OBJECTIVES: To establish a nomogram for fetal thymus size during gestation. METHODS: The study is a prospective, cross sectional evaluation of 403 male and female fetuses between 14 and 38 weeks of normal singleton pregnancies. Measurements of fetal thymus size were performed by high resolution transvaginal ultrasonography between 14 and ...

OBJECTIVE: To develop an ovine model of fetal bladder outflow obstruction and to investigate the effect on the kidney of surgical relief of the obstruction in the prenatal period. METHODS: Ultrasound examination and amniocentesis were performed on 68 date-bred pregnant ewes at day 57 of pregnancy (term = 150 days). ...

OBJECTIVE: To establish a nomogram for fetal vermis measurements during gestation. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study of normal singleton pregnancies. Measurements of the fetal vermis width (in the axial plane) and height (in the sagittal plane) were performed by high-resolution transabdominal ultrasonography between 18 and 38 weeks of gestation in ...

The use of ultrasound to estimate stage of pregnancy was assessed in 32 ewes of a prolific genotype carrying 7 singleton fetuses and 9 twin, 10 triplet and 6 quadruplet litters that were scanned on six occasions from 60 to 120 days of gestation. At least one ultrasound measurement per ...

OBJECTIVE: To construct nomograms of orbital diameters in early pregnancy by transvaginal sonography. DESIGN: A prospective cross-sectional study. METHODS: The study was performed on 923 consecutive normal singleton pregnancies from 10 to 16 weeks of gestation, using transvaginal high-resolution ultrasound technique. The interocular distance (IOD), binocular distance (BOD), as well ...

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION: The fetal-lamb model is a fundamental tool for developing clinical applications for the treatment of human fetal pathology (e.g., open fetal surgery). Accurate estimation of gestational age is important to avoid size-related problems during surgery. METHODS: To evaluate the effect of twinning on ovine fetal growth, we ...

Nine projective linear measurements were taken to determine morphometric differences of the face among healthy young adult Chinese, Vietnamese, and Thais (60 in each group) and to assess the validity of six neoclassical facial canons in these populations. In addition, the findings in the Asian ethnic groups were compared to ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the intraobserver and interobserver variability in calculating three-dimensional fetal brain volumes and to examine the relationship between these volumes and biparietal diameter and head circumference measurements and estimated gestational age. METHODS: Eighty-five subjects between 16 and 40 completed weeks' gestation participated in the Institutional Review Board-approved study. ...

OBJECTIVE: There is no information on ultrasonographic visualisation of the upper airways in the sheep fetus, but this species permits to examine the accuracy of ultrasonography in measuring the inner tracheal diameter. This was the aim of our study. METHODS: Transabdominal ultrasonography to visualise the trachea was attempted in 16 ...

OBJECTIVES: To determine the range of erythrocyte sedimentation rate values obtained in healthy pregnant women. To examine the effect of gestational age and haemoglobin concentration on erythrocyte sedimentation rate. SETTING: Queen Charlotte's Hospital, London, UK. DESIGN: Cross sectional descriptive study. Population Healthy pregnant women attending for routine outpatient antenatal visits ...

BACKGROUND: The gastrointestinal (GI) tract performs the digestion, propulsion, and absorption of nutrients both pre- and postnatally, although little is known about the development of fetal motility. We evaluated the development of GI motility using a novel fetal rabbit model. METHODS: Nine pregnant rabbits were obtained and three litters were ...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the change in ultrasonographic (US) appearance of the fetal cerebellum with advancing gestation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 291 normal fetuses of uncomplicated pregnancies were evaluated at gestational ages (GAs) between 15 and 41 weeks with a 3.75-MHz transabdominal curvilinear probe. After the transcerebellar view was ...

OBJECTIVE: To establish reference ranges during human pregnancy for normal fetal corpus callosum dimensions. DESIGN: In a prospective, cross-sectional study of 258 fetuses between 16 and 37 weeks of gestation, measurements of the length, width, and thickness at the level of the anterior mid-body of the corpus callosum were performed, ...

OBJECTIVES: Experimental and clinical evidence have shown that the morphometry of the umbilical cord in the second half of gestation might be useful in predicting adverse perinatal outcome. The purposes of this study were to generate a nomogram for the umbilical cord diameter in the first trimester and, in an ...

OBJECTIVE: To quantify longitudinal increases in fetal, fetal liver, and fetal brain volume using echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging and to quantify the results using appropriate statistical modeling. METHODS: Fifty-six singleton fetuses were studied using echo-planar (snap-shot) magnetic resonance imaging, between 19 weeks and term. They were assessed at a variety ...

OBJECTIVE: This study compares skinfold caliper and sonographic measurements of the amount and distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue teenagers gain during pregnancy to test three hypotheses: (1) skinfold caliper and sonographic measurements of subcutaneous adiposity are highly correlated in pregnancy; (2) the extent to which the skinfold caliper heads compact ...

This study aimed to assess the accuracy of the Cosmed K4b2 (Cosmed, Italy) portable metabolic system that measures FEO2, FECO2 and VE on a breath by breath basis. For gas concentration comparisons, expired air from 20 subjects performing treadmill running was collected in a 600 litre chain compensated Collins Tissot ...

This study was conducted in an effort to determine the normal landmarks in the eyelids and eyebrows of newborns and the relationships between them. We also correlated all measurements with gender and head circumferences. The anthropometric measurements were performed on 86 normal term newborns (40 males and 46 females) in ...

OBJECTIVES: To generate a nomogram for the sonographic measurement of Wharton's jelly area (WJA) during gestation and to investigate whether WJA is related to fetal biometric parameters. METHOD: The sonographic cross-sectional area of the umbilical cord and of its vessels was measured in 659 fetuses between 15 and 42 weeks ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ability of second-trimester placental volume measured sonographically to predict birth size. METHODS: A total of 712 women were recruited from the antenatal clinic of the University Hospital of the West Indies; 561 fulfilled the study criteria and progressed to delivery. Placental volume and fetal anthropometry (biparietal ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the normal appearance and development of the fetal cerebellar vermis using mid-sagittal planes obtained by transvaginal sonography. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 101 fetuses were evaluated by transvaginal sonography between 21 and 39 weeks of gestation. The mid-sagittal antero-posterior and cranio-caudal vermian diameters, circumference and surface ...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical factors that contribute to posterior perineal laceration length. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective observational study was performed in 80 consenting, mostly primiparous women with term pregnancies. Posterior perineal lacerations were measured immediately after delivery. Numerous maternal, fetal, and operator variables ...

Monitoring fetal growth and assessing its predictors have important place in antenatal care management. Accurate prediction of gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) is clinically important. Standard growth curve chosen should be evaluated to see if it satisfies the criteria for a valid assesment. In this paper, for the ...

This study investigated the value of prenatal ultrasonographic measurements of sacrum as a predictor of in utero development and gestational age (GA), and to make a comparison between the data obtained by ultrasonography and dissection. A prospective cross-sectional study of ultrasonography was conducted in 186 pregnant women with uneventful single ...

OBJECTIVE: The fetal abdominal circumference is the most sensitive ultrasound biometric measurement for predicting intrauterine growth restriction, which is associated with an increased risk of intrapartum fetal distress. We sought to evaluate and compare whether a third-trimester ultrasound measurement of abdominal circumference made within 1 week prior to delivery better ...

OBJECTIVES: To determine if in women with threatened miscarriage the measurement of fetal crown-rump length (CRL) is a useful predictor of spontaneous miscarriage and small for gestational age (SGA) infants. METHODS: Fetal CRL was measured in 310 singleton pregnancies with live fetuses, presenting with threatened miscarriage before 13 weeks of ...

OBJECTIVE: To describe gestational age-dependent and -independent nomograms for fetal thyroid size. METHODS: Two hundred fetuses were evaluated between 16 and 37 weeks' gestation in this cross-sectional study. RESULTS: Nomograms of fetal thyroid size were created by using the 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th, and 95th percentiles based on biparietal diameter ...

Along with crown-rump length (CRL), the size (diameter) of embryonic structures such as gestational sac (GS) and yolk sac (YS) may have prognostic value for embryonic development. We proposed that first-trimester volume calculations of these structures using transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound technique may have value as predictors of adverse reproductive outcome. ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether current methods of detecting Down syndrome based on fetal femur length calculations are influenced by gestational age or maternal height. METHODS: Four formulas were used to calculate expected femur length (FL) based on the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) between 15 0/7 weeks' gestation and 19 6/7 ...

Fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) and thorax height (TH) were measured by ultrasound during intrauterine growth in pregnant llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos). The goal was to establish representative curves that allows estimation of gestational age (GA) from real-time ultrasonic measurements of these fetal structures at any stage of ...

OBJECTIVE: The ultrasonic measurement of the fetal femur length is a sensitive and precise variable for estimation of fetal growth and development. The objective of this study is to predict fetal weight in fetuses of more than 24 weeks gestation by ultrasound measurement of the femur length. METHOD: In this ...

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess the diagnostic use of an anterior iliac separation measurement as an alternative index for the iliac angle in the assessment of fetal pelvic morphometry. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In 358 fetuses, the anterior iliac separation, iliac length, and iliac angle were prospectively ...

A tremendous potential exists for the application of transrectal ultrasonography as a tool to enhance the captive management of endangered species. Reproductive study of two southern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor) females was performed daily to every other day for a approximately 60 day period to document ovarian changes, and ...

A prospective descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University to establish a reference interval for fetal crown-rump length (CRL) in a Thai population using transvaginal ultrasound. This study was performed on normal pregnant women registered at the antenatal clinic in ...

Sonographic measurements of fetal ultrasound parameters are the basis for accurate determination of gestational age and detection of fetal growth abnormalities. Selection of the most useful single biometric parameter depends on the timing and purpose of measurement and is influenced by specific limitations. CRL (crown-rump length) is the best parameter ...

Using a timed-breeding protocol, one group of female rhesus monkeys was implanted subcutaneously with osmotic minipumps containing 0.3 mg/kg/h cocaine (N=18) or saline (N=18) from day 24 postconception through gestation. Another group received cocaine (N=12) or saline (N=8) from conception through day 42 of gestation. Mean levels of cocaine in ...

OBJECTIVE: To analyse data on cases with urological abnormalities recorded over a 15-year period (1984-98) by the Northern Region Congenital Abnormality Survey (NorCAS), with special reference to fetal renal pelvic measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on all urological cases recorded in the NorCAS database and in notification documents forwarded from ...

BACKGROUND: Charts of fetal measurements are widely used in the follow-up of pregnant women, however no charts have been constructed for the Israeli population. OBJECTIVES: To establish growth charts for fetal femur size and biparietal diameter. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study of 1,422 singleton pregnancies was conducted. RESULTS: A total ...

BACKGROUND: Because of limited laboratory and clinical data, no accepted guidelines concerning the safety of laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) in pregnancy have been established yet. In this prospective study, we evaluated the safety and outcome of LA in pregnant women as compared with the same control group of pregnant women who ...

OBJECTIVES: Based on the assumption that the horizontal area between the fetal foramen ovale valve and the atrial septum (the outlet) represents the limiting structure for the foramen ovale flow, our objective was to determine the normal size of this section during the second half of pregnancy. METHODS: One hundred ...

OBJECTIVES: To obtain dimensions of the fetal superior cerebellar vermian width as a basis for further studies and for comparisons with deviation in growth. STUDY DESIGN: The study group included 266 normal pregnant women from 20 to 37 weeks of gestation. Several biometric measurements were obtained throughout pregnancy, including the ...

Prenatal ultrasonography has evolved through advancements in imaging technology and observer experience. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate fetal testicular descent and diameter in relation to gestational age. A prospective cross-sectional study on 331 fetuses from an unselected population underwent a detailed assessment of testicular descent and ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between relative growth restriction and preterm birth. STUDY METHODS: Pregnant women referred for sonographic fetal weight assessments between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation were studied for gestational age at delivery. If a patient underwent more than one study, only the last one was considered. ...

OBJECTIVE: To compare last menstrual period and ultrasonography in predicting delivery date. METHODS: We used ultrasound to scan 17,221 nonselected singleton pregnancies at 8-16 completed weeks. The last menstrual period (LMP) was considered certain in 13,541 and uncertain in 3680 cases. The duration of pregnancy from the scan to the ...

OBJECTIVE: To establish a nomogram for fetal penile length during gestation. DESIGN: A prospective, cross-sectional study of normal singleton pregnancies. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and nineteen male fetuses between 14 and 38 weeks were studied. METHODS: Measurements of fetal penis length were performed by high resolution transvaginal ultrasonography between 14 and ...

The study aimed to determine whether fetal growth parameters in Aboriginal pregnancies are such that separate fetal growth charts are necessary for their appropriate care. We designed a prospective study of a cohort of Aboriginal women presenting for antenatal care before 20 weeks gestation (ultrasound proven) and a reference cohort ...

OBJECTIVES: To assess the visualization rate and size of the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) by transabdominal sonography in normal fetuses throughout pregnancy. METHODS: The CSP was prospectively researched and measured using an axial transventricular plane in 286 consecutive uncomplicated singleton pregnancies between 15 and 41 weeks of gestation. RESULTS: The ...

To establish a reference chart of fetal kidneys in normal pregnancy, we performed a prospective and cross-sectional study. A total of 152 singleton fetuses ranging between 20 and 40 weeks' gestation and meeting the criteria of normal pregnancies were included. Three-dimensional ultrasound (3-D US) was used to measure the fetal ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate three-dimensional sonographic measurements of the thoracolumbar spine in the 16-37 week fetus. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and eighty-nine patients between 16 and 37 weeks of gestation were enrolled at the time of their anomaly scan or routine third trimester scan if fetal size was ...

From 39 gravid ovine genitalia in various stages of gestation, collected from a local slaughter house in Srinagar city, 37 and 4 fetuses were obtained from single and twin pregnancies, respectively. The genitalia collected were divided into four stages of gestation as: Stage- I (30-60 days); Stage-II (61-90 days); Stage-III ...