OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate rates of maternal toxicity, pregnancy complications, and peripartum morbidity by type and duration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: The Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) Protocol 316 (PACTG 316) study evaluated the addition of intrapartum/neonatal nevirapine to background ...

The physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy make it difficult to predict antiretroviral pharmacokinetics (PKs), but few data exist on the PKs of protease inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnant women. The objective of the present study was to determine the PKs of ritonavir (RTV)-enhanced saquinavir (SQV) in HIV-infected ...

Mechanism of maternal retroviral transmission remains an unsolved problem. The current investigation is a part of our ongoing research on vertical transmission of MoMuLV-TB ts1 in BALB/c mice. A total of 270 adult mice and 165 fetuses were used. Forty-four experimental mice were injected with 0.1 mL of 4.0 x ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of early onset Group B streptococcal (GBS) infection in neonates at the Mount Hope Women's Hospital, Trinidad over the period 1996-97. DESIGN AND METHODS: This retrospective study included all babies with a positive blood culture for GBS during the study period. RESULTS: There were 9866 ...

Profound modifications in the profile of patients are currently being observed within the epidemic context of AIDS, especially with respect to pauperization and feminization of the disease. The population most frequently affected is in the reproductive age, and among adults aged 18 to 24 years, the ratio is 1 man ...

Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis during pregnancy is a relatively rare phenomenon with no clear management guidelines. We describe 4 cases of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis during pregnancy and review the literature. The diagnosis in all cases was based on clinical manifestations and serology and culture findings. Two of the women received intravenous ...

Antiretroviral treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women is widely used to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission and as primary therapy of maternal HIV infection. The physiological changes associated with pregnancy have a large impact on drug disposition, and changes in antiretroviral pharmacokinetics during pregnancy must be understood for these drugs to be ...

BACKGROUND: The incidence of chlorioamnionitis occurs in between 8 to 12 women for every 1000 live births and 96% of the cases of chlorioamnionitis are due to ascending infection. Following spontaneous vaginal delivery, 1% to 4% of women develop postpartum endometritis. The incidence of neonatal sepsis is 0.5% to 1% ...

An excess of winter-spring births (and/or a decrease of summer births) has consistently been observed in schizophrenia (SCZ). This observation may provide a significant clue about the causes of the disease if specific factors which cause the phenomenon can be determined. This paper reviews several studies which investigated factors correlated ...

OBJECTIVE: To study the outcome of IgG- and IgM-seropositive cases of varicella zoster virus (VZV) in pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: The VZV immune status of 120 pregnant women who had been exposed to VZV and did not recall a history of VZV infection was determined, and 109 were VZV immune. Eleven ...

Three goats from a group of five caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV.1) seronegative pregnant goats were inoculated intranasally with a virulent BA.1 strain of CpHV.1. Goat n.1 was infected on day 45 of pregnancy, goat n.2 on day 92 and goat n.3 on day 127. Each of the three goats produced ...

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study birth outcomes in perinatally HIV infected adolescents and young adults. METHOD: Between January 1997 and January 2001, 30 asymptomatic perinatally HIV-infected primigravid pregnancies (Group A, study group) were identified amongst perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and young adults. They were attending the high-risk antenatal clinic at ...

BACKGROUND: Transplacental intrauterine infection with herpes simplex virus is an extremely rare complication of primary herpes simplex in pregnancy. Overwhelming fetal sepsis might result in multiorgan failure, including fetal brain death. CASE: A 34-year-old multigravida presented with a healing ulcerative genital rash at 16 weeks' gestation. She subsequently reported at ...

A 26 year old pregnant woman with antithrombin III deficiency developed recurrent septicaemia with Serratia marcescens. In spite of the administration of antibiotics, high grade fever persisted. She subsequently manifested lower abdominal pain, and spontaneous abortion occurred. After the abortion, she became completely afebrile. The amnion was turbid, and microscopic ...

I have a patient who contracted varicella at 26 weeks' gestation. She is very concerned and would consider termination if it were earlier in the pregnancy. What are the current predictions of risk for her fetus? Based on review of all available studies, we could not detect a single case ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of Helicobacter pylori infection with dyspeptic symptoms in early and late pregnancy. Infection with H pylori and pregnancy outcome were also assessed. METHODS: H pylori seropositivity was determined in 416 antenatal patients at 10 to 14 weeks' gestation. Dyspeptic symptoms were recorded at 10 to ...

Both vaccinated and unvaccinated women during pregnancy who contract variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, suffer much higher mortality rates than nonpregnants. Furthermore, acute maternal smallpox leads to spontaneous abortion, premature termination of pregnancy and early postnatal infant mortality. The mechanisms governing the abortifacient activity of smallpox, as well ...

Congenital toxoplasmosis is a rare, but potentially serious, problem during pregnancy. Toxoplasmosis is caused by a protozoal parasite that can be found in warm-blooded animals (including humans); dried cat feces, contaminated soil, or contaminated water; and raw or undercooked meat containing infective tissue cysts. Although cats play a role in ...

We develop a new statistical method to analyze multiply matched cohort studies with two different comparison groups. We employ a linear-logistic model to describe the underlying log-odds ratios and use a conditional likelihood approach to conduct inference. Under the assumption of homogeneous log-odds ratios, we provide methods to construct both ...

The use of any medication in pregnant women requires careful consideration of benefit to the mother versus risk posed to the fetus. Fungal infections are not uncommon in pregnant women; in fact, the incidence of certain infections such as Candida vaginitis is increased in this patient population. A variety of ...

A cohort of 297 HIV-infected pregnant women was followed from January 1996 to December 2001. The overall transmission rate was 3.57% and remained constant over time. Low birth-weight was independently associated with a higher risk of vertical transmission (P=0.0072), whereas a longer duration of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy was independently ...

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of viral intrauterine infection and fetal damage largely attributable to maternal primary infection. Most cases of congenital CMV infection in twins reported in the literature involved only 1 twin. We assessed the validity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR on ...

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine the effect of pregnancy on progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. STUDY DESIGN: We compared the immunologic, clinical, and virologic courses of 953 women who had no additional pregnancy after their index pregnancy, with the courses of 329 women who had a ...

Inactivated influenza vaccine is recommended for routine use in high-risk individuals in the United States, including women who will be in the second or third trimesters of pregnancy. The basis for this recommendation is the high risk of exposure and disease due to influenza viruses in pregnant women, as well ...

Helicobacter cetorum sp. nov. has been cultured from the stomach of Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and the feces of Pacific white-sided (L. obliquidens) and Atlantic bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) dolphins and a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). H. cetorum has high homology to Helicobacter pylori as shown by 16S rRNA sequencing, ...

Prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis relies on the PCR test on amniotic fluid and ultrasound follow-up of the fetus. We report two cases of toxoplasma infection during the first trimester of gestation with a discrepant diagnosis of fetal infection. PCR performed more than four weeks after the estimated date of ...

In the developing world, young women, pregnant women, and their infants and children frequently experience a cycle where undernutrition (macronutrient and micronutrient) and repeated infection, including parasitic infections, lead to adverse consequences that can continue from one generation to the next. Among parasitic infections, malaria and intestinal helminths coexist widely ...

The study aimed to determine the incidence of congenital infection by Toxoplasma gondii and to describe neonatal and maternal characteristics regarding newborn infants treated at a teaching hospital in the town of Passo Fundo, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Cord blood samples collected from 1,250 live newborns were ...

Only partially understood host defense mechanisms operate against infections affecting maternal and fetal morbidity. Subclinical ascending infections through the lower female genital tract are predominant worldwide. Important micronutrient deficiencies may prevail in low-income countries where these infections are much more common than in high-income countries. Important morbidities related to poor ...

Maternal infection during pregnancy is associated with increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline was administered to rats to model maternal infection, and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in maternal plasma, placenta, amniotic fluid, fetal liver/spleen, fetal brain, and cerebral cortex after ...

Listeria monocytogenes has been recognized as a significant pathogen, occurring worldwide, capable of causing animal and human infections. In its most severe form, listeriosis is an invasive disease that affects immunocompromised patients. Additionally, pregnant women represent a high-risk group for L. monocytogenes infection. Abortion, stillbirth or severe neonatal infection can ...

Listeria monocytogenes, isolated from outbreaks in either human or nonhuman primate populations, was administered orally at doses ranging from 10(6) to 10(10) CFU. Four of 10 treated animals delivered stillborn infants. L. monocytogenes was isolated from fetal tissue, and the pathology was consistent with L. monocytogenes infection as the cause ...

A woman at 23 weeks' gestation was treated with rifampin, isoniazid, and ethambutol for cavitary tuberculosis (TB). She did not respond within 3 weeks, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB was suspected. Direct plating on susceptibility media was performed immediately. Treatment was initiated with IV capreomycin, levofloxacin, para-aminosalicylic acid, pyrazinamide, cycloserine, and ...

Cerebral palsy rates of 2 in every 1,000 births have varied little over the last 40 years, despite improvements in obstetric care. In the past, cerebral palsy was thought to be due to poor obstetric care and management; however, epidemiological studies have refuted this, suggesting that there is usually an ...

Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in the United States in the mid-1990s, the life expectancy of U.S. children who were infected perinatally with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has increased substantially. As a result, the number of perinatally HIV-infected females in the United States who are becoming ...

Little is known about how pregnancy influences viremia levels in women with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. In this study, we first retrospectively analysed changes in HBV DNA levels during and after 55 pregnancies in HBsAg-positive women, of whom 9 were HBeAg-positive. Secondly, HBV DNA levels in 3 HBeAg-positive mothers ...

The fetal consequences of chickenpox complicating pregnancy depends on the period of gestation at which the infection is contracted. The extremely rare classical form of congenital varicella syndrome, resulting from maternal varicella infection in the first trimester of pregnancy, is being reported here. The unusual features in this baby are ...

A simple waveguide irradiation chamber at 2.45 GHz. was locally constructed for controlled laboratory experiments to assess the potentiality of using microwave heating for irradiation of weevils (RPW) inside healthy and infected palm tree trunks. The chamber consists of an aluminum rectangular waveguide with one of its broad sides removed ...

The value of ELISA, N-PCR and RT-PCR in clinical practice for pregnant women with HCMV infection was investigated. 5581 pregnant women were screened by ELISA. Among them, 100 cases were positive for IgM (group 1), 69 for both IgM and serous DNA (group 2) and 69 for both IgM and ...

Ninety-three pregnant women with Toxoplasma gondii seroconversion during pregnancy underwent prenatal diagnosis of fetal toxoplasmosis. The following tests were used: (1). amniocentesis for mouse inoculation (93 subjects), (2). amplification of T. gondii DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (79 subjects), and (3). cordocentesis for the detection of T. gondii-specific IgM ...

Patients who have vasculitis in pregnancy generally have a grim prognosis. Vasculitis occurring during pregnancy may have a more aggressive course and require more aggressive treatment than vasculitis occurring at other times. A 29-year-old woman who presented in the 16th week of her third intrauterine pregnancy was diagnosed as having ...

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the relation between the time of parvovirus B19 (B19) infection in pregnancy and fetal outcome, including the viral persistence in the fetus. METHODS: Among 57 pairs showing serologic and/or virologic evidence of maternal and fetal B19 infection between 1986 and 1999 in Japan, 13 maternal-fetal pairs with ...

These recommendations update the February 4,2002, guidelines developed by the Public Health Service for the use of zidovudine (ZDV) to reduce the risk for perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission. This report provides healthcare providers with information for discussion with HIV-1-infected pregnant women to enable such women to ...

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the practical use of the anticytomegalovirus IgG avidity and its impact on the follow-up of pregnancy. To evaluate the performance of IgG avidity to exclude the risk of congenital infection. METHODS: 409 IgM-positive women without a documented seroconversion were prospectively followed. Data concerning the follow-up of the ...

At the International AIDS Society-USA course in Denver in May 2002, Judith S. Currier, MD, discussed issues in the management of HIV-infected women, focusing primarily on those related to pregnancy. She used 2 case presentations to illustrate questions concerning sex differences in viral load and CD4+ cell counts, appropriate antiretroviral ...

BACKGROUND: Although Listeria monocytogenes is widely distributed in nature, it rarely causes clinical infection in previously healthy people. This microorganism, however, may cause severe invasive disease in pregnant women and newborns. OBJECTIVES: To investigate--in our pregnant population--the impact, severity and outcome of listeriosis on both mother and fetus. METHOD: The ...

Human parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy can result in fetal hydrops and death. Intra-uterine transfusion in hydropic fetuses affected by the virus can reduce perinatal deaths. Up to 33% of women with this infection are asymptomatic. In view of the significant adverse outcomes, the role of routine screening among low-risk ...

OBJECTIVES: To analyze risk factors for pregnancy outcome among HIV-infected women before and after introduction of AZT prophylaxis in 1994. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, two-center observational study conducted from 1 January 1985 to 31 December 1997. PATIENTS: Pregnant HIV-infected women followed in one of the obstetrics units during the study ...

OBJECTIVE: To review the etiology of impaired fetal neurodevelopment - in particular, the relationship between chorioamnionitis, cytokines, and cerebral palsy. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search was performed for all clinical and basic science studies published in the English literature from 1966 to 2002. Key words or phrases used were chorioamnionitis, ...

This study investigated the relationship between reported perinatal complications and autism. The biological mothers of 183 autistic children and 209 normals completed the Maternal Perinatal Scale (MPS), a maternal self-report that surveys complications of pregnancies and medical conditions of the mother. Previous research in this area has been limited, with ...