Since 1765, five major curricular reform movements have catalyzed significant changes in North American medical education. This article describes each reform movement in terms of its underlying educational practices and principles, inherent instructional problems, and the innovations that were carried forward. When considering the motivating factors underlying these reform movements, ...

Many reports have emphasized the need to reform medical education to bring it into harmony with society's needs and expectations. Although much effort has been expended over several decades, many believe that reform initiatives have not successfully modified physicians' behaviors and attitudes. More recently, two major projects--Educating Future Physicians for ...

A major aspiration of the medical community is to use multimedia databases to disseminate important research or clinical information and for education. We describe a WWW reference library of 3D models of human organs containing pathological and normal organs organised in cases, together with a variety of educational and supporting ...

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships between socioeconomic status (SES), psychosocial vulnerability (hostility), and allostatic load. Allostatic load refers to the cumulative physiological cost of adaptation to stress. METHOD: We examined the relationships between SES (as measured by educational attainment), hostility, and allostatic load in the Normative Aging Study, a longitudinal ...

Neurologic disease, already common in the United States, will become even more common in the future. But presently, neurology education at the undergraduate level and in primary care residencies is declining and does not adequately train physicians to manage neurologic illness. The authors maintain that this serious problem can be ...

Until recently, most medical educators emphasized the art of medical education and largely ignored the fundamental science of learning underlying their basic practices. However, over the last decade medical education has evolved into an academic discipline in its own right, where scholarship can be demonstrated in the generation of new ...

MultiMed is a telemedicine and tele-education project to extend access to a sophisticated medical simulation facility in Bristol. It will allow remote users to undertake simulated medical scenarios and to access a reference database, for a comprehensive remote learning experience. The first phase will focus on the area of anaesthesia ...

Educational institutions are major cultural and social systems that police and regulate the living out of multicultural and multisexual queer identities, yet which also provide sites for anti-discriminatory responses to the marginalization of these multiple, hybrid identities. Censorship and disapproval (both real and imagined) together with informal codes and regulations ...

This paper discusses the problems of Japanese under- and postgraduate education of psychiatry, and indicates several important points for psychiatric education. Most medical schools give lectures on psychiatry to fourth and fifth graders. Lecturing hours average 2.3% of the total lecture time for medical students. However, the hours have tended ...

In Spain, the lack of homogeneous criteria among medical institutions has led to gaps between medical school, residency, and continuing medical education. The authors describe the background and early history of the Spanish medical education system, early reforms, and the start of modern postgraduate medical education. They discuss the current ...

WFME has recently decided to extend its 'International Collaborative Programme for the Reorientation of Medical Education', aiming at the implementation of its educational policy at the institutional level. The first objective is to stimulate educational institutions to formulate their own plans for change and for quality improvement to align with ...

These are hard times for medical school deans--high turnover among deans, the fiscal distress of many medical schools, the gap between what deans expect the job will be and what is required of them, the stark differences between what the job of dean is today and what it was in ...

Despite many relevant benefits, the study of literature has been rejected by medical schools this century. However, the role of literature and the arts is coming to the fore again in many branches of medicine, including education, leading to a broader approach to medical practice than the purely scientific approach. ...

In its first 25 years, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) has become a quality institution of medical education that provides a steady flow of career physicians for the military. It compares favorably with U.S. medical school averages in all aspects of undergraduate medical education: faculty, teaching ...

As a result of the Flexner Report in 1910, proprietary medical schools disappeared and science taught by researchers became a part of every medical school curriculum. Medical research produced products that improved health and brought large profits to health-related industries. Research became the currency most valued within the organizational power ...

Researchers and program developers in medical education presently face the challenge of implementing and evaluating curricula that teach medical students and house staff how to effectively and respectfully deliver health care to the increasingly diverse populations of the United States. Inherent in this challenge is clearly defining educational and training ...

As part of a larger project focused on integrating women's health issues and gender issues into undergraduate medical education in Canada, the question of what is actually meant by a "gender issues perspective" in medical education was explored. Clinical experience, discussions with colleagues, and exposure to a variety of medical ...

The GMC's publications The New Doctor (GMC 1997) outlines an approach for the education of Pre-registration House Officers using designated educational supervisors. In order to establish appropriate means of training consultants to undertake this role, the Centre for Postgraduate and Continuing Medical Education at the Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham undertook ...

Revolutionary changes in the nature and form of medical practice institutions are likely to reverberate backward into medical education as leaders of the new practice organizations demand that the educational mission be responsive to their needs, and as these demands are increasingly backed by market power. In the face of ...

Although Abraham Flexner (1866-1959) is well known as the author of Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching--so well known that this publication's better-known shorthand title is "the Flexner Report"--for many the "real" Flexner remains something of a ...

Leadership in improving the education of doctors, while impressive, is not happening fast enough. While there are many obstacles, there is no time to waste in restructuring medical education to repair its present deficiencies, for otherwise outside forces could overwhelm today's education leaders with imperatives to make improvements on their ...

Hypermedia has the potential to greatly enhance teaching. It can, however, be difficult to develop hyperdocuments which provide medical students with the full benefit of the technology. We wish to resolve this problem by providing a methodology for creating educational hypermedia systems with specific emphasis on the medical domain, but ...

Ophthalmologists play a relatively peripheral role in medical student and resident education. A review of the evolution, funding, and administration of medical education in the United States lends insight into why this is so. The author reviews the current status of education in ophthalmology for medical students and residents; the ...

In the paper we mention the trends in medical informatics education and we present the development of medical informatics education in the Czech Republic. The actual situation at Czech faculties giving pregraduate courses covering medical informatics topics is described. The enhanced development of medical informatics education via European cooperation is ...

Authors present their experience with first medical videoconferencing program developed in a public Argentinean hospital. Both modalities--room and desktop videoconferencing--were used. The program was exclusively used for educational purposes. A total of twelfth videoconferencing were successfully made using all resources. They included surgical procedures, magisterial lessons, grand rounds, etc. The ...

Nurse-midwives have participated informally in the education of medical students and residents for many years, yet little is known about their formal involvement in medical education. A two-part survey was conducted to investigate the extent and characteristics of nurse-midwifery participation in medical education in the United States. The initial questionnaire ...

In our country the increasing commercialization of medicine is taking control of our medical school faculties, hospitals, and education. There is an overemphasis on health care efficiency, with a dramatic decrease in the commitment to research, an increase in the cost of medical education and resultant staggering student debt, an ...

Inspite of being the products of present system of medical education in Pakistan, the faculty members of Baqai University are generally dissatisfied with it. They have raised their concern on present medical education at various forums. This paper discusses the problems of medical education in Pakistan as elicited by the ...

The growth of simulation technology has brought about rapid innovation in medical education systems. The task of developing and programming these systems is complex. To simplify the process, we developed a typology of medical simulators which allows critical elements to be identified and characterized. The analysis identifies the patients, the ...

Calls for medical education reform focus on four major criticisms directed at curricular content and context, infrastructure fragmentation, specialty mix, and the lack of integration with community and public health. In the previous article in this two-part series, authors from the osteopathic medical education community focused on uniquely osteopathic reforms ...

Academic medical centers by virtue of their complex nature have made immense contributions to the education of professionals, application of research, and providing clinical services for people. Today they are being faced with many new challenges. One of these challenges, requiring new efforts, will be to incorporate leadership education into ...

Rapid and profound changes in the public and private markets for health care services are posing multiple challenges to the complex and inter-dependent system for financing medical education. In this paper, we examine a wide range of potential sources of financial support for medical education, provide data on the revenue ...

Medical education has not kept pace with the evolving healthcare system. Criticism from industry and policy observers focuses on four major areas requiring reform: the curriculum, the fragmented educational infrastructure, the specialist-to-generalist mix, and the alienation from community and public health. The dominance of managed care organizations in the delivery ...

The paper gives information on education and training covered by the Joint European Project (JEP) entitled 'Education in the Methodology Field of Health Care, EuroMISE (European Education in Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology)', that has been running for 3 years (1993-1995) under the umbrella of the European TEMPUS-PHARE programme. Training ...

The economic forces that are reshaping the practice of medicine and the funding of medical research will have great impact on clinical education and research in teaching hospitals and their associated medical schools. Changes in the setting of and approach to medical education will need to be made in order ...

In order to investigate the path of medical education in Iran, indicators of medical education were searched from 1970 to 1994. There have been rises in the number of educational institutions from 10 to 46; student admissions in programmes of medical sciences from 1387 to 18,141; medical student admissions from ...

As managed care becomes more and more dominant in U.S. health care, it is coming into conflict with medical education. There are historical reasons for this: medical education traditionally excluded physicians who chose to work in health plans, and for profit managed care has tended to avoid subsidizing medical education. ...

The unique purpose of medical schools is to select and educate competent, caring physicians capable of meeting society's expectations for health care. The author discusses this purpose first in the context of liberal education, which provides a broad perspective essential in the education of doctors and other professionals. Such an ...

In today's medical community, the term "brain attack" is used in two ways. It is used as a synonym for stroke, and also as a reference to an educational and logistic campaign aimed at earlier recognition and treatment of stroke. This article presents an introduction to both uses of the ...

Business as usual is not the answer these days. But how do you create a new paradigm for academic educational and research endeavors? There is increasing pressure to separate the costs of providing care to patients from those of educating students and residents. It is evident already that we will ...

BACKGROUND: A comparison was made between the Dutch national objectives for the education of medical doctors (in terms of clinical experiences and skills) which are stated in the Blueprint, and the extents to which the objectives were realized in six clerkships at the Faculty of Medical Sciences in Groningen. METHODS: ...

Medical education at the Colombian School of Medicine has undergone a reconceptualization and reorganization so as to encompasses three fundamental elements of medical practice: 1) development of general abilities and standards necessarky for appropriate professional medical practice; 2) technical education which makes it possible to utilize the bases that science ...

The Medication Reduction Project (MED RED) is a community-based program addressing polypharmacy issues in elders. Using educational presentations and one-on-one medication reviews conducted by a pharmacist specializing in geriatrics, MED RED reached over 1,100 older adults in rural and urban southeastern South Dakota communities during 1993. Analysis of the longitudinal ...

Medical education at the Colombian School of Medicine has undergone a reconceptualization and reorganization so as to encompasses three fundamental elements of medical practice: 1) development of general abilities and standards necessary for appropriate professional medical practice; 2) technical education which makes it possible to utilize the bases that science ...

Commitment to steady, adaptive improvement in podiatric medical professionals has taken shape in the Podiatric Educational Enhancement Project. This project involves wide representation from all interests, aspects, and constituencies in the profession to study opportunities and develop consensus on both small and large enhancements possible in the continuum of podiatric ...

In 1901, when optometry first achieved legal status, optometric education in the United States was inadequate. Two-week courses in refraction, correspondence courses, and 2 year apprenticeships were common. Over the next 2 decades, progress was made through the closing of a number of schools and the development of some creditable ...

New curricula and educational methods are needed in medical education to take account of changes in the material taught, and the way in which education is delivered. We describe two approaches to these challenges--an internationally developed slide-text-based program and a multimedia clinical case-based CD-ROM project.

The societal and economic forces driving change in medical education are affecting communities as well as universities. Each of the four authors of this paper is deeply involved in one of the components of their locale's well-developed community-based medical educational system, and each describes how change is influencing his role ...

Increasing interest in continuing medical education is reflected in greater demand for educational programmes. Content and educational strategies should be appropriate to the needs of the target audience. Proper matching of content and strategies to target needs of users requires the instructional design to be carefully planned and based on ...

The education of patients and their families can support positive patient healthcare outcomes. Patient and family education is an essential component of the healthcare delivery process, but it often is fragmented, with individual disciplines providing information without coordination. At the Carl T. Hayden VA Medical Center in Phoenix, AZ, a ...