Many solar UV measurements, either terrestrial or personal, weight the raw data by the erythemal action spectrum. However, a problem arises when one tries to estimate the benefit of vitamin D(3) production based on erythemally weighted outdoor doses, like those measured by calibrated R-B meters or polysulphone badges, because the ...

PURPOSE: Birth weight is an important predictive parameter for neonatal morbidity and mortality, and accurate estimation of fetal weight is therefore a valuable tool for determining the further obstetric management. Many sonographic weight formulas have been introduced. Most of these widely accepted formulas were derived from non-linear regression analysis. Only ...

BACKGROUND: The mutation of the IRS-1 gene is one of the genetic risk factors which, it is speculated, is associated with insulin resistance or predisposition to type 2 diabetes. The aim of our study was to evaluate the association between the Gly972Arg polymorphism in the IRS-1 gene and birth weight ...

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Accurate fetal weight estimation is important for labor and delivery management. So far, there has not been any conclusive evidence to indicate that any technique for fetal weight estimation is superior to any other. Clinical formulas for fetal weight estimation are easy to use but have not ...

Little is known concerning the dietary habits during pregnancy of women with eating disorders that may lie in the causal pathway of adverse birth outcomes. We examined the nutrient and food group intakes of women with bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder during pregnancy and compared these with intakes of women ...

This study examined body image across pregnancy. Pregnant women ( N = 158) completed measures of general attractiveness, feeling fat, fitness and strength, salience of weight and shape, and ideal and current body size at pre-pregnancy (retrospective), and in early, middle and late pregnancy. Body image was found to be ...

Selection was used to create select and control lines within 4 purebred and 3 composite cattle populations. Both lines were selected for similar direct yearling weight and maternal weaning weight EBV. Select lines were selected for lower 2-yr-old heifer calving difficulty score EBV and control lines were selected for average ...

The aim of this study was to examine correlations between vaginal inflammatory cytokines (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8) and pregnancy-related traits (gestational age, birth-weight, BMI, weight gain during pregnancy and vaginal pH). Differences in correlation coefficients were examined among bacterial vaginosis (BV) status and the presence or absence of mycoplasmas. ...

Enoxaparin is frequently prescribed for pregnant women who are at high risk for thromboembolic complications. We conducted a population pharmacokinetics study with 75 pregnant women and 38 nonpregnant women as controls to evaluate enoxaparin pharmacokinetics during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Clearance of the drug was higher in the pregnant ...

BACKGROUND: In the United States, obesity during pregnancy is common and increases obstetrical risks. An estimate of the increase in use of health care services associated with obesity during pregnancy is needed. METHODS: We used electronic data systems of a large U.S. group-practice health maintenance organization to identify 13,442 pregnancies ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and associate factors for striae gravidarum in Thai pregnant women. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Two hundred and eighty women who gave first birth and were admitted to the postpartum wards in Siriraj Hospital were recruited. All of them were assessed during the ...

Sickle cell disease is the most common haemoglobinopathy in pregnancy that can result in small babies. Sickle cell trait's (SCT) influence is unclear with a few conflicting published studies which did not relate birth weight to gestation and maternal or fetal factors. To assess the incidence of small-for-gestation age (SGA) ...

We used a prospective cohort to analyze the effect of change in BMI rather than change in weight, in mothers carrying dichorionic twins from a population that did not receive any dietary intervention. A total of 269 mothers (150 nulliparas and 119 multiparas) were evaluated. The average change (%) from ...

This study involved 330 primiparous Black adolescents. The purpose of the study was to examine predictors of body mass index (BMI) change in Black adolescents 6 and 9 years after they gave birth. Predictors were gestational weight gain, pre-pregnant BMI, and age (p < .001). For older adolescents (ages 18-19), ...

OBJECTIVES: To develop and to evaluate a specific sonographic weight formula for fetuses with abdominal wall defects. METHODS: For formula finding, 380 preterm singleton pregnancies without fetal anomalies were included. Ultrasound examinations with complete biometric parameters were performed within 7 days before delivery. Stepwise regression analysis was carried out with ...

OBJECTIVES: to examine weight retention from early pregnancy to three years postpartum in Iranian women. DESIGN: a prospective cohort study. SETTING: 12 health centres selected at random in urban and rural areas in Guilan. PARTICIPANTS: 1315 pregnant women (705 in urban areas and 610 in rural areas) who regularly attended ...

Epidemiologic evidence regarding the influence of maternal obesity on the risk of oral clefts is inconsistent. It is unknown whether increases in maternal weight before pregnancy are related to the risk of these malformations. The authors conducted a population-based cohort study in Sweden among 220,328 women who had their first ...

OBJECTIVE: To study the pregnancy and offspring outcomes in postrenal transplant recipients. METHODS: This is a retrospective case-note review study investigating the outcome of 234 pregnancies in 140 renal transplant recipients from five different Middle Eastern countries. RESULTS: Of the overall pregnancies 74.4% were successful albeit with high prevalences of ...

As with many aspects of modern industrial society, decision-makers face trade-offs in considering hazardous materials transportation equipment and practices. Tank cars used for transport of hazardous materials can be made more resistant to damage in accidents through use of a thicker steel tank and other protective features. However, the additional ...

To examine whether childbearing is associated with increased visceral adiposity and whether the increase is proportionally larger than other depots. This prospective study examined changes in adiposity assessed via computed tomography (CT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry among 122 premenopausal women (50 black, 72 white) examined in 1995-1996 and again in ...

OBJECTIVES: To examine physiologic and psychological outcomes associated with maternal obesity in pregnancy and patterns of pregnancy weight gain. To identify effective interventions for maternal obesity. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: Search of obesity and pregnancy research conducted over the past 10 years using CIHAHL, Medline ERIC, and PyscInfo databases. ...

OBJECTIVES: Population-based analysis to compare perinatal outcome between immigrant women and women from the Western industrialized world (WIW). METHODS: Singleton pregnancies of a cohort that was followed from the first trimester to delivery at the University Women's Hospital Basel, Switzerland, were retrospectively analysed. Data were extracted from 203 patient records. ...

BACKGROUND: Obesity continues to be a global epidemic, and strong evidence exists linking it with gestational complications such as macrosomia, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and cesarean section. Bariatric surgery, a highly effective treatment for obesity, may prevent such complications in subsequent pregnancies. OBJECTIVE: This review seeks to describe ...

In considering documented developmental toxicity and teratogenicity found in earlier research, maternal betel quid chewing may very well be linked to a higher risk of adverse birth outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of betel quid chewing, together with the use of cigarettes or alcohol, ...

To investigate the influence of maternal multiple sclerosis (MS) on pregnancy, we compared pregnancy, delivery and birth outcome in births prior to onset of MS (pre MS), between MS onset and diagnosis (early MS), and after diagnosis of MS (manifest MS). Mothers with MS were identified through linkage of the ...

OBJECTIVE: This longitudinal study performed continuous evaluation of daily blood glucose level profiles in healthy normal-weight pregnant patients during various gestational age and determined normal levels. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty-two healthy normal-weight pregnant women received a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) device for periods of 72h in the 16th, 22nd, 30th ...

BACKGROUND: In a previous study, reduced levels of maternal serum placental protein 13 (PP13) in the first trimester have been correlated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The objective of this study was to compare first-trimester PP13 levels in control pregnancies with pregnancies resulting in one or more of the following adverse ...

OBJECTIVE: Reference values of normal placental weights are many decades old. Recently, a trend of increasing weights of normal placentas has been noted. We aimed to confirm this observation and to find any associated fetal and maternal factors. METHODS: Information on all live singleton deliveries that met our inclusion criteria ...

The obesity epidemic is of some concern in women of reproductive age. Maternal obesity is associated with many pregnancy complications, especially gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Delivery in obese women is characterized by a high caesarean-section rate and an increased risk of anaesthetic and postoperative complications. Weight retention ...

PURPOSE: Categorical analyses of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) have shown that maternal overweight and obesity are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. It is unclear whether further insight into these associations can be gained from spline regression. METHODS: We used spline regression to examine the relations between prepregnancy BMI and ...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) often affects women during the reproductive years of their life. During this period, issues such as choice of immunomodulatory treatment, seeking advice from specialists, relapse-induced steroid application before, during or after pregnancy in combination with breastfeeding gain importance. The objective was to investigate these issues retrospectively using ...

OBJECTIVE: In human pregnancy, placental weight is strongly associated with birth weight. It is uncertain whether there is regulation of the placenta by the fetus or vice versa. We aimed to test the hypothesis that placental growth is mediated, either directly or indirectly, by fetal insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: ...

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported an association between low birth weight and ischemic heart disease, but it remains unclear whether the association is mediated through poor fetal growth or short gestational duration. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a cohort study, we have identified all subjects born preterm or with a low ...

The present study was designed to investigate whether or not maternal consumption of aqueous extract of <I>Hibiscus sabdariffa</I> (HS) during pregnancy has any effect on the growth and onset of puberty in the female offspring. Eighteen in-bred virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats aged between 10-12 weeks and weighing 125±5.5g (mean±SEM) with ...

BACKGROUND: There are some works reporting that the measurement of the symphysis-fundal height (SFH) of a full-term uterus is a simple method for estimating the fetal weight. AIM: Evaluating the goodness of distance between the symphysis and uterine fundus in predicting both low-weight fetuses and high-weight fetuses, comparing it with ...

Weight gain during pregnancy is of great importance for the health of mother and child. There is considerable individual variability with regard to the weight gain, with maternal height and pre-pregnancy body weight being important determinants. We aim to assess the usefulness of the maternal body mass index (BMI) and ...

Excessive gestational weight gain promotes poor maternal and child health outcomes. Weight misperception is associated with weight gain in non-pregnant women, but no data exist during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of misperceived pre-pregnancy body weight status with excessive gestational weight gain. At study ...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was the evaluation of sonographic fetal weight estimation taking into consideration 9 of the most important factors of influence on the precision of the estimation. METHODS: We analyzed 820 singleton pregnancies from 22 to 42 weeks of gestational age. We evaluated 9 different factors ...

Markedly lower breast cancer incidence rates in Asians than Caucasians are not explained by established adult risk factors. Migration studies suggest the importance of early-life exposures, including perhaps the in utero period. Concentrations of steroid hormones and insulin-like growth factors (IGF) were measured in umbilical cord sera from pregnancies in ...

BACKGROUND: Western women frequently exhibit excessive gestational weight gain (GWG). The effects of maternal physical activity level (PAL) and body mass index (BMI) on the timing of GWG are insufficiently known. PURPOSE: To assess the impact of pre-pregnancy PAL and BMI on GWG during the second and third trimester and ...

Pregnancy and early life factors may permanently affect left ventricular growth and development in the offspring. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of maternal anthropometrics during pregnancy with left ventricular mass (LVM) in infancy. This study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective ...

OBJECTIVE: To test whether Schild's sex-specific formula for estimating fetal weight is more accurate than commonly used regression formulae. METHODS: The gender-specific formula and 10 widely used equations were evaluated in a group of 989 pregnancies. Each fetus underwent ultrasound examination with complete biometric parameters within 7 days before delivery. ...

BACKGROUND: Newborn macrosomia is associated with both short- and long-term health risks for the infant, and increases the prevalence of birth complications. Parity, maternal age and gender of the child are known variables that influence fetal growth. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate prospectively the contributions of ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy and characterize two-dimensional ultrasonographic formulas for the estimation of birth weight according to the type of fetal biometric parameters these formulas rely on to make fetal weight predictions. METHODS: A prospective recruitment of 589 pregnant women was carried out for this cross-sectional study. Different biometric ...

The usefulness of routine prenatal weight measurements in predicting pregnancy outcomes is still a controversial issue. Comparisons among studies and the interpretation of research findings are complicated due to the variety of indicators applied to express maternal weight changes during and after pregnancy. A review of literature was conducted to ...

OBJECTIVE: To develop new gender-specific regression formulae to estimate fetal weight focusing on a particular weight range from 2,501 to 3,999 g. METHODS: 3,254 singleton pregnancies were included to generate new regression formulae for female and male fetuses, and to evaluate their accuracy. RESULTS: In comparison with commonly used formulae, ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between pregnancy-induced hypertension and low birth weight. A population-based case control study was conducted. Antenatal mothers who attended the government health centers in the district of Kuala Muda, Kedah, Malaysia from June 2003 to May 2004 were recruited. Cases were ...

This review uses the 1990 U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) gestational weight gain recommendations to examine the question, what is a healthy pregnancy weight gain? The relationship of gestational weight gain to infant size at birth; pregnancy, labor, and delivery complications; neonatal, infant, and child outcomes; and maternal weight and ...

Obesity and its sequelae may prove to be the greatest threat to human lifestyle and health in the developed world this century. The so called obesity epidemic has seen the incidence of obesity and overweight almost double in Western societies and the trend is mirrored in nations that are transitioning ...

Standard developmental toxicology bioassays are designed to identify agents with the potential to induce adverse effects and include dose levels that induce maternal toxicity. The work reported here was undertaken to evaluate the relationship of maternal and fetal toxicity. It constitutes an analysis of 125 developmental toxicity bioassays in the ...