Continuous flow chemistry as a technique and the latest developments in the field are being reviewed from a Pharma point of view.

By methods of modern spectral analysis, we rigorously find distributions of eigenvalues of linearized operators associated with an ideal hydromagnetic Couette-Taylor flow. The transition to instability in the limit of a vanishing magnetic field has a discontinuous change compared to the Rayleigh stability criterion for hydrodynamical flows, which is known ...

: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of computed tomographic (CT) perfusion technique in discriminating recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) after radiation therapy. : Forty-eight patients with a pathologic finding as reference standards were divided into 2 groups, recurrent and nonrecurrent NPCs. Perfusion parameters blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), permeability surface ...

The biological effects of high levels of radiation exposure are fairly well known, but the effects of low levels of radiation are more difficult to determine because the deterministic effects do not occur at these levels. In order to assess the risk of this exposure on BM thrombopoiesis, we measured ...

Complete blood counts were analyzed for 30 samples of human blood with radiation dose rate ranging between 10 and 41μSv/h using a Radium-226 source with different time of exposure. A new technique involving a nuclear track detector type CR-39(CR-39 NTDs) was used to estimate the alpha particle density incident on ...

Continuous, reliable and real-time assessment of major determinants of cardiovascular function in preterm and term neonates has long been an elusive aim in neonatal medicine. Accordingly, aside from continuous assessment of heart rate, blood pressure and arterial oxygen saturation, bedside monitoring of major determinants of cardiovascular function of significant clinical ...

There is increasing interest in the application of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a noninvasive monitor of cerebral oxygenation. This review will briefly describe the principles of NIRS and examine current evidence for its clinical application as a monitor of the adequacy of cerebral oxygenation in adults. There has been ...

BACKGROUND: Methemoglobin in the blood cannot be detected by conventional pulse oximetry and may bias the oximeter's estimate (Spo(2)) of the true arterial functional oxygen saturation (Sao(2)). A recently introduced "pulse CO-oximeter" (Masimo Rainbow SET® Radical-7) that measures SpMet, a noninvasive measurement of the percentage of methemoglobin in arterial blood ...

Veno-venous extracorporeal life support (vvECLS) is an important treatment methodology for adult respiratory failure and complex airway reconstruction. However, the supplemental oxygen provided to the venous circulation artificially raises the observed mixed venous saturation (SvO(2)), thereby eliminating its utility in evaluating the match between oxygen delivery and consumption in the ...

We describe a 13-year-old child who developed inadvertent intraoperative cerebral oxygen desaturation attributed to empiric hyperventilation during posterior fossa craniotomy, diagnosed by jugular venous oximetry. Although restoration of normocapnia at age-appropriate mean arterial blood pressure improved jugular venous saturation (SjvO), it remained below acceptable values. Transcranial-Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography-guided stepwise increase ...

Hypoxic gas ventilation therapy has recently been performed to prevent post-birth increased pulmonary blood flow in cases of congenital heart diseases with increased pulmonary blood flow. However, how the oxygen supply to the tissues changes during breathing a hypoxic gas mixture, remains unknown. The changes in cerebral oxygen saturation and ...

Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) has been used for quantitative and non-invasive measurement of blood oxygen saturation in the brain. In this study, we used SWI for quantitative measurement of oxygen saturation in the spinal vein to look for physiological- or caffeine-induced changes in venous oxygenation. SWI measurements were obtained for 5 ...

The present study compares the accuracy of a new continuous venous oxygenation monitoring system (PediaSat Oximetry Catheter) with laboratory blood oximetry in paediatric surgical patients. Children and adolescents undergoing cardiac, orthopaedic or craniofacial surgery with major blood loss were included. A 4.5 Fr two-lumen or 5.5 Fr three-lumen central venous ...

We studied the effect of terahertz radiation at NO frequencies 150.176-150.664 GHz on gaseous and electrolyte composition of the blood in albino rats during stress. Partial or complete recovery of the studied parameters of blood gases and electrolytes in stressed animals was observed after 15- and 30-min terahertz irradiation at ...

We investigate the hypothesis that the photoplethysmograph (PPG) waveform can be analyzed to infer regional venous oxygen saturation. Fundamental to the successful isolation of the venous saturation is the identification of PPG characteristics that are unique to the peripheral venous system. Two such characteristics have been identified. First, the peripheral ...

Although spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been shown to be a promising method for measuring blood oxygen saturation with high-spatial resolution and accuracy, there are several technical issues that need to be addressed before it could become a practical method. In this letter, we have attempted to address two ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Tissue oximetry has been suggested as a noninvasive tool to continuously monitor and detect states of low body perfusion. This review summarizes recent developments and available data on the use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in children at risk for low perfusion. RECENT FINDINGS: During states of ...

Hydroxocobalamin is a new antidote approved by the FDA for the treatment of cyanide poisoning. Our report describes a patient with cyanide poisoning who survived after treatment with hydroxocobalamin and complications we encountered with hemodialysis. A 34-year-old female presented to the emergency department after a syncopal event and seizures. Her ...

Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is known to increase blood flow to the innervations area of the stellate ganglion. Near infrared spectroscopy reflects an increased blood volume and allows continuous, non-invasive, and bedside monitoring of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO(2)). We investigated the influence of SGB on bilateral cerebral oxygenation using ...

INTRODUCTION: Haemoglobin saturation is an obligatory oxygen parameter in the assessment of neonatal oxygenation. Although, pulse oximetry is currently one of the major methods in the determination of haemoglobin saturation, capillary blood saturation is still present in the diagnostic process. As well known, haemoglobin saturation value of capillary blood is ...

Measuring the global cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)) is a valuable tool for assessing brain vitality and function. Measurement of blood oxygen saturation (HbO(2)) and flow in the major cerebral outflow and inflow vessels can provide a global estimate of CMRO(2). We demonstrate a rapid noninvasive method for quantifying ...

In our clinical daily routine, it is noticeable that lower cardiac indices are reached more often without negative consequences when using mini extracorporeal circulation (ECC) systems than when using open ECC systems. We evaluated haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, blood flow, cardiac index (CI) and mixed-venous oxygen saturation (vSO2) in patients undergoing ...

Local exposure to light with hollow cathode lamp radiating band spectrum typical of manganese, copper, potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium enhances migration of these elements from the solution applied to the skin to the blood in rats. This effect is most pronounced at low initial blood level of manganese. Its ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In-vitro performance of the PediaSat system for continuous monitoring of central venous oxygen saturation by spectrophotometry has been evaluated. METHODS: PediaSat continuous fibre-optic oximetry catheters were inserted in a black testing chamber, connected with an extracorporeal circuit and filled with human whole blood. Oxygen inflow into the ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acupuncture (dry needling) and heating (application of hot pack) treatments on the blood volume and oxygen saturation of the human Achilles tendon in vivo. Nine healthy males participated in this study. During the treatments (acupuncture and heating; both 10 ...

BACKGROUND: The present study assesses the utility of a novel invasive device (O2C-, oxygen-to-see-device) for intraoperative measurement of the cerebral microcirculation. CO2 vasoreactivity during 2 different propofol concentrations was used to investigate changes of capillary venous cerebral blood flow (rvCBF), oxygen saturation (srvO2), and hemoglobin concentration (rvHb) during craniotomy. METHODS: ...

The coherence method (COH) has been widely used to study the concordance between continuously measured signals intervening in the assessment of cerebral autoregulation in neonates. Several research groups have applied this method to mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) combined with cerebral signals such as the intravascular oxygenation (HbD), cerebral tissue ...

A significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common finding in the first days of life and, if persistent, is associated with an increased morbidity and mortality in the preterm newborn. Our aim was to investigate, using near-infrared spectroscopy, the effect of indomethacin on the fractional tissue (cerebral) oxygen extraction ...

The most important forms of brain injury in premature infants are partly caused by disturbances in cerebral autoregulation. As changes in cerebral intravascular oxygenation (HbD), regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO(2)), and cerebral tissue oxygenation (TOI) reflect changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), impaired autoregulation can be measured by studying the ...

Central venous oxygen saturation and blood lactate are different indices of the adequacy of oxygen delivery to the oxygen needs. In pediatric cardiac surgery, lactate level and kinetics during and after cardiopulmonary bypass are associated with outcome variables. The aim of this study was to explore the hypothesis that the ...

BACKGROUND: Methemoglobin in the blood cannot be detected by conventional pulse oximetry, although it can bias the oximeter's estimate (Spo2) of the true arterial functional oxygen saturation (Sao2). A recently introduced "Pulse CO-Oximeter" (Masimo Rainbow SET(R) Radical-7 Pulse CO-Oximeter, Masimo Corp., Irvine, CA) is intended to additionally monitor noninvasively the ...

RATIONALE: The efficacy of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is limited by the phenomenon of recirculation, which is difficult to quantify. Existing measurement techniques using readily available equipment are unsatisfactory. OBJECTIVES: 1) To compare the accuracy of measurements of recirculation made using equations comparing blood oxygen content or saturation alone at ...

A portable diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) flowmeter has been extended to measure both tissue blood flow and oxygenation (namely, DCS flow oximeter). For validation purposes, calf muscle blood oxygenation during cuff inflation and deflation was measured concurrently using the DCS flow oximeter and a commercial tissue oximeter. The oxygenation traces ...

BACKGROUND: A variety of near-infrared spectroscopy devices can be used to make noninvasive measurements of cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (ScO2). The ScO2 measured by the NIRO 300 spectrometer (Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan) is called the cerebral tissue oxygenation index (TOI) and is an assessment of the balance between cerebral oxygen delivery ...

Recirculation (R), the shunting of arterial blood back into to the venous lumen, commonly occurs during veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) and renders the monitoring of the venous line oxygen saturation no longer reflective of patient mixed venous oxygen saturation (S(V)O(2)). Previously, we failed to prove the hypothesis that, once ...

The aim of this prospective, animal study was to compare brain tissue oxygen tension (PbtO(2)) with cerebral near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and mixed venous oxygen saturation (SVO(2)) during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) in a porcine model. This was accomplished using twelve immature piglets with surgically implanted catheters placed ...

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative routine monitoring of cerebral blood flow and oxygenation remains a technological challenge. Using the physiological principle of carbon dioxide reactivity of cerebral vasculature, we investigated a recently developed neuromonitoring device (oxygen-to-see, O2C device) for simultaneous measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rvCBF), blood flow velocity (rvVelo), oxygen saturation ...

We used a nonimpact inertial rotational model of a closed head injury in neonatal piglets to simulate the conditions following traumatic brain injury in infants. Diffuse optical techniques, including diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS), were used to measure cerebral blood oxygenation and blood flow continuously and noninvasively ...

Convective oxygen transport by microvessels depends on several parameters, including red blood cell flux and oxygen saturation. We demonstrate the use of intravital microscopy techniques to measure hemoglobin saturations, red blood cell fluxes and velocities, and microvessel cross-sectional areas in regions of microvascular networks containing multiple vessels. With these methods, ...

Central venous catheterisation is commonly performed during major surgery and intensive care, and it would be useful if central venous oxygen saturation could function as a surrogate for mixed venous oxygen saturation. We studied 50 patients undergoing living related liver transplantation. Blood samples were taken simultaneously from central venous and ...

The present study aimed to investigate changes in elasticity, blood volume, and oxygen saturation of tendon caused by repeat contractions of different durations. Eight male subjects performed endurance tests, which consisted of isometric plantar flexion with two different durations: a shorter contraction (SC) and a longer contraction (LC). During endurance ...

Allosteric regulation of nitrite reduction by deoxyhemoglobin has been proposed to mediate nitric oxide (NO) formation during hypoxia. Nitrite is predominantly an anion at physiological pH, raising questions about the mechanism by which it enters the red blood cell (RBC) and whether this is regulated and coupled to deoxyhemoglobin-mediated reduction. ...

Noninvasive methods of body fluid chemical measurement have been expanding. New technologies are enabling the quantification of different compounds in the blood and interstitial tissues. One example of this is the pulse oximeter, which has facilitated the measurement of oxyhemoglobin rapidly and reliably without the requirement of blood-draws. The Masimo ...

Pulse oximetry is an optical technique for the assessment of oxygen saturation in arterial blood and is based on the different light absorption spectra for oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin and on two-wavelength photoplethysmographic (PPG) measurement of arterial blood volume increase during systole. The technique requires experimental calibration for the determination ...

OBJECTIVE: Neonates were monitored with a cerebral oximeter before, during, and after cannulation for ECMO to determine the direct effects of ligation of the right internal jugular vein and right carotid artery on cerebral oxygenation. STUDY DESIGN: After obtaining informed consent, we used the FORE-SIGHT Cerebral Oximeter (CAS Medical Systems, ...

Mixed venous saturation of oxygen has for some time been used as a tool to assess the adequacy of systemic delivery of oxygen in intensive care. In the post-operative child with cardiac disease, it is increasingly being used to assess adequacy of cardiac output. In many of these patients, true ...

A new system for measuring the oxygen saturation of blood within tissue has been developed, for a variety of patient monitoring applications. A particular unmet need is in the central nervous system, and this project aims to devise a means for measuring blood oxygen saturation in the brain tissue of ...

Abstract Introduction: Neural based tests response have some limitations. In this years pulse oximetery have used to measure oxygen saturation of pulpal blood circulation. Due to thikness of dental pulp, it's blood oxygen saturatiuon may be lower than perpheral blood. This study have been compaired the difference of blood oxygen ...

BACKGROUND: Superior vena cava (SVC) flow assesses blood flow from the upper body, including the brain. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides information on brain perfusion and oxygenation. AIM: To assess the relationship between cerebral tissue oxygenation index (cTOI) and cardiac output measures in the very low birth weight (VLBW) infant ...

OBJECTIVE: Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass for correction of congenital heart disease in neonates and small infants is associated with considerable neurologic sequelae. We assessed the extent to which mixed venous oxygen saturation as a measure for adequacy of perfusion, reflects the oxygenation status of upper and lower body compartments. ...