Ovarian tumors have occasionally been reported in pregnant women, the incidence as per literature being 1 in 81 to 1 in 2000 pregnancies. Out of this, about 2-5% are malignant, thus contributing to the rarity of malignant ovarian tumors in pregnant women. One such occurrence in a 24-year old female ...

OBJECTIVE: To To present an experience and results of treatment of pregnant cancer patients with cytotoxic chemotherapy from second trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: Eighteen consecutive pregnant patients treated at Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar between December 2000 and August 2006 for different types of malignancies are reported. Six patients (33%) had ...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common, yet heterogeneous and complex, endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age. Although the aetiology of PCOS remains uncertain, emerging evidence has indicated that exposure of the female fetus to the hyperandrogenism milieu in utero may result in PCOS phenotype after ...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women, associated with a characteristic ovarian appearance at ultrasound scan, hyperandrogenism, and ovulatory disorders. The pathogenesis appears to be mainly related to reduced insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, leading to hyperinsulinaemia. There is a wide variation in ...

AIM: The administration of bleomycin plus etoposide and cisplatin during pregnancy is rare. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We describe a case with good pregnancy outcome after exposure to these chemotherapeutic agents at the third trimester of pregnancy. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A pregnant woman with stage IIIc immature teratoma underwent surgical staging, ...

Treatment of bleeding esophageal varices during pregnancy is a rare clinical dilemma. Primary therapy remains endoscopy and band ligation. Refractory variceal hemorrhage treated with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure potentially exposes the fetus to radiation. The present report describes a TIPS procedure performed at 22 weeks gestation with ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of simple ovarian cysts of >or= 3 cm diameter detected by transvaginal sonography (TVS) in a population of asymptomatic women in early pregnancy. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 10,830 consecutive women presenting prior to 14 weeks' gestational age (GA) for early dating TVS. ...

The selective estrogen receptor modulator, clomiphene citrate (CC), has been the principal drug used for induction of ovulation in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). CC is associated with adverse side effects and low pregnancy rates attributed to long-lasting estrogen receptor depletion. Anastrozole and letrozole are potent, non-steroidal, reversible aromatase ...

The incidence of hyperandrogenism during pregnancy is low, although the incidence of some of the ovarian diseases that can cause it is higher. Hyperreactio luteinalis is a rare benign condition that may mimic ovarian and trophoblastic malignancies. A 23-year-old woman at 20 weeks' gestational age presenting with severe hirsutism and ...

There are already 12 reports of women treated by chemotherapy for epithelial ovarian cancer during pregnancy. However, most cases received chemotherapy of single cisplatin or cisplatin-based regime, and only four cases received carboplatin-containing chemotherapy. We report the case of a woman treated with single-agent carboplatin during pregnancy. The patient underwent ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess directly the dynamics of the formation of the ovarian reserve in the normal human ovary by evaluating the total number of follicles in developing ovaries when folliculogenesis occurs. DESIGN: Histomorphometry-based follicle counts in complete serial tissue sections. SETTING: Functional Anatomy Research Center, University of Milano. PATIENT(S): Thirteen ...

To report a case of FIGO stage III papillary serous carcinoma of ovary, diagnosed during pregnancy at 20 weeks of gestation and treated with unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and surgical staging, then initial combination chemotherapy while preserving the pregnancy. The patient underwent cesarean section at 35 weeks after four courses of taxol ...

Arteries of the reproductive tracts of nonpregnant does and does at 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 18 weeks of gestation were injected in situ with Microfil. The tracts were fixed, dehydrated, and rendered transparent to reveal the paths of arteries. The tortuous ovarian artery lay in close apposition to ...

BACKGROUND: Ovarian pregnancy is one of the rarest forms of ectopic pregnancy. Diagnosis is based on criteria established in 1878 by Spiegelberg; they require specific pathologic characteristics in order to formally confirm an ovarian pregnancy. CASE: A woman presented with a clinical picture of ectopic pregnancy that, upon exploration, seemed ...

AIM: The aim of the paper was to assess the natural pregnancy of rabbits submitted to bilateral oophorectomy and orthotopic autologous intact and sliced ovarian transplantation without a vascular pedicle and to determine the morphofunctional aspects of the reimplanted ovaries. METHODS: Thirty-two female New Zealand White rabbits were studied. The ...

We present 2 cases of ovarian masses diagnosed as tumours but turned out to be pregnancy. Ovarian pregnancy, a form of ectopic gestation has a distinct pathology though it can be a source of diagnostic difficulty clinically and intraoperatively. A total of 71 ectopic pregnancies were seen in the department ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of visualization of the ovaries by transvaginal sonography (TVS) in a group of women in early pregnancy and to determine the onset of a decrease in sonographic visualization of the ovaries during this time. METHODS: The study population included all patients with an intrauterine pregnancy ...

Operative laparoscopy is changing the methods of treatment of the acute abdomen in advanced pregnancy. Diagnostic capabilities in identification of benign disease are becoming more sensitive with the use of advanced imaging ultrasound scanning and magnetic resonance imaging. This has changed the deciding factors in the handling of advanced-size adnexal ...

OBJECTIVES: Nearly one third of women complain of heavy menstrual bleeding during their reproductive years. Hysterectomy and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) are effective treatment options for menorrhagia. However, the influence of these two treatment modalities on ovarian function remains unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect ...

As the use of electrodissection in tonsillectomy increases, uncertainty remains concerning any association with postoperative haemorrhage. However, there is some evidence to suggest that the more diathermy is used the risk of postoperative haemorrhage increases. The technique of vessel dissection and diathermy tonsillectomy (VDDT) is described and the results of ...

After technological advances allowed for the adaptation of B-mode ultrasonography equipment for use in pig facilities, ultrasonography quickly established itself as an ideal diagnostic aid for determining pregnancy status in pigs. In recent years, B-mode ultrasonography has found increased application in its use for monitoring ovarian activity and in estimating ...

BACKGROUND: The administration of chemotherapeutic drugs during pregnancy is rare. We describe a case of malignant ovarian tumor complicating pregnancy. CASE: After laparotomy at 18 weeks of gestation, the patient received three courses of cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin. Elective cesarean delivery was performed at 31 weeks of gestation. A normal ...

Exposure to excess androgens in utero induces irreversible changes in gonadotrophin secretion and results in disrupted reproductive endocrine and ovarian function in adulthood, in a manner reminiscent of the common clinical endocrinopathy of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We have recently identified an abnormality in early follicle development in PCOS which ...

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is gonadal failure before the age of 40 years. Several rare causes have been discovered yet we still fail to identify the cause in many cases. Although it was once thought to be a permanent condition, a substantial number of patients experience spontaneous remissions and even ...

Varicose veins in the vulvar and perivulvar area are seen in 4% of women. Most of them are secondary to pregnancy and usually regress spontaneously. Vulvar varicose veins are rare in nonpregnant women. When present, they can be seen alone, associated with leg varices or associated with venous malformations of ...

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy-associated Krukenberg tumor is very rare, and the diagnosis in pregnancy is even more difficult. Usually symptoms are attributed to pregnancy luteomas, which are hormone-active benign neoplasms. CASE: A 22-year-old female presented at the 28th week of gestation with rapid onset of hirsutism and acne since the 20th week ...

A 32-year-old woman, gravida 4, para 2, was diagnosed with a benign right ovarian mucinous cystadenoma. It was diagnosed in the tenth week of pregnancy, measured 47 x 69 mm, and reached 190 x 152 mm at 23 weeks of gestation. Laparotomy was performed and the ovarian cystic mass was ...

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a rare and potentially life-threatening complication during controlled ovarian stimulation. It can be associated with severe morbidity and may even be fatal. The etiology of the condition and predisposing factors are still not fully understood. Data concerning pathophysiology in patients with OHSS were searched using ...

BACKGROUND: Most true hermaphrodite patients--characterized by the presence of both ovarian and testicular tissue--demonstrate ambiguous genitalia and are diagnosed at birth, most commonly bearing a 46,XX karyotype. PATIENT AND METHODS: We report on a 13-year-old boy presenting with left scrotal hemorrhage. He had a left inguinal hernia, a palpable testis ...

Ovarian thecoma, which belongs to the group of sex-cord stromal tumors, is a relatively rare neoplasm. In this report we present a pregnant woman with a solid ovarian mass diagnosed during pregnancy and operated on at the 19th gestational week. At surgical exploration, torsion of the ovarian tumor was observed ...

Surgical ovarian wedge resection was the first established treatment for women with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) but was largely abandoned due to the risk of postsurgical adhesions and the introduction of medical ovulation induction with clomiphene and gonadotrophins. However, women with PCOS who are treated with gonadotrophins often have ...

OBJECTIVE: Uterus didelphys with hemivaginal atresia and ipsilateral renal agenesis is a rare syndrome of müllerian anomalies. Term pregnancy at the site of atresia is even rarer. CASE REPORT: A 28-year-old married woman presented with menometrorrhagia and primary infertility. Pelvic examination led to the suspicion of a pelvic mass between ...

Infertility technologies often employ exogenous gonadotropin therapy to increase antral follicle production. In an effort to enhance ovarian response, several long-acting FSH therapies have been developed including an FSH-C-terminal peptide (CTP), where the FSH subunits are linked by the CTP moiety from human chorionic gonadotropin, which is responsible for the ...

Female reproductive function depends upon the exquisite control of ovarian steroidogenesis that enables folliculogenesis, ovulation, and pregnancy. These mechanisms are set during fetal and/or neonatal development and undergo phases of differentiation throughout pre- and post-pubescent life. Ovarian development and function are collectively regulated by a host of endogenous growth factors, ...

Insulin resistance is an important pathophysiological feature of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Insulin resistance and its compensatory hyperinsulinemia contribute to the anovulation, hyperandrogenism, infertility and early pregnancy loss suffered by women with PCOS. Current evidence supports the role of metformin in the treatment of anovulation in PCOS, both in ...

A large ovarian cyst was diagnosed at 22 weeks' of gestation in a 32-year-old woman. The ultrasonographic appearance of the ovarian cyst was unusual with multiple mobile, spherical echogenic structures floating in the cystic mass, called intracystic "fat balls." Right adnexectomy was performed by laparotomy at 28 weeks' of gestation, ...

BACKGROUND: During the childbearing years, the standard fertility-sparing treatment for bilateral borderline ovarian tumours (BOTs) is the unilateral oophorectomy plus controlateral cystectomy. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of two laparoscopic fertility-sparing surgical procedures for the treatment of bilateral BOTs on recurrence and fertility in ...

Women born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy have been shown to have impaired fertility, although the mechanisms underlying this association are unknown. Nicotine administration in adult animals has adverse effects on the ovary and uterus; however, the effects of fetal exposure to nicotine on postnatal ovarian function have not ...

BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue is valuable for fertility preservation. We develop an innovative vitrification method using less concentrated cryoprotectants and direct application of liquid nitrogen to the ovarian tissue (direct cover vitrification, DCV) to improve its efficiency. METHODS: Ovaries of 5- to 6-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly allocated to ...

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the value of the clomiphene citrate challenge test (CCCT) in the prediction of poor ovarian response and pregnancy in IVF. DESIGN: Systematic review. SETTING: All studies that evaluated the CCCT in the prediction of poor ovarian response or pregnancy after IVF. PATIENT(S): Infertility population undergoing an ...

An increase in the incidence of adnexal masses uncovered during pregnancy has occurred concurrently with the adoption of near universal use of prenatal ultrasound. The majority of these masses resolve by the second trimester. Persistent masses continue to be at risk for significant sequelae such as torsion, rupture, and obstruction ...

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy induce premature ovarian failure in many patients treated with these methods for oncological and benign diseases. This paper reviews the risk of developing premature ovarian failure according to the types of treatment as well as the different options to preserve fertility. We focus mainly on the cryopreservation ...

The effects of ovarian endometrioma on fertility outcomes with IVF and embryo transfer have been causally related to poor outcomes. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the ovarian reserve and ovarian responsiveness to ovarian stimulation and assisted reproduction outcomes in patients with ovarian endometrioma. The odds for clinical ...

BACKGROUND: Splenic cysts or masses in pregnancy are extremely rare and only five cases were described in the literature. We present the first case of splenic cyst in pregnancy treated laparoscopically with fenestration and preservation of the spleen. CASE: A 23-year-old primigravida at 9 weeks of gestation presented for her ...

Nocardiosis is a rare disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. We report on a 32-year-old pregnant woman with nocardiosis, which may be the third reported case in which no risk factor for the infection (other than the pregnancy itself) could be found. Pregnancy was complicated by ...

The proper utilization of gonadotrophin during ovarian stimulation is absolutely essential and can modify the results (pregnancy rates). Moreover, several compounds and preparations are now available for use. This commentary discusses those preparations of follitropin (FbM and FbB) and the most relevant epidemiological evidence to obtain the best result during ...

BACKGROUND: Intrauterine insemination with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is commonly used as first-line treatment for couples with unexplained subfertility. Since such treatment increases the risk of multiple pregnancy, a couple's chances of achieving an ongoing pregnancy without it should be considered to identify those most likely to benefit from treatment. We ...

Laparoscopic ovarian surgery for the induction of ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome provides a single-treatment option with a good rate of unifollicular ovulation, thereby minimizing the need for extensive ultrasound monitoring because of a low risk of multiple pregnancy. The cumulative conception rates after 6 months are lower ...

The control of ovarian steroidogenesis during pregnancy is mainly of endocrine origin. At present, there is little information about the influence of neural factors on the gestation physiology. The purpose of this work was to study the action of cholinergic agents in celiac ganglion upon the liberation of progesterone and ...

Women with normal ovarian function (n = 9) and women who conceived with ovum donation (no circulating relaxin; n = 9) had serial measurements of renal function made during the first trimester of pregnancy by using 24-hour creatinine clearance (CrCl) and plasma osmolality (P(osm)). All pregnancies were associated with increasing ...