BACKGROUND: An oxygen-transporting hemoglobin solution should be more effective than a nonhemoglobin solution for resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. A way to evaluate this effectiveness is to determine whether a hemoglobin solution can reverse the base deficit accumulated during hemorrhage at a faster rate than a nonhemoglobin solution. Using this criterion, ...

To determine the contribution of xanthine oxidase-mediated endothelial dysfunction to the blood flow deficits seen in the mesenteric circulation after resuscitated hemorrhagic shock, rats were prepared for intravital microscopic study then bled to 50% of baseline blood pressure for 60 min. Treatment animals received a 50 mg/kg bolus and a ...

OBJECTIVE: To compare recombinant hemoglobin solution (rHb1.1) with colloid/blood (CB) resuscitation in a hemorrhagic shock (HS) model based on oxygen debt (O2D). METHODS: Twenty-two anesthetized canines (weight 23.3 +/- 0.2 kg) were bled to an O2D of 99.9 +/- 2.1 mL/kg over 60 minutes (estimated lethal dose 31%), blood loss ...

We tested whether activation of K(ATP) channels contributes to vasodilatation and end-organ hypoperfusion in severe hemorrhagic shock (HS). Anesthetized juvenile pigs were hemorrhaged to a portal blood flow of 45% of baseline for 45 min and then resuscitated with Ringer lactate (RL; 100% volume of shed blood; n = 10) ...

Hypercoagulability is known to occur in the early phase of hemorrhagic shock. The prolongation of excessive clot formation after recovery from a shock state leads to the formation of microthrombi or disseminated intravascular coagulation which disturbs microcirculation, damaging organ function. The aim of the present study is to investigate the ...

Three illusory correlation experiments were conducted to determine whether a fear-relevant covariation bias (Tomarken, Mineka & Cook, 1989, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 381-394) could be demonstrated using different types of fear-relevant stimuli from the blood-injury phobia category. In each experiment, women high and low on blood-injury fear were presented ...

Efficacy of a cell-free o-raffinose cross-linked and oligomerized hemoglobin (Hemo-link) solution in restoring macro- and microcirculatory conditions after 2 h of hemorrhagic shock (40 mmHg) was compared with conventional treatment with autologous whole blood, Ringer lactate (RL), and Dextran 70. Studies were conducted in the dorsal skinfold microcirculation of conscious ...

Hemodilution has been shown to increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) and reduce lesion volume in models of occlusive cerebral ischemia, but it has not been evaluated in the setting of head trauma and shock in which ischemia is thought to play a role in the evolution of secondary injury. In ...

Using the pial window model, we have previously demonstrated that there is a disruption of the blood brain barrier with distal thermal injury [1-3]. Our laboratory has shown that treatment with Lactated Ringer's Solution did not improve labeled albumin leakage. However, treatment with hypertonic hyperosmotic saline (HHS) solution post thermal ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of low-dose dopamine on splanchnic blood flow and splanchnic oxygen uptake in patients with septic shock. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled trial. SETTING: University hospital intensive care unit. PATIENTS: 11 patients with septic shock, diagnosed according the criteria of the 1992 American College of Chest Physicians/Society of ...

Exacerbation of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation has been attributed to left atrial mechanical dysfunction induced by the procedure ("atrial stunning"). An in vitro model was devised to determine whether electrically induced changes in blood properties might contribute to SEC formation after cardioversion. Human ...

Diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb Baxter Healthcare Corp., Round Lake, IL, USA), a hemoglobin-based blood substitute has been found to be an effective resuscitative agent following hemorrhage in animals. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of DCLHb on microvascular perfusion in the brain and kidney following hemorrhage in ...

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) production following bacterial infection may play a physiological role in the host defense mechanism due to its antimicrobial activity. However, excess production of NO in severe infection such as sepsis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of septic shock. To determine whether a nitronyl nitroxide NO ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess global and splanchnic blood flow and oxygen transport in patients with sepsis with and without norepinephrine treatment. DESIGN: Prospective, clinical study. SETTING: University hospital intensive care unit. PATIENTS: A convenience sample of 15 septic shock patients treated with norepinephrine and 13 patients with severe sepsis who did ...

BACKGROUND: Multiple system organ failure (MOF) remains a major source of morbidity and mortality in trauma patients. Despite restoration of central hemodynamics, intestinal hypoperfusion can persist. Mucosal ischemia and barrier breakdown are factors in the genesis of MOF. Heparan sulfate is a gycosaminoglycan similar to heparin, but with minimal anticoagulant ...

OBJECTIVE: To study hemodynamic effects of growth hormone (GH) and its main mediator, insulin-like growth factor-1, in a model of critical illness. DESIGN: Randomized experiment in traumatized and septic piglets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hemodynamics and blood gases before and sustained volume loss during a controlled, fatal hemorrhage were recorded in ...

The aim of this study was to investigate the resuscitative effects of various intravenous solutions on intestinal mucosal damage and bacterial translocation due to haemorrhagic shock. Seventy Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetised and subjected to thirty minutes of haemorrhagic shock (systolic blood pressure 40 mmHg). Resuscitation was established with either autologous-blood, ...

Although matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors prevent the increase in soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha during endotoxemia, it remains unknown whether a novel matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, GM6001, improves cardiovascular and hepatocellular function after trauma and hemorrhage. To determine this, rats underwent laparotomy (i.e., trauma-induced), and were bled to and maintained at a mean ...

Resuscitation using small volumes (3-5 mL/kg) of 7.5% hypertonic saline (HTS) is effective for hemorrhagic shock. Whether HTS is beneficial for the initial resuscitation of burn injury is not clear. We compared the hemodynamic effects of HTS versus lactated Ringer's solution (LR) and examined organ tissue perfusion during burn resuscitation ...

The common underlying physiologic problem in shock is low flow from hypovolemia or maldistributed microcirculatory flow from uneven vasoconstriction, leading to inadequate tissue perfusion (hypoxia), often in the face of increased metabolic demands. Noninvasive monitoring which was found to provide similar information to that of invasive monitoring, was used in ...

OBJECTIVE: Of the animal models of human hemorrhagic shock, the volume-controlled hemorrhage model appears to come closer to the clinical situation than the commonly used pressure-controlled model, since the volume-controlled model allows regulatory adjustment of blood pressure. The effects of volume-controlled hemorrhage on local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) of conscious ...

1. The influence of ACTH-(1-24) on the blood levels of highly reactive free radicals in haemorrhagic shock was studied in rats. 2. Volume-controlled haemorrhagic shock was produced in adult rats under general anaesthesia (urethane, 1.25 g kg-1 intraperitoneally) by stepwise bleeding until mean arterial pressure stabilized at 20-23 mmHg. Rats ...

Hypothermia has been shown to decrease oxygen consumption requirements and improve survival during hemorrhagic shock. however, hypothermia applied therapeutically does not prevent the development of a lactic acidosis during hemorrhage. We re-examined the development of a hemorrhage-induced lactic acidosis and other metabolic parameters (glucose, plasma electrolytes, and arterial blood gases) ...

The purpose of the present study was to assess the ability of an improved free hemoglobin based blood substitute to serve as a resuscitative fluid in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock. Comparison studies were performed by using blood autotransfusion as a positive control. The hemodynamic parameters studied included cardiac index, ...

OBJECTIVE: The authors examine the hypothesis that hemorrhage/reperfusion injury predisposes the splanchnic bed to decreased prostacyclin (PGl2) release and blood flow after subsequent endotoxin challenge. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Prostacyclin is a potent vasodilator that has been demonstrated to be an important regulator of splanchnic blood flow. Previous studies have demonstrated ...

Since the beginning of this century, the development of hemoglobin based oxygen carriers has been propagated for replacement of the oxygen carrying properties of red blood cells. A breakthrough has been impeded by problems related to the hemoglobin molecule itself and the ingredients of the solution, resulting in nephrotoxic side ...

BACKGROUND: An excessive release of nitric oxide (NO) has been incriminated in the circulatory disturbances of septic shock. OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of an NO donor, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), an oxygen availability and regional blood flow during endotoxic shock to see if a beneficial effect of NO synthase inhibitors in ...

This study investigated mechanisms of the hemodynamic effects of oxygen in hemorrhagic shock induced by bleeding 30% of the total blood volume in anesthetized rats. An ultrasonic flowmeter was used to monitor regional blood flow. Changes in tissue perfusion were assessed by the laser-Doppler technique. The inhalation of 100% oxygen ...

This article discusses the oxygen consumption (VO2) and delivery (DO2) relationship as it pertains to animal models of sepsis and human sepsis syndrome and septic shock. Pathologic dependence of VO2 on DO2 is not present in resuscitated patients who have sepsis syndrome and septic shock. Defects in oxygen extraction and ...

OBJECTIVE: An overview of the importance of understanding mechanisms occurring in the microcirculation during septic and endotoxic shock. The thesis of the paper is to place emphasis on this important vascular network to ultimately benefit the patient. DATA SOURCES: Early descriptions of vascular reactions to endotoxin which suggest that the ...

To estimate microcirculation of the heart and kidney in pulsatile and nonpulsatile-assisted circulation, a comparison study was done using a swine model. Acute myocardial infarction was made by ligation of the left coronary artery branches. After cardiogenic shock, animals were divided into 3 groups as follows: Group C (n = ...

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that fluid resuscitation before surgical control of hemorrhage may lead to increased bleeding because of the elevated blood pressures and clotting factor dilution. This study was designed to assess the effects of isotonic saline solution resuscitation on blood coagulation during uncontrolled hemorrhage. METHODS: Twenty-four female ...

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hemodynamic effects and the oxygen transport pattern of autotransfusion of unprocessed blood on hemodynamics and oxygen transportation. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. SETTING: Research laboratory of a university medical center. SUBJECTS: Six healthy, domestic pigs (20 - 33 kg). INTERVENTIONS: A left thoracotomy was performed and a ...

Central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) has been shown to reflect tissue oxygen consumption in hemorrhagic shock. The purpose of this study was to test whether the "blood substitute" diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb, Baxter Healthcare, Round Lake, IL) might be more effective than lactated Ringer's solution (LR) at restoring tissue oxygenation, ...

It is believed that perioperative hemorrhage, in the hepatoportal area, results from a coagulopathy. This study determined if this could be quantitated by a modified recalcification time (MRT) test developed in our laboratory. Unlike prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin times (APTT), the MRT is performed with whole blood to ...

Hemorrhages in muscle tissue can be considered as major quality defects of broiler carcasses. They can be induced by stunning, especially electrical stunning. The underlying mechanism, however, is considered to be multifactorial. In this study, the effect of blood circulation disturbances on the severity of hemorrhages induced by electrical stunning ...

OBJECTIVE: To test the effects of three hemoglobin solutions on liver function and hepatic morphology after resuscitation from severe hemorrhagic shock. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Laboratory. SUBJECTS: Thirty-three beagle dogs. INTERVENTION: Hemorrhagic shock was induced in anesthetized dogs by removal of blood at a rate of 2 mL/kg/min until systolic ...

The relationship between systemic and microvascular Po2 in subcutaneous connective tissue and hemodynamics was investigated during 4-h hemorrhagic shock (40 mmHg) in conscious Syrian hamsters (n = 66) fitted with a dorsal skinfold window. Systemic blood gases, metabolic parameters, arteriolar, venular, and tissue Po2, microvascular red blood cell velocity, and ...

BACKGROUND: Despite successful initial resuscitation, septic shock frequently evolves into multiple system organ failure (MSOF) and death. Since blood lactate levels can reflect the degree of cellular derangements, we examined the relation between serial blood lactate levels and the development of MSOF, or mortality, in patients with septic shock. PATIENTS ...

We have previously shown that the volume of a focal brain injury influences cerebral blood flow. We hypothesized that the cerebral vasomotor tone after traumatic brain injury and shock is related to lesion volume and that the size of the lesion would affect vasomotor reactivity. Swine were randomized to receive ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two xanthine derivates, pentoxifylline (PTX) and its more metabolically stable analogue, albifylline (HWA 138), on hepatic sinusoidal perfusion and leukocyte endothelial interactions in the liver after hemorrhagic shock. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8 per group) were exposed to hemorrhagic ...

Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) particles of cylindrical and spherical shape were developed as a preparation for tumor treatment or control of hemorrhage by blocking their blood supply. In this report, PHEMA particles were used for the management of hemobilia, that is, bleeding into biliary passages. The origin of hemobilia in ...

The effects of small volume hypertonic/hyperoncotic fluid resuscitation from hemorrhage on brain metabolism and blood flow were evaluated by autoradiographic techniques with high spatial resolution. The data were compared to fluid resuscitation with a volume equal to shed blood of isotonic 6% hydroxyethyl starch solution (HES) and a control group ...

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of hypertonic saline for resuscitation after mild hemorrhagic hypotension combined with fluid-percussion traumatic brain injury. Specifically, the effects of hypertonic saline on intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow (radioactive microsphere method), cerebral oxygen delivery (cerebral oxygen delivery = cerebral blood flow x arterial oxygen content), and ...

Blood flow redistribution away from the gastrointestinal tract and kidney occurs during progressive hemorrhage and stress. However, the effects of remote increases in oxygen demand on a circulation with limited ability to respond have not been described. Thus, we observed the effect of remote increases in oxygen demand on splanchnic ...

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of volume replacement with recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA), which was developed to reduce the consumption of human blood derivatives, on maintaining hepatic energy metabolism. Hemorrhagic shock with a mean blood pressure of 50 mmHg was induced within 20 min ...

Using premedication with indomethacin and/or quercetin, the role of the eicosanoids as one of the main shock mediators has been demonstrated in anesthetized dogs using a model of postischemic shock. Hemodynamic disturbances were correlated with an increment in eicosanoids blood levels both in time and value courses. The results testify ...

Controversial studies have been published concerning the role of nitric oxide (NO) release (beneficial or deleterious) during sepsis. Severe hypotension has been treated by NO inhibitors in humans, but animal studies described an increased mortality rate with this treatment. We hypothesized that an NO donor might be beneficial in maintaining ...

The administration of blood or its components can provide the life-saving element for a critically ill small animal patient. Shock from acute massive hemorrhage produces catastrophic cardiovascular changes requiring rapid, accurate resuscitation techniques for survival. Bleeding that occurs more slowly allows for the opportunity to discover and treat the inciting ...

Continuous hemofiltration was first described as a new form of renal replacement for critically ill patients in the late 1970s. Since then, it has undergone remarkable technical and conceptual modifications and has become a widely used form of dialytic therapy in the ICU. More recent insights into the pathogenesis of ...