The efficacy of chloroquine plus chlorpheniramine, a histamine H receptor antagonist, which reverses chloroquine 1 insensitivity in Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and in vivo , was evaluated in 30 pregnant women with recrudescent chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. All patients had at least one or more treatment failures with one or ...

Between 1991 and 1996, 372 pregnant women with uncomplicated, multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria, living on the western border of Thailand, were treated with either mefloquine (N = 194), quinine (N = 93) or both drugs (N = 85). Antimalarial treatment was generally well tolerated; the most common side-effects were dizziness ...

Falciparum malaria in pregnancy is a significant health problem in India. Pregnant women constitute an important high risk group for malaria infection which may cause abortion, still births, intra uterine growth retardation (IUGR), and pre-mature labour. Two hundred eighty-eight admitted female patients of falciparum malaria were included in the study ...

BACKGROUND: Topical sunscreens have been used for many years on exposed areas (i.e., hands, face) to protect the skin from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation. Most people do not use sunscreens on their bodies when they are wearing clothes. An average weight cotton T shirt gives only a sun ...

An artemisinin derivative (artesunate or artemether) was used for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 83 Karen pregnant women in Thailand; 55 women were treated for recrudescent infection following quinine or mefloquine, 12 for uncomplicated hyperparasitaemic episodes, and 16 had not declared their pregnancy when treated. The women ...

Rodents exhibit two well-documented behavioural lateralities: spatial preference and paw preference. Waters and Denenberg [36] have identified two seemingly independent factors of paw preference: medial and lateral paw preference. In the present work, the relations among spatial preference (SP), medial paw preference (MPP), and lateral paw preference (LPP) during states ...

All pregnancy-related maternal deaths that occurred at the central hospital of Maputo during the 5 years between 1989 and 1993 were reviewed. The 239 maternal deaths recorded represented a maternal mortality ratio of 320/100,000 live births. Overall, 15.5% of the deaths were directly attributable to malaria, and 19.7% of the ...

The prevalence of infection with malarial parasites and the incidence of anaemia and delivery of infants with low birthweight (LBW) were investigated in 575 Malawian mothers who received one, two or three doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) during pregnancy. All the subjects were enrolled at their first antenatal visit and all ...

Malaria during pregnancy continues to be a major health problem in endemic countries, with clinical consequences, including death, for both mother and child. Just as cerebral malaria results from parasite sequestration in the brain, maternal malaria results from parasite sequestration in the placenta, and a distinct subpopulation of parasites which ...

Two controlled trials of chloroquine prophylaxis during pregnancy were performed, one in Burkina Faso in 1987, on all pregnant women, and the other in Cameroon in 1992, on primigravidae only. Maternal haematocrit at delivery was found to be significantly higher in those women who had received chloroquine than in those ...

27Al and 29Si Magic-Angle Spinning NMR results are reported for conventionally prepared glass of cordierite stoichiometry (2MgO.2Al2O3.5SiO2), the metastable high-quartz solid solution (mu-cordierite) and the high-temperature polymorph of cordierite (alpha-cordierite). Both, 27Al two-dimensional (2D) quadrupole nutation experiments and 27Al satellite transition spectroscopy (SATRAS) have been applied to identify two different ...

We studied 7300 singleton births in the highlands and 4881 in coastal Papua New Guinea in order to examine the separate contribution of anaemia or malaria to low birthweight. The highland sample was selected from a non-malarious area (Goroka) and the coastal sample from an area with perennial malaria transmission ...

Placental malaria is recognized as a common complication of malaria in pregnancy in areas of stable transmission, and is particularly frequent and severe in primigravidae. Many hypotheses, based on a systemic or local failure of the immunological response to malaria, have been proposed to explain the 'preference' of the parasites ...

Parasitic diseases are closely related to the lack of sanitation (unavailability of potable water, inadequate disposal of human waste, lack of latrines) or the absence of personal hygiene. They are also closely linked to warm and humid climates, and are therefore considered tropical diseases. This chapter addresses chronic hookworm parasitosis ...

OBJECTIVES: This study examined vehicle rollovers in terms of site-specific exposure and speeds of vehicles of varying stability. METHODS: Fifty-one rollover sites in two states were visited at the same time of day and day of week as the rollover. A sample of vehicles moving in the same direction as ...

The purpose of this study was to identify the origin of Triatoma infestans reinfestation and study its dynamics following spraying with deltamethrin inside and around 94 houses in three rural communities in northwestern Argentina. The effectiveness of the spraying was evaluated immediately after the houses were sprayed and two months ...

The impact of malaria on low birthweight was investigated in Bougoula village (Sikasso region, Mali). In two successive years, pregnant women were followed until delivery. Phase I (1992) was observational, with 135 complete observations. Phase II (1993) included 126 participants, who were offered malaria prophylaxis with proguanil (200 mg/day) and ...

The importance of malaria as a cause of anemia in pregnancy in endemic areas remains controversial. The prevalence of anemia in pregnant women following the dry (May) and the rainy (November) seasons was compared in two successive years in Bougoula village (region of Sikasso, Mali). Phase I (1992) was observational ...

This article reviews the parasitology of malaria, epidemiology in pregnancy, pathogenesis of increased susceptibility to infection in pregnancy, the effect of pregnancy on the clinical manifestations of malaria, the effect of malaria on perinatal outcomes, the safety of antimalarial agents during pregnancy, the role of chemoprophylaxis for inhabitants and travelers ...

Mechanisms responsible for the increase in malaria susceptibility during pregnancy, and in particular during the first pregnancy, have not been elucidated. T and B cell responses to leucoagglutinin, bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and to six Plasmodium falciparum antigens were longitudinally investigated in 33 pregnant women during their first pregnancy, after delivery, ...

The interaction between pregnancy and malaria attacks was investigated from 1990 to 1994 among women in the village of Dielmo, a holoendemic area in Senegal where malaria transmission is intense and perennial. Clinical and parasitological data collected during the daily follow-up of 48 pregnancies among 31 women were compared with ...

STUDY DESIGN: A biomechanical study was conducted using cadaver spines to determine the influence of supplemental offset laminar hooks on pedicle screw bending moments and migration during in situ contouring of short-segment pedicle instrumentation. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of offset laminar hooks on short-segment pedicle instrumentation constructs during in ...

Travel is not generally contraindicated during pregnancy, but there are some risks. The pregnant traveler needs a careful predeparture evaluation, and her itinerary should not take her far from available medical and obstetric care. The pregnant traveler must avoid diseases (such as malaria and hepatitis E) that can have devastating ...

Five women affected by androgenetic alopecia developed severe hypertrichosis of the face and limbs after 2-3 months of treatment with 5% topical minoxidil. Minoxidil was discontinued and in all patients the hypertrichosis disappeared from the face and arms after 1-3 months, and from legs after 4-5 months. Systemic absorption of ...

OBJECTIVE: Routine malaria prophylaxis with chloroquine (CQ) is recommended to pregnant semi-immune women in several countries in Africa. The dosage is empirically based. We investigated whether blood CQ concentrations and apparent oral blood clearance (CL/F) change during the course of pregnancy. We also studied whether malaria parasites could be detected ...

This review summarizes the epidemiology, clinical course, and diagnosis of malaria. The influence of infection during pregnancy upon maternal and neonatal anemia, stillbirth, preterm labor, low birth weight, and congenital malaria is discussed. Options for treatment and prophylaxis during pregnancy are presented.

Poor quality medical care in some countries is an important concern, because of a lack of sterile equipment and lack of screening of blood products The safest time for travel is 18-24 weeks--after the risk of miscarriage and unpleasant nausea, but before problems such as premature labour Women with a ...

We report a case of congenital malaria in a 2-month-old baby girl, born in Singapore of a Singaporean mother, who presented with fever for one week, gross hepatosplenomegaly and anaemia (haemoglobin 5.6 g/dL) and thrombocytopenia. Peripheral blood films showed Plasmodium vivax. There was no local transmission at that time, but ...

Hospital case-control and community follow-up studies were conducted to compare the results of laboratory confirmed malaria against the reliability of maternal reported malaria at time of delivery. The studies were carried out in Sudan in Gezira area where malaria is stable and in Sennar area where malaria is unstable. In ...

Large amounts of the powerful pesticide sodium pentachlorophenol (Na-PCP) salt have been sprayed over vast areas in central China to control schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease of epidemic proportions. Approximately 6000 tons of Na-PCP are produced in China annually. Dioxins, a class of toxic, persistent compounds, are found as impurities in ...

Kerosene lamps containing one per cent neem oil were used for mosquito repellent action in a village near Delhi. The safety aspects of this personal protection method developed by Malaria Research Centre were evaluated by animal studies and clinical examination of population before and after exposure. Single application of neem ...

The vertical-climbing account of the evolution of locomotor behavior and morphology in hominid ancestry is reexamined in light of recent behavioral, anatomical, and paleontological findings and a more firmly established phylogeny for the living apes. The behavioral record shows that African apes, when arboreal, are good vertical climbers, and that ...

We evaluated the antimalarial effects of vinyl sulfone cysteine proteinase inhibitors. A number of vinyl sulfones strongly inhibited falcipain, a Plasmodium falciparum cysteine proteinase that is a critical hemoglobinase. In studies of cultured parasites, nanomolar concentrations of three vinyl sulfones inhibited parasite hemoglobin degradation, metabolic activity, and development. The antimalarial ...

Women are particularly susceptible to malaria during first and second pregnancies, even though they may have developed immunity over years of residence in endemic areas. Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (IRBCs) were obtained from human placentas. These IRBCs bound to purified chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) but not to other extracellular ...

Diphospho-myo-inositol phosphates (PP-InsP5 and bis-PP-InsP4) were isolated from Dictyostelium in order to clarify the precise positional isomerism by two-dimensional 1H/31P-NMR analysis. The diphosphorylated inositol phosphates are 4-PP-Ins(1,2,3,5,6)P5 and 4,5-bis-PP-Ins(1,2,3,6)P4 or their corresponding enantiomers. The vicinal arrangement of the diphospho groups with its steric and electrostatic constraints possibly qualifies bis-PP-InsP4 as ...

The concentrations of organochlorines (PCBs, pesticides) and herbicides (triazines, phenylureas) were determined in the atmosphere. The total fallout in the Paris area in 1992 and in 1993 was measured. Fallout was investigated at two stations, urban and rural and the gaseous phase was studied at the rural one. PCB concentrations ...

In a study of vowel height perception using front vowels, Hoemeke and Diehl [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96, 661-674 (1994)] found that F1 - F0 distance was the best predictor of perceived vowel height for the phonological distinction [+/- high], while for two other vowel height distinctions F1 alone was ...

With the knowledge that an efficacious antimalarial administered to pregnant women would markedly reduce placental malaria and its associated risk of low birth weight (LBW), investigations were conducted to identify an antimalarial regimen practical for nationwide implementation through the antenatal clinic (ANC) system. Maternal practices, including ANC utilization and malaria ...

While there is broad evidence for the adverse effects of Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnancy, and the World Health Organization recommends preventive strategies, there is markedly reduced efficacy in sub-Saharan Africa of the most widely available, affordable and used antimalarial drug for chemoprophylaxis-chloroquine (CQ). During 1987-1990, we studied pregnant women ...

The control of malaria in pregnant African women, one of several child survival strategies applied through antenatal care, has been particularly challenging. Prevention and control recommendations for typical areas of high Plasmodium falciparum transmission have promoted the use of antimalarial chemoprophylaxis to prevent placental infection. Persistently low program coverage coupled ...

A search using the Very Large Array was performed for 1720-megahertz OH maser line emission from a number of nonthermal radio continuum sources in the galactic center region. The 1720-megahertz transition has recently been noted for its potential as a tracer of shock activity. The most striking result was the ...

There is some evidence to suggest that the use of speed cameras to enforce speed limits can lead to a decrease in both speed violations and road accidents. The precise effects of such measures, however, are unclear. This paper describes an initial survey of driver attitudes and behaviour conducted following ...

2D 15N-1H correlation spectra are ideal for measuring backbone amide populations to determine amide exchange protection factors in studies of protein folding or other structural features. Most protein NMR spectroscopists use HSQC, which has been shown to be generally superior to HMQC in both resolution and sensitivity. The refocused HSQC ...

More than 2000 million people live in areas where malaria transmission occurs and are therefore at risk of being infected. It follows that 1000 million people are exposed to the risks of malaria when pregnant. Although the special features of malaria during pregnancy have been recognized for nearly a century(1), ...

Immune responses of 97 Gambian women and their neonates were studied. New methods distinguished between active and previous placental malaria, were used to examine relationships between maternal malaria and neonatal immune responses. Many placentas (61%) had active or previous malarial infection. Maternal and cord malarial IgG levels correlated (P < ...

To define an effective and deliverable antimalarial regimen for use during pregnancy, pregnant women at highest risk of malaria (those in their first or second pregnancy) in an area of Malawi with high transmission of chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium falciparum were placed on CQ and/or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP). Of 38 pregnant women ...

The harmful effects of malaria are most pronounced during first pregnancies and chemoprophylaxis is most effective when given at this time. However, restriction of chemoprophylaxis to first pregnancies might lead to enhanced susceptibility to malaria during second pregnancies. We have investigated this possibility by studying the outcome of second pregnancies ...

In 1-week-old domestic chicks, the connectivity of the lobus parolfactorius (LPO), part of the avian basal ganglia, was investigated using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and horseradish peroxidase for anterograde and retrograde pathway tracing, respectively. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry was applied in combination with Phaseolus lectin to assess the overlap between LPO efferents ...

Extensive research on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and control of malaria during pregnancy has led to new developments and some controversies. Meanwhile, malaria remains a major environmental factor causing serious pregnancy complications, whose incidence and severity depend on gestational age, parity, and the level of malaria endemicity. There is no cohesive ...

The limitation of aerobic exercise capacity of athletes with the sickle cell trait (SCT), under conditions of limited oxygen availability, is still controversial. To study this, we took advantage of an unique setting, the International Mount Cameroon Ascent Race, a 34.1-km race over difficult terrain, slopes ranging from 7 to ...