isoprene concentrations in blood of patients before anesthesia ...

We report here on an evaluation of the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) from Syva for cyclosporin A (ciclosporin, INN) concentration measurements in whole blood. The assay incorporates a monoclonal antibody for specific determination of ciclosporin. Measurements by EMIT were performed on the Cobas Mira-S from Roche. A total of 197 ...

Cutaneous vasoconstriction induced by topical corticosteroids was investigated using non-invasive bioengineering techniques. Corticosteroids of different potency in alcoholic solution were applied topically, under occlusion, and cutaneous blanching was investigated using visual scoring, reflectance spectroscopy (RS) and laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). The RS technique allowed separation of cutaneous haemoglobin content into arterial ...

Cerebral blood flow was investigated during alcohol withdrawal in 15 male alcoholics by single photon emission computerized tomography with 99mTc-HMPAO and compared with the results of a second study 3 weeks later when all symptoms of withdrawal had disappeared and when the patients had been free of medication for at ...

Acute effects of alcohol in a low (0.7 g/kg) and a high dose (1.5 g/kg) on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were measured with 133Xe inhalation technique at resting conditions in 13 normals. Mean hemisphere CBF increased globally by 12% at the lower dose and 16% at the higher dose. ...

Headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) was used to measure the concentrations of acetone in samples of venous whole blood from drunk drivers (n = 500), hospital outpatients with type-I diabetes mellitus (n = 250), and healthy blood donors (n = 288). The standard deviation (SD) of blood-acetone determination by HSGC was ...

The interpretation of postmortem blood ethanol concentrations (BAC), especially those less than 0.05 g/dL can be complicated by postmortem ethanol formation. One method used by the toxicologist to respond to this possibility is to analyze multiple specimens for ethanol. Two useful specimens to analyze are vitreous humor and urine, because ...

Benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) has been demonstrated to be a new potent photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Although most of the work on BPD has been focused on its potential applications for cancer treatment, BPD may have potential clinical uses in the treatment of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was ...

1. The cardiovascular effects of oral alcohol (0.5 g/kg body weight diluted to 300 ml in sugar-free orange juice) were compared with those of placebo in 10 normal subjects. Measurements were made while the subjects were supine and horizontal for 45 min and after 10 min of 45 degrees head-up ...

We report results of clinical examinations, computed tomography, quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG), and cerebral blood flow measurements performed on a series of 56 consecutive brain injury patients including 15 alcohol abusers and 41 non-alcoholic subjects. Greater volumes of intracranial haemorrhage were noted in the alcoholics for a similar severity of injury ...

Induction of cytochrome P450 CYP 2E1 during chronic ethanol exposure in rats has been reported by our laboratory to occur by a complex two step process. The first step occurs at relatively low blood alcohol concentrations and involves increases in CYP 2E1-dependent activities and apoprotein levels with no increases in ...

Anticipations of alcohol's effects reportedly covary with the amount consumed. Alcohol's stimulant and sedative properties also may contribute to alcohol consumption. Anticipations of stimulant and sedative effects have not been investigated extensively. The present study examined the stimulant and sedative effects subjects anticipated experiencing if they were on the ascending ...

The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of alcohol-induced hypoglycaemia from the use of irrigating fluids containing ethanol in transurethral surgery. In the first part of the study, seven healthy male volunteers, aged between 26 and 36, received 1000 ml of irrigating fluid by intravenous infusion. The ...

Previously, it has been concluded that no detectable, adequately determined, acetaldehyde is to be found in the venous blood of normal Caucasian subjects during acute ethanol intake (Eriksson, 1983). Nevertheless, since then a number of reports on human blood acetaldehyde concentrations have been published. Most, if not all, of these ...

CFY male rats received drinking water which contained 10% ethyl alcohol and 5% sugar and were treated with 50 mg/kg daily doses of cobalt chloride for three weeks by gavage. Haemodynamic examinations were carried out using radioactive microspheres. Alcohol caused no significant injury of the structure of the myocardium, while ...

Ethanol administration leads to a marked increase in hepatic blood flow, resulting from an increase in mesenteric blood flow. Studies presented indicate that the increase in portal blood flow induced by ethanol is mediated by acetate. Acetate infusion at rates which achieve blood concentrations equal to those following ethanol administration, ...

In three instances of suicidal poisoning by co-proxamol (paracetamol and dextropropoxyphene) blood samples were obtained from 11 sites together with eight tissue samples, bile, urine, gastric contents and duodenal contents. Site-dependent differences in blood propoxyphene concentration varied between the three cases but concentrations were consistently lowest in peripheral blood and ...

Alcoholic patients who present with anemia can pose a diagnostic challenge. Although deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, and folate commonly result in anemia, bone marrow suppression of red blood cell production related to the direct toxic effects of alcohol can cause a form called sideroblastic anemia. This case report describes ...

Cyclo(His-Pro) (cHP) is an endogenous, enzymatically resistant, biologically active peptide. We examined its ability to be absorbed after oral administration. cHP radioactively labeled with 125I (I-cHP) was fed to adult mice, and blood and tissue samples were taken 15-90 min later. Radioactivity quickly appeared in blood at levels about one ...

We measured alcohol levels by the Cordebard method in 148 CSF samples from individuals who had abstained from alcohol for at least 7 days prior to the beginning of the study. Each blood sample was accompanied by a CSF sample from the same patient. CSF samples found to be normal ...