To determine the correlation between actual birthweight (BW) and fetal weight calculated from fractional thigh volume (ThiV). The authors have conducted a prospective, cross-sectional study of normal Thai fetal thigh volume. There were 176 eligible pregnant women who met the criteria of singleton with no fetal anomaly were recruited into ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish reference ranges for the transverse aortic arch diameter (TAD) and distal aortic isthmus diameter (DAID) in normal singleton pregnancies (14-40 weeks) based on the 3-vessel/trachea (3VT) view of cardio-spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) volume data sets. METHODS: A prospective descriptive study was ...

OBJECTIVE: To establish normal reference ranges during pregnancy for common laboratory analytes. DATA SOURCES: We conducted a comprehensive electronic database review using PUBMED and MEDLINE databases. We also reviewed textbooks of maternal laboratory studies during uncomplicated pregnancy. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: We searched the databases for studies investigating various laboratory ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish a new reference angle chart for fastigial biometric measurements throughout gestation in normal singleton pregnancies. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was designed. A total of 505 pregnant women between 20 and 40 weeks' gestation were included in the study. Excluded were ...

OBJECTIVES: To create reference intervals of gestational sac volume (GSV), yolk sac volume (YSV), embryo volume (EV), crown-rump length (CRL) and gestational sac diameter (GSD) in the first trimester of pregnancy using three-dimensional ultrasound. METHODS: Women in the first trimester of pregnancy were invited to participate in the study. Inclusion ...

James Willocks (1928-2004), a Glasgow obstetrician, was an important pioneer of obstetric ultrasound and the originator of the first clinically useful technique of fetal cephalometry. He collaborated with Tom Duggan, an engineer, who designed and built an electronic cephalometer to be used in conjunction with a Kelvin Hughes industrial flaw ...

OBJECTIVES: To assess the novel three-dimensional (3D) tool, Sonography-based Automated Volume Count (SonoAVC) in the calculation of gestational sac volume at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation, to correlate the measurements with those obtained using Virtual Organ Computed-aided AnaLysis (VOCAL) and to study the reproducibility of ...

PURPOSE: In this study, our objective was to investigate the development of the gallbladder, its morphological structure and relationship with the adjacent organs during the fetal period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 118 human fetuses (60 males, 58 females) between 9 and 40 weeks of gestation without any external ...

OBJECTIVES: To create a fetal size nomogram for use in sub-Saharan Africa and compare the derived centiles with reference intervals from developed countries. METHODS: Fetal biometric measurements were obtained at entry to antenatal care (11-22 weeks' gestation) and thereafter at 4-week intervals from pregnant women enrolled in a longitudinal ultrasound ...

OBJECTIVES: To investigate which ultrasound or biochemical markers in both the first and the second trimesters are the best predictors for fetal growth and small-for-gestational age (SGA). METHODS: This was a prospective study of 619 Chinese women with a singleton pregnancy. At 11 to 13 + 6 weeks, fetal crown-rump ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine bovine fetal characteristics significantly associated with increasing gestational age as measured via transcutaneous ultrasonography over the right flank. METHODS: The length of gestation at date of pregnancy diagnosis via transcutaneous and transrectal ultrasonography was determined for 224 dairy cattle by estimation from subsequent calving dates. A separate ...

PURPOSE: A decreased percent of differential function is a common indication for infant pyeloplasty but there is no recognized fetal ultrasound parameter to predict this deficit. We determined whether there is a correlation between fetal pyelectasis and the newborn percent differential function that may enhance prenatal counseling and guide postnatal ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate patterns of intrauterine growth in fetal gastroschisis. This was a retrospective review of prenatally diagnosed cases of fetal gastroschisis delivered at the University of North Carolina Hospital from January 2000 to January 2007. Fetal growth (biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the sonographic difference of > or = 2.6 cm between the fetal abdominal diameter (AD) and biparietal diameter (BPD), a proxy for fetal asymmetry, has an association with shoulder dystocia in nondiabetic women with suspected macrosomia. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was performed in 3 ...

OBJECTIVE: To measure and determine normal values of the fetal eyeball volume between 14 and 40 weeks of gestation. METHODS: The volume of the fetal eyeball was measured with three-dimensional ultrasound between 14 and 40 weeks of gestation using the VOCAL software.Only singleton pregnancies without fetal growth restriction, diabetes mellitus, ...

The purpose of this prospective longitudinal study was to evaluate the growth of the fetal cerebellar volume by means of 3-D ultrasound to evaluate whether there is a difference between the volumes of the left and right cerebellar hemispheres, and to evaluate the intra- and interobserver reliability of two different ...

OBJECTIVES: To examine which fetal and postnatal growth characteristics are associated with blood pressure (BP) in children at the age of 2 years. METHODS: This study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study from early fetal life onwards. Fetal ultrasound examinations were carried out at ...

OBJECTIVE: The equation for the prediction of resting energy expenditure (REE) during pregnancy is unknown. The aim of this prospective longitudinal study was to determine a new equation for prediction of REE in pregnancy. METHODS: A total of 152 randomly recruited healthy pregnant Czech women (nonsmokers, not users of chronic ...

The aim of the study was to establish normative data for placental volume (PV) at 7-10+6 weeks of gestation using three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS). The cross-sectional study involved 70 healthy pregnancies between 7 and 11 weeks. The VOCAL (Virtual Organ Computer-aided Analysis) method with a 30 degrees rotation angle and six ...

This study was conducted to use B-mode trans-rectal (TR) and trans-abdominal (TA) ultrasonography to determine early pregnancy and fetometry as crown-rump-length (CRL) and bi-parietal-diameter (BPD). A total of 110 does aged between 8 and 36 months were used. The accuracy for detecting early pregnancy (fetal fluids and heartbeats) and fetal ...

PURPOSE: To establish normative data for amniotic fluid volume (AFV) between 7 and 10+6 weeks gestation using three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS). METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 74 normal pregnancies was performed to assess AFV. All measurements were performed using an endocavitary volumetric transducer. The VOCAL (virtual organ computer-aided analysis) method was ...

OBJECTIVE: Recent findings have suggested that ductus venosus blood flow in the first trimester may be influenced by fetal gender. The aim of the present study was to investigate further the influence of fetal gender on ductus venosus (DV) pulsatility index (PI) and diameter at gestational age 17-37 weeks. MATERIAL ...

We intend to verify if fetal volume and crown-rump length were different between singletons and twins in pregnancies aged from 7 to 10 weeks and to evaluate if fetal volume is more accurate to determine the gestational age than crown-rump length at this gestational age. From 52 days (7 weeks ...

The main goals were to provide normal reference ranges for fractional limb volume as a new index of generalized fetal nutritional status, to evaluate the reproducibility of fractional fetal limb volume measurements during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, and to demonstrate technical considerations for this technique. This was ...

The main goal was to investigate the relationship between prenatal sonographic parameters and birth weight in predicting neonatal body composition. Standard fetal biometry and soft tissue parameters were assessed prospectively in third-trimester pregnancies using three-dimensional ultrasonography. Growth parameters included biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), mid-thigh circumference ...

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with decreased thymus size in the human fetus. METHODS: The thymus perimeter was measured in 60 consecutive IUGR fetuses at prenatal ultrasound examination. IUGR was defined as an abdominal circumference (AC) <5(th) centile. Sixty controls were identified by ...

The embryo volume (EV) is an important parameter for the early diagnosis of growth disorders. The objective of this study was to establish normal data for EV at 7-10 weeks' gestation with three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS). A cross-sectional study involving 50 pregnancies was performed. An endocavitary volumetric transducer (3D5-8EK) was used ...

Measurement of embryonic or foetal size using the greatest length of the embryo or foetal crown rump length can be used to accurately determine the gestational age of a normal first trimester pregnancy to within three to five days. Transvaginal ultrasound scan can be used to measure the size of ...

OBJECTIVES: To develop a sonographic dating formula based on fetal crown-rump length (CRL) in a Hong Kong Chinese population, quantify its systematic prediction error and compare its performance with established dating formulae. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of women with a spontaneously conceived singleton pregnancy and a regular ...

PURPOSE: The observation of fetal corpus callosum (CC) is important for the prenatal sonographic assessment of fetal central nervous system development. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of normal Chinese fetal CC. METHOD: CC measurements were performed using high-resolution transabdominal sonography on 622 Chinese fetuses between ...

PURPOSE: To construct nomograms of the size of the fetal orbit and lens and to evaluate the relationships between the gestational age and the biometry of the fetal orbit and lens. METHOD: Six hundred two normal pregnant women were evaluated from 15 to 40 weeks of gestation. Fetal orbital and ...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between ultrasound fetal biometry and lipids and glucose profiles at the beginning of gestational diabetes (GDM) treatment. METHODS: In 98 women with GDM plasma glucose and lipid profile were measured between 27-32 weeks' of gestation. The ...

OBJECTIVE: To establish a nomogram of fetal hydronephrosis index (HI) (anteroposterior diameter of renal pelvis divided by urinary bladder volume) at different gestational ages, to serve as a new reference for antenatal ultrasound examination, and to avoid overestimation of fetal hydronephrosis due to transient effect of a distended fetal bladder. ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish the normality of the fetal vermis, ie, the time of appearance of the primary fissure, as well as its measurements between 18 and 26 weeks' gestation, using 3-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study of normal singleton pregnancies was conducted. ...

Consultation regarding isolated fetal microcephaly is especially difficult in a genetically heterogeneous population, as one of the factors associated with head circumference difference is ethnicity. The study presents four women referred to the neuro-fetal clinic for isolated fetal microcephaly. All fetuses had normal chromosomes, no structural abnormalities, or evidence of ...

Acute abdomen in advanced pregnancy is one of the most challenging surgical situations. In life-threatening situations, despite optimal management, foetus distress and preterm delivery may occur. Although laparostomy is a useful treatment of abdominal sepsis, its successful management has not been reported previously in pregnant women. 30-year-old woman at 23 ...

To compare existing glomerular filtration rate (GFR) prediction equations with the gold standard, inulin clearance, in pregnancy. Five equations were assessed for precision, bias, and accuracy in prediction of true GFR, measured by inulin clearance in 12 healthy, pregnant women during the second (T2) and third (T3) trimesters and in ...

In sika deer, the normal method of estimating fetal age, based on fetal weight, is not applicable during the early pregnancy period. The objective of the present study was to describe the growth and development of sika deer fetuses and to establish a method for fetal age estimation during early ...

This study evaluated the 'constancy' of head turning as recorded two-dimensionally by accelerometers. Fourteen healthy participants turned the head with his/her natural and comfortable speed. Maximum inclination angles (MIA) during head turning were measured in four (anterior, posterior, right, and left) directions of clockwise (CW) and counter-clockwise (CCW) conditions. Three ...

BACKGROUND: First trimester growth restriction may predict miscarriage or adverse outcome later in the pregnancy, but determinants of early growth are not well described. Our objective was to examine factors influencing fetal and gestational sac size in the first trimester. METHODS: Prospective observational study of 1828 singleton pregnancies before 12 ...

OBJECTIVE: To establish the reliability of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound measurements in early pregnancy using a virtual reality system (the Barco I-Space). METHODS: The study included 28 pregnancies with gestational ages ranging from 6 to 14 (median, 10) weeks. 3D volumes were acquired and offline measurements were made, where possible, of ...

PURPOSE: Establish normative data for gestational sac volume (GSV) between 7 and 10 weeks gestation using three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS). METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 74 normal pregnancies was performed to assess GSV between 7 and 10 weeks gestation. All measurements were performed using an endocavitary volumetric transducer. The virtual organ ...

OBJECTIVES: To describe the methodology for correct visualization of the anterior fontanelle using three-dimensional ultrasound, to report its normal development during gestation, and to compare this with abnormal development. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional prospective evaluation of development of the anterior fontanelle in a series of 78 normal fetuses and ...

OBJECTIVE: Ultrasound estimating of fetal weight is one of the most frequent examinations during pregnancy. Hitherto, foreign fetometry curves have mostly been used in Poland as there are no national available reference charts that are based on ultrasound fetal biometry. The aim of the present study was to construct new ...

BACKGROUND: Functional linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) is a new growth assessment technique using serial measurements to discriminate between normal and abnormal fetal growth. We used FLDA to assess and compare growth in live pregnancies destined to miscarry with those remaining viable. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of women ...

The hormonal environment experienced during prenatal development may affect adult phenotype and behaviour. Digit lengths may provide an estimate of steroid levels encountered during embryonic development in humans and other vertebrates. Finger patterns in humans have been shown to reveal sexual orientation or cooperative behaviour. We explored individual breeding behaviour ...

BACKGROUND: An adverse fetal environment may lead to smaller kidneys and subsequently kidney disease and hypertension in adulthood. The aims of this study are to examine whether kidney size tracks from fetal life to childhood and whether maternal and fetal characteristics are associated with kidney size at the age of ...

PURPOSE: To use Monte Carlo simulations of a current-technology multidetector computed tomographic (CT) scanner to investigate fetal radiation dose resulting from an abdominal and pelvic examination for a range of actual patient anatomies that include variation in gestational age and maternal size. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between fetal size and growth between the first and second trimesters and subsequent adverse pregnancy outcome. METHODS: A cohort was created of 7,642 singleton pregnancies cared for in three obstetric units associated with Copenhagen University. Data were obtained from ultrasound measurements at 11-14 weeks (crown-rump ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to create reference range nomograms of the axial transverse diameter of the fetal foramen magnum (TDFM) between 14 and 40 weeks' gestation. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included pregnant patients between 14 and 41 weeks' gestation. Inclusion criteria consisted of well-established dates (confirmed by ...