OPINION STATEMENT: Anemia develops in about 50% of patients hospitalized with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is recognized as a cause of secondary brain injury. This review examines the effects of anemia and transfusion on TBI patients through a literature search to identify original research on anemia and transfusion in ...

BACKGROUND: Because the average exposure of surgeons to pelvic injuries with life-threatening hemorrhage is decreasing, training opportunities are necessary to prepare surgeons for the rare but highly demanding emergency situations. We have developed a novel pelvic emergency simulator to train surgeons in controlling blood loss. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We (1) described the ...

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the leading cause of transfusion-related morbidity and mortality. Recent insights into the pathophysiology of TRALI have led to various preventive strategies. Strategies in donor management range from antibody testing of sensitized donors to the deferral of female plasma donors altogether. However, knowledge on the ...

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Critical care patients frequently receive blood transfusions. Some reports show an association between aged or stored blood and increased morbidity and mortality, including the development of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). However, the existence of conflicting data endorses the need for research to either reject this association, or ...

INTRODUCTION: Post-thrombotic syndrome is a major complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), occurring in up to 1/3 of first-episode DVT patients. Non-ambulatory patients have increased risk for both DVT and post-thrombotic syndrome. Experimental models are lacking that can serve as reasonable in vivo clinical analogues for poor resolution of DVT ...

Since recent findings suggest a relationship between reduction in adipose tissue blood flow and metabolic or vascular complications of obesity, increase in ATBF may be considered as a further goal in the treatment of obesity, besides fat mass reduction. Therefore, this preliminary study aimed at assess subcutaneous ATBF and vasomotion ...

: Trauma patients receive emergency transfusions of unmatched Type O Rh-negative (Rh-) blood until matched blood is available. We hypothesized that patients given uncrossmatched blood may develop alloantibodies, placing them at risk for hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs). : Data regarding alloantibody profiles and HTR occurrence were collected from the records ...

A novel breath-alcohol analyzer based on the standardization of the breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) to the alveolar-air water vapour concentration has been developed and evaluated. The present study compares results with this particular breath analyzer with arterial blood alcohol concentrations (ABAC), the most relevant quantitative measure of brain alcohol exposure. ...

Objective:To explore possible associations between adipose tissue (AT) blood flow (ATBF), AT depot sizes and adipocyte-derived hormones (adipokines) in women.Subjects:In all, 43 healthy women were divided into four groups: normal-weight (n=11) and obese (n=11) pre-menopausal women and normal-weight (n=10) and obese (n=11) post-menopausal women.Methods:Fasting levels of adipokines were obtained, and ...

Intravascular tracer washout data obtained from gastrocnemius muscle of lean Zucker rats (LZR) and obese Zucker rats (OZR) is analyzed to investigate flow distributions in OZR, a model of non-atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. A computer model used to simulate the network washout curves is developed based on experimentally-observed relative dispersions ...

OBJECTIVES:: A risk association has been observed between non-O blood groups and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Chronic pancreatitis also increases risk for pancreatic cancer, raising questions as to whether non-O blood groups are a risk for chronic pancreatitis and whether the pathophysiologic pathways are linked. Our goal was to determine whether ABO ...

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of risk factors including obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance/impaired glucose tolerance, and/or hypertension. The incidence of obesity has reached pandemic levels, as ~20-30% of adults in most developed countries can be classified as having MetS. This increased prevalence of MetS is critical as it is ...

Endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone contributes to the development and progression of several adiposity-related conditions, including hypertension and atherosclerotic vascular disease. The aims of the present study were to determine: 1) whether endogenous endothelin-1 vasoconstrictor activity is elevated in overweight and obese adults; and, if so, 2) whether increased endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstriction contributes ...

We have examined the effect of continuous perfusion with antifungals on Candida albicans biofilms under conditions of flow, closely mimicking physiological conditions encountered within patients. Biofilms displayed high levels of resistance to fluconazole, and this antifungal exerted minor effects on dispersion levels. Amphotericin B proved effective in reducing viability of ...

This report examines the blood chemistry and blood pressure (BP) results from the Lifestyle Education for Activity and Nutrition (LEAN) study, a randomized weight loss trial. A primary purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of real-time self-monitoring of energy balance (using the SenseWear(™) Armband, BodyMedia, Inc Pittsburgh, ...

While recent studies suggested that both general adiposity and abdominal adiposity are associated with the risk of death and support the use of waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in addition to body index mass (BMI) in assessing the risk of death, this issue remains cintroversial since most authors conclude ...

Inhaled oxygen can be used as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging, due to the T(1) shortening effect of the oxygen dissolved in blood and tissue water. In this study, blood T(1) was measured dynamically in 14 volunteers (seven smokers, seven never-smokers) as the inhaled gas was switched from ...

(Headache 2011;51:191-200) Objective.- To present results from the United States Cluster Headache Survey concerning the use of inhaled oxygen as acute treatment for cluster headache (CH). Background.- Several small clinic and community-based investigations have indicated that more than 50% of CH patients have never used oxygen for the treatment of ...

Patients with COPD may need supplemental oxygen during air travel to avoid development of severe hypoxemia. The current study evaluated whether the hypoxia-altitude simulation test (HAST), in which patients breathe 15.1% oxygen simulating aircraft conditions, can be used to establish the optimal dose of supplemental oxygen. Also, the various types ...

A novel, miniaturized, high-efficiency photocatalytic cell, able to work in dynamic conditions, has been designed and validated in this study. Microfluidic channels were molded out of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by means of standard soft lithography techniques, so as to work as photocatalytic cells, where the coupling of anatase titanium dioxide thin ...

Current goals in the development of oxygenators are to reduce extrinsic surface contact area, thrombus formation, hemolysis, and priming volume. To achieve these goals and provide a favorable concentration gradient for the gas exchange throughout the fiber bundle, this study attempts to find an optimized inlet and outlet port geometry ...

The aim of this work was to develop a modeling approach to solve the flow and oxygen transfer when the blood passes through the hollow-fiber membrane bundle. For this purpose, a "two-region" modeling approach was developed regarding the hollow fiber and blood regions. The oxygen transfer in these regions was ...

Cancer cells require excessive oxygen and nutrition to support their rapid growth, so angiogenesis and decrease of blood oxygen are often associated with areas of cancer development. Current technologies for blood oxygen measurement, however, do not possess high spatial resolution and therefore cannot be used to detect small tumors in ...

Free-swimming Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were exposed to water oxygen pressures (P (w)O(2)) ranging from 18.1 to 41.5 kPa and sampled for blood using an indwelling caudal artery cannula. Arterial blood oxygen pressure (P (a)O(2)) increased with increasing P (w)O(2), from 12.0 kPa in normoxia (18.1 kPa) to 34.2 kPa in the highest hyperoxic ...

Oxygen transport imposes a possible constraint on the brain's ability to sustain variable metabolic demands, but oxygen diffusion in the cerebral cortex has not yet been observed directly. We show that concurrent two-photon fluorescence imaging of endogenous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and the cortical microcirculation exposes well-defined boundaries of tissue ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of various flow rates of oxygen administered via 1 or 2 nasal cannulae on the fraction of inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2) and other arterial blood gas variables in healthy neonatal foals. ANIMALS: 9 healthy neonatal (3- to 4-day-old) foals. PROCEDURES: In each foal, a nasal ...

Both congenital and acquired short bowel syndrome frequently leads to the necessity for long-term parenteral nutrition, which in turn may lead to any of several complications or death. Transplantation of the small bowel from brain-dead organ donors has been successfully performed over the last years. However, systemic blood pressure and ...

In this paper, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and jumping optical tweezers were used to measure the tissue oxygenation and the elasticity of erythrocytes, respectively. The correlation between tissue oxygenation induced by arterial occlusion test (AOT) and the mechanical properties of individual erythrocytes from a blood sample obtained after AOT was studied. ...

In propaganda material, people are often presented in black-and-white terms as either a villain or a hero. Although Joseph Priestley is denigrated for believing in the discredited substance phlogiston, he is also celebrated for discovering oxygen.

A viable blood substitute is still of great necessity throughout the world. Perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers (PFCOCs) are emulsions that take advantage of the high solubility of respiratory gases in perfluorocarbons (PFCs). Despite attractive characteristics, no PFCOC is currently approved for clinical uses. Some PFCOCs have failed due to secondary effects ...

Tissue hypoxia is a key trigger for organ dysfunction. The maintenance of adequate tissue oxygenation is therefore of particular importance during major surgery. In this review, we discuss the physiological basis and the rationale underlying the recent concepts of perioperative oxygen therapy. Adequate tissue oxygenation is vital for optimal tissue ...

In cardiac surgery the substitution of lost blood volume by plasma substitutes is a common therapeutical approach. None of the currently available blood substitutes has a sufficient oxygen transport capacity. This can limit the functional integrity of the myocardium known as highly oxygen consumptive. The study was aimed to get ...

It is known that aeration reduces rapidly the concentration of organic matter in leachate. However, the oxygen flow rate required to attain a certain reaction rate of organic matter should be carefully estimated. In this study, using the oxygen ratio (the ratio of oxygen flow rate by aeration to oxygen ...

BACKGROUND: During general anaesthesia (GA) for Caesarean section (CS), fetal oxygenation is increased by administering an inspired oxygen fraction (Fi(o(2))) of 1.0. However, it is unclear whether such high Fi(o(2)) will increase oxygen free radical activity. METHODS: We randomized 39 ASA I-II parturients undergoing elective CS under GA to receive ...

The microcirculation plays an essential role in health and disease. Microvascular perfusion can be assessed directly using laser Doppler flowmetry and various imaging techniques or indirectly using regional capnometry and measurement of indicators of mismatch between oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption or indices of disturbed cellular oxygen utilization. Assessment of ...

BACKGROUND: In spite of evidence suggesting that resuscitation with 100% O(2) is detrimental, international guidelines still recommend its use. Clinical studies comparing 21% and 100% O(2) included many infants with only mild and moderate asphyxia. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the effect of these oxygen fractions on haemodynamic parameters, arterial ...

The mechanisms for the adequate provision of oxygen to the peripheral tissues are complex. They involve control of the microcirculation and peripheral blood flow, the position of the oxygen dissociation curve including the proportion of fetal and adult haemoglobin, blood gases and viscosity. Systemic blood pressure appears to have little ...

To evaluate the performance of the emOx emergency powdered oxygen portable nonpressurized delivery system. This device produces oxygen through chemical reaction and is marketed for emergency first aid use until professional medical assistance is available. Seven unmanned trials were conducted under standard laboratory conditions. Measures included oxygen flow, reaction canister ...

PURPOSE: Supplemental oxygenation is essentially important in critically ill patients with potentially reversible pulmonary insufficiency. An extracorporeal membrane oxygenator and percutaneous cardiopulmonary support have been used for these patients. However, these techniques are associated with so many complications that an additional new therapeutic modality is required. The purpose is to ...

Known vertebrate response to low oxygen concentration include change in carbohydrate metabolism, increase in nitric oxide, stimulation of red blood cell and hemoglobin production and induction of gene expression for glycolytic enzymes and hormones. Also, extreme hypoxia plays main role in pathological studies of cardiac dysfunction. The morphological and physiological ...

Perfusion quality is an important issue in extracorporeal life support (ECLS); without adequate perfusion of the brain and other vital organs, multiorgan dysfunction and other deficits can result. The authors tested three different pediatric oxygenators (Medos Hilite 800 LT, Medtronic Minimax Plus, and Capiox Baby RX) to determine which gives ...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the comfort of oxygen therapy via high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) versus via conventional face mask in patients with acute respiratory failure. Acute respiratory failure was defined as blood oxygen saturation < 96% while receiving a fraction of inspired oxygen > or = 0.50 via face mask. METHODS: ...

BACKGROUND: The fraction of inspired oxygen (F(IO(2))) is quoted for different oxygen delivery systems, but variations in inspiratory flow and tidal volume make precise measurement difficult. We developed a reliable method of measuring the effective F(IO(2)) in patients receiving supplemental oxygen. METHODS: Ten subjects with chronic hypoxemia breathed through a ...

BACKGROUND: Although the haemodynamic effects of oxygen in healthy subjects are well documented, there have been no well-controlled studies of the effects of oxygen in patients with heart failure (HF). AIMS: To non-invasively evaluate haemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of oxygen in patients with HF at rest. METHODS AND RESULTS: 13 ...

Peripheral haemodynamics refers to blood flow, which determines oxygen and nutrient delivery to the tissues. Peripheral blood flow is affected by vascular resistance and blood pressure, which in turn varies with cardiac function. Arterial oxygen content depends on the blood haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and arterial pO2; tissue oxygen delivery depends ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Breathing increased fractional oxygen concentration (FiO2) is recommended for the treatment of tissue ischaemia. METHODS: The theoretical benefits of increasing FiO2 on tissue oxygenation were evaluated using standard physiological equations. Assuming constant oxygen consumption by tissues throughout the length of a capillary, the oxygen content at 20 ...

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) results in focal deprivation of blood-borne factors, one of them being oxygen. The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to identify therapeutic conditions for supplemental oxygen in AIS and (2) to use transcriptome-wide screening toward uncovering oxygen-sensitive mechanisms. Transient MCAO in rodents was used to ...

Worldwide, many marine coastal habitats are facing rapid deterioration due in part to human-driven changes in habitat characteristics, including changes in flow patterns, a factor known to greatly affect primary production in corals, algae, and seagrasses. The effect of flow traditionally is attributed to enhanced influx of nutrients and dissolved ...

The history of oxygen therapy in neonatology has been littered with error. Controversies remain in a number of areas of oxygen therapy, including targets and strategies in supplemental oxygen therapy in Chronic Neonatal Lung Disease (CNLD). This article reviews some of these controversies, and makes some recommendations based on the ...

BACKGROUND: Multiprobe near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to study regional cerebral (rSO(2)C), splanchnic (rSO(2)S), and renal (rSO(2)R) tissue oxygenation in newborns. We used this method to study the effects of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in anemic preterm infants to assess if thresholds for transfusions were appropriate for ...