OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the length of perineal body, the anal position index, the total fourchette-coccyx distance and the anal-coccyx length and female urodynamic stress urinary incontinence (USUI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 57 women with USUI (group A) and 45 ...

BACKGROUND: The appropriateness of an individual's intra uterine growth is now considered an important determinant of both short and long term outcomes, yet currently used measures have several shortcomings. This study demonstrates a method of assessing appropriateness of intrauterine growth based on the estimation of each individual's optimal newborn dimensions ...

OBJECTIVE: To construct an ultrasonographic nomogram of the fetal gastric size with gestational age in normal singleton pregnancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Out of 17 000 outpatient pregnant women who were admitted to our hospital, a total of 250 fetal measurements were randomly collected from routine ultrasonographic examinations performed in women ...

OBJECTIVE: To establish fetal ultrasound biometry charts for Arabian fetuses between 14 and 40 weeks of gestation. METHOD: Cross-sectional fetal ultrasound data of normal singleton pregnancies, which had been performed over a period of 7 years, were retrieved. Only pregnant Arab women with certain last menstrual period dates and/or early ...

Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) is the most commonly used illicit drug by pregnant women, but information is limited about the effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on fetal development. The present study evaluated the influence of early maternal marijuana use on fetal growth. Women electing voluntary saline-induced abortions were recruited at a ...

OBJECTIVE: Among the fetal skin disorders, harlequin ichthyosis is the one that has specific sonographic features in the antenatal period. A few cases of antenatal diagnosis of harlequin ichthyosis with typical facial features of ectropion and eclabium have been described. The manifestation of the phenotype is usually in the third ...

The purpose of this paper was to construct population-specific charts of fetal biometry for 11-41 weeks gestation in relation to known gestational age from a large population of normal Australian pregnancies when examination is performed to a standard protocol by experienced operators. All consenting eligible women attending a large Brisbane ...

Swine uterine capacity affects litter size, and it could be used as a selection parameter of reproductive performance. Although there are some controversial results, evidences show that the catheter penetration length is positively correlated with litter size, and it could be used as a tool for predicting selection methods. The ...

We ultrasonographically evaluated the prenatal development in cats, from Day 30 to the end of pregnancy, subjecting a group of pregnant cats (n = 8) to daily ultrasonographic examinations. The ultrasonographic images allowed us to measure the diameter of the fetal abdomen, the biparietal diameter of the fetal skull and ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of prenatal myelomeningocele repair on fetal head biometry. METHODS: Fifty fetuses underwent open fetal myelomeningocele repair at our institution between January 1998 and July 2002. All had serial head circumference (HC) and lateral ventricular diameter (VD) measurements taken preoperatively and weekly for 8 weeks after ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the intra- and interobserver reproducibility of ultrasound measurements of fetal biometric parameters. METHODS: We assessed the intraobserver and the interobserver agreement in measurements of fetal biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal circumference (AC), head circumference (HC) and femur length (FL) on 122 singleton pregnancies. Patients were each examined twice ...

BACKGROUND: Various growth factors promote collateral vessel development and are regarded as promising for the treatment of vascular occlusive diseases. However, an efficacious delivery system for them has yet to be established. We devised a strategy to augment functional collateral vessels by using acidic gelatin hydrogel microspheres (AGHMs) incorporating basic ...

In the prospective study, 48 females in normal pregnancy were evaluated to determine if the presence of disturbances of maternal bone and mineral status is related to fetal and newborn growth. The aim of the study was to estimate mean and individual changes in maternal skeletal and laboratory variables during ...

BACKGROUND: Ultrasonographic volumetry measurements of human fetus have become possible using three-dimensional ultrasound systems. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the weekly increase of fetal volume during the first trimester of normal pregnancies compared to the crown rump length and creating a first trimester fetal volume nomogram. METHODS: Crown rump length and three-dimensional ...

OBJECTIVE: To develop normative data for nasal bone length between 11 and 20 weeks' gestation and to assess the utility of nasal bone hypoplasia in the detection of fetal aneuploidy in the second trimester. METHODS: Well-dated, nonanomalous fetuses were examined between 11 and 20.9 weeks' gestation. The nasal bone was ...

OBJECTIVES: To examine the ultrasonographic feasibility of imaging the fetal pons and to construct a reference chart for its normal development during gestation. METHODS: A cross-sectional, prospective study on 293 healthy fetuses of low-risk pregnancies between 19 and 34 weeks was performed. The transfontanel approach, via the abdominal or vaginal ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical significance of first trimester crown-rump disparity in dichorionic twin gestations. STUDY DESIGN: Ultrasound examinations of dichorionic twin pregnancies between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation were evaluated for growth discordance using crown-rump length. Medical records were reviewed for antenatal ...

BACKGROUND: Indigenous Fijians and the descendants of Asian Indians constitute the two major ethnic groups in Fiji. There are differences between the two groups in perinatal outcomes. AIMS: To study fetal growth patterns in the two ethnic groups and to ascertain the influence, if any, of ethnicity on fetal growth. ...

OBJECTIVES: To determine thresholds for the fetal renal pelvic anterior-posterior diameter (APD) predicting postnatal clinically relevant pelvicaliceal dilatation. METHODS: One hundred and forty-eight infants whose prenatal sonography had identified an isolated uni- or bilateral fetal APD of > or = 4 mm before 33 and/or > or = 7 mm ...

BACKGROUND: Maternal height and weight have increased during the past 20 years, as has birthweight. The aim of the present study was to establish new reference charts for gestational age (GA) assessment using fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) and head circumference (HC), and to determine the effect of maternal and fetal ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of sonographic depiction of the fetal hard palate and secondarily to create nomograms throughout gestation of its sonographic width, length and area. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of pregnant patients between 15 and 41 weeks' gestation. Inclusion criteria consisted of well-established dates (confirmed by ...

OBJECTIVES: To determine the accuracy of established ultrasound dating formulae when used at 12-14 and 15-20 gestational weeks. METHODS: A total of 363 singleton pregnancies conceived after in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and randomized to a dating scan at 12-14 or 15-20 gestational weeks were studied. 'True' gestational age was calculated on ...

OBJECTIVE: To create a reference centile chart for fetal liver length of Thai fetuses. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. SETTING: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 752 pregnant women, who attended the antenatal clinic at ...

BACKGROUND: Fetal programming of adult disease may be a long-term effect of fetal nutrition. Expected short-term effects include changes in body size and proportions at birth. The specific responses of fetal growth to acute undernutrition at varying points in pregnancy are still unclear. METHODS: We abstracted all birth records of ...

BACKGROUND: Maternal zinc deficiency is relatively common in developing countries, but its consequences for fetal growth are not established. OBJECTIVE: The goal was to examine whether improvement in maternal gestational zinc status is positively associated with fetal growth as assessed by ultrasonography. DESIGN: We conducted a double-masked, randomized trial among ...

PURPOSE: The present study was conducted to establish the nomogram of fetal cardiothoracic (C/T) ratio in the first half of normal pregnancies (eg, 11-20 weeks of gestation), using conventional sonographic techniques. METHODS: Two hundred thirty-eight normal pregnant women enrolled in our prenatal care were recruited into this study. All the ...

Intensive grazing systems for beef females, based on abundant availability of high quality forages and supplementary concentrates, may affect fetal development. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of grazing system on length of gestation, fetal development, and characteristics of the calf at birth. Twenty-four pregnant (bred ...

OBJECTIVE: To establish the reference ranges for first trimester umbilical cord and vessel diameters of Thai fetuses. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective study was performed on normal pregnant women between 10(+0) and 13(+6) weeks of gestation who underwent ultrasound examination. The diameter measurements were obtained by a 7.5 MHz vaginal--or ...

OBJECTIVE: Estimation of fetal weight is essential in daily obstetric clinical practice. Most formulas for the estimation involve head measurement. However, predicting fetal weight by head measurement is virtually impossible when the fetal head is positioned low in the pelvic cavity. A convenient method for estimating fetal body weight without ...

Multiple pulses can often be distinguished in the clicks of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Norris and Harvey [in Animal Orientation and Navigation, NASA SP-262 (1972), pp. 397-417] proposed that this results from reflections within the head, and thus that interpulse interval (IPI) is an indicator of head length, and by ...

OBJECTIVES: To establish a nomogram for fetal cardiac three-vessel view diameter changes during gestation. METHODS: The study is a prospective cross-sectional evaluation of 338 male and female fetuses between 14 and 38 weeks of normal singleton pregnancies. Measurements of fetal pulmonary artery, aorta and superior vena cava diameters, performed on ...

Ultrasonographic measurements were made at least once a month during 14 gestations in seven Tursiops truncatus and 12 gestations in five Tursiops aduncus (bottlenosed dolphins). The 121 measurements of the fetal biparietal diameter and 139 measurements of the fetal thoracic diameter in T truncatus and the 97 measurements of the ...

Context: Despite its cost and loss of accuracy, ultrasound is still employed by most obstetricians when faced with the problem of uncertain dates in the third trimester of pregnancy. There are, however, cheaper methods of estimating gestational age in the third trimester. Objective: To compare the accuracy of symphysio-fundal height ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of ponderal index (PI) and related indices of weight and length in identifying asymmetric growth, body thinness and organ asymmetry associated with IUGR. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. SETTING: Aberdeen Maternity Hospital. POPULATION: The population includes term (>/=37 weeks) singleton live births (n= 53,934) between 1986 ...

A "negative interaction" between step length and step rate refers to an increase in one factor resulting in a decrease in the other. PURPOSES: There were three main purposes: a) to investigate the relative influence of the determinants of step length and step rate, b) to determine the sources of ...

OBJECTIVES: To determine if the femur length of fetuses with myelomeningocele is shorter in the second and third trimesters compared with that of normal fetuses. METHODS: We retrospectively collected measurements of femur length, head circumference, biparietal diameter and abdominal circumference from detailed obstetric ultrasound studies performed during the second and ...

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of repeated low doses of maternally administered dexamethasone (DM) on growth in sheep during fetal life and the first 2 years of postnatal life. METHODS: Ewes received 3 courses of DM (1 course: four 2-mg intramuscular injections at 12-hour intervals) or saline beginning at 103, ...

Transrectal or transabdominal examinations of 13 pluriparous reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) by ultrasonography from the start of mating until week 20 of gestation were conducted to find out when pregnancy could first be detected and to describe fetal development in early pregnancy. The examinations (n=35 per animal) were performed with ...

OBJECTIVES: Hypoplasia of the nasal bone of fetuses affected by trisomy 21 and other aneuploidies could be detected by prenatal ultrasound examination and was an important new marker in the detection of Down syndrome in the second trimester. Racial differences in fetal nasal bone length have been reported. However, there ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of measuring fetal femur and humerus length at 11-14 weeks of gestation in screening for chromosomal defects. METHODS: Femur and humerus lengths were measured using transabdominal ultrasound in 1018 fetuses immediately before chorionic villus sampling for karyotyping at 11-14 weeks of gestation. In the group ...

The aim of this study was to present our preliminary data about nasal bone measurements at 11-14 weeks of pregnancy. This study was conducted in our prenatal unit between 2000 and 2003. A total of 642 pregnant women (single pregnancies) were enrolled into the study. During the first trimester of ...

OBJECTIVE: To improve sonographic birth-weight prediction by developing fetal gender-specific formulae. METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Two gender-specific formulae were produced from the data of 527 patients and the data of a further 349 patients were used to evaluate the formulae. Inclusion criteria were a singleton live fetus, ...

We reviewed 86 consecutive cases with fetal femur length (FL) below the 10th centile of our reference ranges at midtrimester ultrasonography. Three groups were identified based on perinatal outcome: normal infants (n= 28), newborns with structural and/or chromosomal anomalies (n= 40), small-for-gestational age (SGA) newborns (n= 18). Fetuses with skeletal ...

Our objective was to verify ultrasonic measurement of biparietal diameter and femur in foetal age determination in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. The prospective cross sectional study was carried out at the ultrasound department of Aberdeen Maternity Hospital Scotland. The study population consisted of 716 pregnant Scottish (Caucasian) ...

OBJECTIVE: Female fetuses, on average, weigh less than male fetuses at all gestational ages. The purpose of this study was to compare female and male fetuses in terms of intrauterine ultrasound growth measurements and to develop gestational-age-related charts based on a computerized perinatal database. METHODS: This was a retrospective study ...

AIMS: To investigate the changes in the size of maternal inferior vena cava (IVC) during normal pregnancy. METHODS: The diameter and the area of IVC were measured in 32 non-pregnant and 214 pregnant women by ultrasonography. They were measured not only in the supine but also in the complete left ...

We report on the penetration of cylindrical projectiles dropped from rest into a dry, noncohesive granular medium. The cylinder length, diameter, density, and tip shape are all explicitly varied. For deep penetrations, as compared to the cylinder diameter, the data collapse onto a single scaling law that varies as the ...

Because fetal humerus dysplasia is associated with a variety of congenital syndromes, prenatal assessment of the fetal humerus growth is very important. The fetal humerus volume is one of the indexes in evaluating the humerus growth, but it has never been studied by 3-D ultrasound (US) in utero. To establish ...

Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is a technique of interest in the study of human pregnancy because it can assess extracellular (ECW), intracellular (ICW), and total body water (TBW) as ECW plus ICW. The technique requires appropriate resistivity coefficients and has not been sufficiently evaluated during the reproductive cycle. Therefore, in a ...

PURPOSE: Our aim in this retrospective sonographic study was to describe the normal growth and development of fetal external genitalia. METHODS: We reviewed the sonograms of anatomically normally fetuses, obtained over a 5-year period, and measured transverse scrotal diameter or penile length in male fetuses and bilabial diameter in female ...