The fragile X mental retardation gene, FMR1, contains a polymorphic CGG repeat in the 5'-untranslated region of exon 1. Once unstable, this repeat is capable of expansion across generations. Women who carry a premutation allele (55-199 repeats) are at risk of passing on a full mutation allele (>200 repeats) to ...

Objective: To explore the possible relationship between six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs6311 and rs6305 of 5-HT2A, rs5443 of Gβ3, rs2230739 of ACDY9, rs1549870 of PDE1A and rs255163 of CREB1, which are all related with 5-HT2A the signal transduction pathway) and the response efficacy to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) ...

Severe mental illnesses have been linked to white matter abnormalities, documented by postmortem studies. However, cause and effect have remained difficult to distinguish. CNP (2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase) is among the oligodendrocyte/myelin-associated genes most robustly reduced on mRNA and protein level in brains of schizophrenic, bipolar or major depressive patients. This ...

Adenosine agonists produce behavioral effects similar to dopamine antagonists, hence increasing adenosine levels might improve symptoms of schizophrenia. This hypothesis is supported by three single-site studies indicating that allopurinol, which increases adenosine levels, improved symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. We performed a multi-center, 8-week RCT of allopurinol vs. placebo added ...

Since the advent of non-invasive methods such as proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been increasingly associated with an altered composition of neurometabolites and neurotransmitters in several brain areas. Particularly, Inositol has not only been implicated in OCD pathophysiology, but also shown effective in pilot studies in ...

The heritability of some individual depressive symptoms has been well established. However, the causal genes related to individual depressive symptoms and genetic effects on the courses of individual depressive symptoms are still unclear. We examined these issues in 241 Korean patients who met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for major depression. Patients ...

`The single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1344706 located in the ZNF804A zinc finger protein 804A gene is a well-established genome-wide significant variant for schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between this ZNF804A polymorphism and treatment response to atypical antipsychotic. Seventy-one first-episode inpatients with schizophrenia receiving olanzapine, aripiprazole, ...

Rilpivirine is an orally administered, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is a component drug in combination therapy for antiretroviral-naive patients with HIV-1 infection. The randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multinational ECHO and THRIVE trials in antiretroviral-naive adult patients with HIV-1 infection compared rilpivirine with efavirenz, administered with background nucleoside/nucleotide antiretroviral regimens. Rilpivirine ...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes significant morbidity and mortality and represents the fourth leading cause of death in the world. Roflumilast is the first oral phosphodiesterase inhibitor indicated to reduce the risk of COPD exacerbations in patients with severe COPD associated with chronic bronchitis and history of exacerbations. Roflumilast ...

In in vitro studies, the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine (PMPDAP) inhibited the replication of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). No information about its clinical efficacy is available so far. The aim of this prospective placebo-controlled, double-blinded study was to evaluate the antiviral efficacy of PMPDAP in cats naturally infected with FIV. ...

On a molecular level, depression is characterized by an altered monoaminergic neurotransmission as well as a modulation of cytokines and other mediators in the central nervous system. In particular, neurotrophic factors may influence affective behavior including depression and anxiety. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) plays an important role in the regulation ...

ObjectiveMajor depression is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, the exact mechanism by which depression may induce cardiovascular events is unclear. Endothelial dysfunction has been reported as a possible link between depression and subsequent cardiovascular events as described in depressed subjects. The purpose of this ...

Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating genetic neurodegenerative disorder. Major depressive disorder and more generally mood disorders are a major component of the symptoms during the pre-motor symptomatic stages of the disease. We report here that knock-in Hdh(Q111) mice, an animal model of HD, that carry an expanded polyglutamine stretch ...

Clinical evidence suggests that cortical excitability is increased in depressives. We investigated its cellular basis in a mouse model of depression. In a modified version of forced swimming (FS), mice were initially forced to swim for 5 consecutive days and then were treated daily with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) ...

RATIONALE: Selecting an effective treatment for patients with major depressive disorder is a perpetual problem for psychiatrists. It is of particular interest to explore the interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. OBJECTIVES: Mouse inbred strains vary in baseline performance in depression-related behaviour tests, which were originally validated as tests ...

Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. (Asteraceae), known as climbing hemp weed in English, is a herbaceous climbing vine grown as a weed throughout the plains of the Indian subcontinent. The present study evaluated some neuropharmacological properties of hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts from M. scandens (HAMS) in experimental animal models. HAMS ...

In the past, antidepressants have been thought to possess proconvulsant properties. This assumption remains controversial, however, because anticonvulsant effects have been attributed to certain antidepressants. To date, it remains unclear which antidepressants can be used for the treatment of patients with epilepsy with depression. The present study was designed to ...

Recent studies have shown that a higher consumption of green tea leads to a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in elderly individuals. However, no studies have explored the antidepressant-like effect of green tea in preclinical models of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidepressant-like effects and ...

Major depression is a chronic psychiatric illness that is highly prevalent and disabling. The available medications are ineffective for many patients suggesting that differents molecular pathways could be specifically altered in the unresponsive patients. Recently, the glutamatergic system has emerged as a target in the research on depression and acute ...

Research suggests that dysfunctional glutamatergic signalling may contribute to depression, a debilitating mood disorder affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Ketamine, a N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, exerts rapid antidepressant effects in approximately 70% of patients. Glutamate evokes the release of d-serine from astrocytes and neurons, which then acts as a co-agonist ...

There is increasing interest in the pathophysiology and neurochemistry of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in depression. Blood flow and metabolism are decreased in the PFC of patients with depression compared to controls. Changes in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are also associated with depression. This study was conducted to elucidate ...

Reports in humans advocate a link between hypoglycemia and altered mood. Such observations, however, have not been mechanistically explored. Here we examined depressive-like behaviors in mice resulting from acute hypoglycemia. Mice were fasted for 12 hours and then administered intraperitoneal insulin to induce a blood glucose nadir of 50 mg/dL ...

N-Cyclohexyl-3-methoxyquinoxalin-2-carboxamide (QCM-13), a novel 5-HT3 antagonist identified from a series of compounds with higher pA2 (7.6) and good log P (2.91) value was screened in rodent models of depression such as forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), interaction studies with standard anti-depressants and confirmatory studies such as reversal ...

RATIONALE: Early-life adverse events, like maternal deprivation (MD), have been associated with the later development of mood and anxiety disorders. Scarce data are available describing behavioural and endocrine alterations in maternally deprived (DEP) animals during the periadolescent period. We hypothesize that a single episode of MD early in life would ...

Substantial experimental evidence indicates a major role for the circadian system in mood disorders. Additionally, proinflammatory cytokines have been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of depression. However, the molecular elements determining the functional interplay between these two systems in depression have not been described as yet. Here we ...

P11 (S100A10) has been associated with the pathophysiology of depression both in human and rodent models. Different types of antidepressants have been shown to increase P11 levels in distinct brain regions and P11 gene therapy was recently proven effective in reversing depressive-like behaviours in mice. However, the molecular mechanisms that ...

Ulinastatin has previously been used as a drug for patients with acute inflammatory disorders. The goal of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of ulinastatin on myelin sheaths and oligodendrocytes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and to explore the possible underlying mechanism. Mice were divided into an ...

Linezolid, an oxazolidinone class derivative is a reversible and nonselective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO), predominantly for MAO-A type. MAO-A is a key enzyme regulating the catabolism of catecholamine neurotransmitters in the brain. It is well known that the catecholaminergic neuronal systems are associated with depression and inhibition of MAO-A ...

RATIONALE: Depression may be associated with altered plasticity of the nervous system. The importance of neurotrophic factor levels is strongly suggested, and the neuronal-related family is extensively studied with respect to glial-derived one. OBJECTIVES: Aimed to contribute to the study of nervous plasticity modulation as therapeutical target in mood disorders, ...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of submucous tramadol as adjuvant of mepivacaine with epinephrine in inferior alveolar nerve block. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial was conducted. Twenty healthy young volunteers were randomized into two treatment sequences using a series of random numbers. Sequence ...

The authors evaluated published evidence from controlled clinical trials regarding the efficacy of two local anesthetic solutions in providing successful pulpal anesthesia. The authors searched MEDLINE and Embase databases to identify peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials in which researchers directly compared articaine and lidocaine local anesthetic solutions in adult participants. They ...

Background: The Opioid-Related Symptom Distress Scale (ORSDS) is a 4-point scale that evaluates 3 symptom distress dimensions (frequency, severity, bothersomeness) for 12 symptoms. The symptom-specific ORSDS is the average of the 3 symptom distress dimensions. The composite ORSDS is the average of 12 symptom-specific scores. The ORSDS was validated for ...

Background: The Iowa Satisfaction with Anesthesia Scale (ISAS) is a questionnaire that measures patient satisfaction with monitored anesthesia care. Previous assessments of the reliability and validity of this tool have been conducted in 2 separate single-center studies. Recently, the questionnaire was used in a 24-center, 315-patient, placebo-controlled trial of dexmedetomidine. ...

Antiinflammatory drugs achieve their therapeutic actions at least in part by regulation of cytokine formation. A "cytokine hypothesis" of depression is supported by the observation that depressed individuals have elevated plasma levels of certain cytokines compared with healthy controls. Here we investigated a possible interaction between antidepressant agents and antiinflammatory ...

Altered Korean red ginseng has been used as a treatment for patients suffering from anxiety. We assessed whether red ginseng hydrolyzed by malted barley (HRG) and acetate-fermented red ginseng (ARG) would improve brain activity, by using forced swimming test (FST) in mice. The effect of the fluoxetine (a classical antidepressant), ...

Objective To compare the effects of metoclopramide infusion in emergency department (ED) patients complaining of nausea to determine the changes in its therapeutic effect and prevention of side effects such as akathisia and sedation. Methods A prospective, randomised, double blind trial, from 1 March 2007 to 1 May 2008 in ...

Antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia is associated with an array of adverse events, many of which are difficult for patients to tolerate and promote nonadherence to treatment. Serious adverse events include extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), hyperprolactinemia, weight gain leading to metabolic syndrome, sedation, cognitive deficits, and hypotension. Clinicians need to be aware ...

We compare the frequency of respiratory depression during emergency department procedural sedation with ketamine plus propofol versus propofol alone. Secondary outcomes are provider satisfaction, sedation quality, and total propofol dose. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, healthy children and adults undergoing procedural sedation were pretreated with intravenous fentanyl and then ...

Purpose: Several members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family have been shown to be dysregulated in individuals with major depression, and treatment with antidepressants has been reported to increase FGF-2 mRNA levels in the forebrain. Methods: We have used the tail suspension test (TST), and olfactory bulbectomy (OBX), and ...

Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in Huntington's disease (HD) patients. In the general population, women are more prone to develop depression and such susceptibility might be related to serotonergic dysregulation. There is yet to be a study of sexual dimorphism in the development and presentation of depression in ...

The gene FKBP5 codes for FKBP51, a co-chaperone protein of the Hsp90 complex that increases with age. Through its association with Hsp90, FKBP51 regulates the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FKBP5 gene associate with increased recurrence of depressive episodes, increased susceptibility to post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar ...

Sleep disturbances are common in depressed patients. Insomnia may predate the onset of major depression, increases the likelihood of a depressive relapse, and is associated with an impaired response to treatment. Benzodiazepine drugs may have inherent antidepressant effects; thus, these and other sedative-hypnotic drugs can be beneficial for treating insomnia ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Status epilepticus is one of the most common emergencies in neurology, and every third patient does not respond to adequate first-line treatment. Refractory status epilepticus may be associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and new treatment options are urgently required. This review critically discusses recently published data ...

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of midazolam and diphenhydramine for the prevention of metoclopramide-induced akathisia. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, and controlled trial aimed to investigate coadministered midazolam vs diphenhydramine in the prophylaxis of metoclopramide-induced akathisia. Patients 18 to 65 years of age who presented to the ...

Delusions of parasitosis (DOP) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by the fixed false belief that one is infested with parasites or other organisms. Historically, pimozide, a first-generation antipsychotic, has been the treatment of choice for DOP, although there is risk for serious adverse effects including extrapyramidal symptoms, QTc prolongation and ...

We assessed the effects of music therapy (MT) on behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPSD) in dementia associated with changes in physiological parameters, as heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). Twenty subjects were randomly assigned to MT treatment or standard care; all patients underwent neuropsychological assessment and ECG Holter ...

Depression is an important disease state that requires significant time and resources to manage properly. The presence of depression in patients with cardiovascular disease has been strongly associated with detrimental effects in terms of morbidity and mortality. Although several large-scale and small studies have evaluated various interventions in the management ...

To provide an overview of factors related to quality of life and symptoms of depression in heart failure patients and their partners. Furthermore, to give an overview of interventions that can be effective in improving their quality of life and decrease depressive symptoms. Quality of life of patients with heart ...

Heart failure (HF) patients frequently suffer from episodes of deterioration and may need medical treatment. An adequate reaction from the patient is needed to decrease the delay between the onset of deterioration and consulting a medical professional (i.e. consulting behaviour). The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether ...

Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) is a dose-limiting toxicity of capecitabine for which no effective preventative treatment has been definitively demonstrated. This trial was conducted on the basis of preliminary data that a urea/lactic acid-based topical keratolytic agent (ULABTKA) may prevent HFS. A randomized, double-blind phase III trial evaluated 137 patients receiving ...