After World War I, medical education in the Soviet Union and medical education in the United States headed in strikingly divergent directions. In keeping with the recommendations of the Flexner report, medical education in the United States became a university-based academic discipline based in the natural sciences. In contrast, the ...

We have produced further evidence demonstrating that DDx performance is a function of a test case's typicality. Medical educators might consider exploring how cognitive scientists have used the typicality assumption to investigate and enhance the instruction and assessment of subjects engaged in other classification tasks. Further substantiation of the applicability ...

In this study, the authors identify how well self-care agents function in the self-administration of medication. The sample population included 60 adults who were evaluated on their ability to read three prescription labels and perform the tasks necessary to administer medications correctly. Age, gender, number of medications taken, and type ...

This article describes a subset of interactive medical education software that is representative of currently available products. Packages are now being produced with a variety of languages and "authoring" programs and have been distributed over CD-ROMs, floppy disks, and laser videodiscs. The developers and distributors include individuals, universities, pharmaceutical companies, ...

The concern that there are too few generalist physicians and too many specialists is part of the ongoing health care debate. Medical educators have been challenged at the graduate and undergraduate levels to educate more generalists. While some question the actual effect of medical education on the choice of a ...

The ORBIS International Flying Eye Hospital is dedicated to restoring sight to the blind through medical education programs in developing countries. The modification of a DC-10 aircraft to house a teaching hospital for ophthalmic surgery involved a variety of engineering challenges to satisfy standards for both hospital and aircraft safety. ...

Demands for specialist examinations grow in a new Europe with open borders for labour force, including medical doctors. Significant mechanisms stimulating this development are outlined. In the light of an analysis of the purpose of evaluation of postgraduate medical education, a warning is expressed against simplistic approaches and solutions. The ...

The care of the young adult with cystic fibrosis is complex, requiring a multidisciplinary input from different carers. Communication with and education of patients covers many areas; topics may include medical and personal problems, transplantation, survival, current scientific breakthroughs and the future. Communicating in these areas with knowledgeable young adults ...

American medical education is under continued study, and reforms are being suggested to improve it. The current paper reviews the standard U.S. medical school curriculum and discusses suggestions for change. Medical education must become more student- and learning-oriented, must place more emphasis on primary care, and must use new settings ...

A number of factors have contributed to the relatively rapid development and growth of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCA) as a viable and popular assessment tool. Among these was an increased need, expressed both by training institutions and certifying and licensing bodies, for valid performance-based assessment approaches. That this ...

The author recalls his medical/ophthalmologic education and his career and travels during the middle decades of this century. He provides colorful descriptions of his professors, friends and colleagues throughout the world, highlighting not only their accomplishments, but also their personalities. Special tribute is given to his dear friend, Dr. Edward ...

Cambodia is currently undertaking reforms of its educational system both in structure and substance. Under these reforms, the Ministry of Education (MOE) is revising its curricula and textbooks in selective subjects. The government and UNFPA saw a timely opportunity to introduce population education concepts into three subjects, geography, home science, ...

The Association of American Medical Colleges accepted in full the strategies recommended by its Generalist Task Force in 1992, in particular the central goal that a majority of graduating medical students be committed to careers in generalist specialties and that medical schools make appropriate efforts to reach this goal as ...

OBJECTIVE: To report a program to reduce the practice of prescribing sublingual nifedipine. MONITORING AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM: Pharmacy records were used to identify orders for sublingual nifedipine at Georgetown University Medical Center. Initial review showed 30-40 orders/month, or approximately 11% of all nifedipine orders. A newsletter was published outlining Pharmacy ...

The General Medical Council has issued a call for an increase in community-based medical education, and many medical schools are enhancing the community component of their curricula. This paper uses the experience of a community-based junior medical firm to explore the potential costs, and highlight some of the unresolved problems, ...

Professional autonomy continues to be an issue of major concern for practicing audiologists. Members of the Educational Audiology Association completed a written survey covering the amount of independence and authority they experience when employed in an educational setting. Four areas were explored: scope of practice; referral procedures; assessment and management ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether treatment received for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is systematically different among individuals with different levels of formal education. METHODS: Using 4,455 patient-years of observational data from the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) RA panel, we estimated the relationship between patients' education level and treatment received for ...

This paper discusses graduate medical education in the United States under the headings of History, Goals and Incentives, Curricula, Influences, and Essentials. The factors that influence graduate medical education are: evolving knowledge and technology; local, state, and national organizations; class size and composition; changing student specialty preferences; methods of health ...

This article reports a comparative case study of six selected USA medical schools, undertaken to identify factors that facilitate or obstruct innovation in medical education. The findings suggest that the culture of each medical school results from a combination of intra-institutional and external factors. Together these forces influence substantially the ...

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the various functions of regular review conferences between clinicians and radiologists, proceedings at 19 such meetings were audited. In particular, the authors attempted to quantify their educational component. METHODS: The cases discussed during each meeting were monitored, and the educational component was assessed. Changes in ...

BACKGROUND: Palliative medicine is developing as a distinct clinical discipline worldwide. The U.S. literature describes goals for education in palliative medicine, yet this literature lacks validated educational objectives. METHOD: To develop and validate appropriate educational objectives for medical training in the care of the terminally ill, 200 randomly selected members ...

As we enter a very turbulent period for medicine and medical education, it is essential that the importance and value of medical education research be demonstrated. Despite the billions of dollars that our society invests annually in medical education, medical education research, the "R & D" of medical education, is ...

The University of Maryland at Baltimore has established a database of health/medical informatics programs worldwide. Since 1991, IMIA's Working Group on Education and Training in Medical Informatics has provided guidance on critical issues of policy and purpose. At the Heidelberg/Heilbronn Working Conference in 1992 on Health/Medical Informatics education, representatives to ...

Role models play an important part in determining how medical trainees mature professionally. Demonstrating clinical skills at the bedside is the most distinctive characteristic of an effective role model. We discuss how role modeling affects professional identity and career choice and offer several suggestions for improving medical education, including the ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of the clinical training environment and a medical education community in reaffirming medical professionalism among physicians-in-training and faculty. DATA SOURCES: Published articles on undergraduate and graduate medical education and sociology works on professionalism were identified through research. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were selected that illustrated barriers ...

Academies of Medicine now should see their educational mission as concern with all stages of medical education in the nation. Traditionally, National Academies have tended to regard Postgraduate Training as their proper educational responsibility. Such limitation is no longer defensible, particularly because medical education is now accepted as a continuum ...

A crisis exists in medical education. Changes in methodology have diverted attention from synthesis to mass accumulation of factual data. The response to this crisis has been largely focused on a shell game involving new pathways and curriculum changes without addressing the critical issue of what constitutes education. The ultimate ...

In osteopathic graduate medical education programs, the Director of Medical Education (DME) plays the key leadership role. This article outlines critical characteristics and skills that the DME should possess to successfully perform in this role. Central to this success is a passionate commitment to osteopathic medical education and a commitment ...

Major areas in which innovative approaches in medical education have been tried include student selection, learning strategies, and community orientation. It is relatively easier to implement innovations in a new institution. In established medical schools, running two simultaneous curricula tracks, the traditional and the innovative has emerged as a popular ...

Prominent progress has been made in the field of surgery in Japan following the examples of Germany and the United States before and after World War II, respectively. At present, surgery in japan seems to have reached almost top levels in the field of research as well as medical care. ...

The on rush of beneficial change which now flows in medical education has never been stronger since the start of this century. Such activity has not been seen since the era of Flexner. There can be no doubt that the world scene is now set for decisive, effective action. The ...

In late 1990 during the massive Operation Desert Shield/Storm (ODS) deployment of United Nations troops, the VA/DoD Joint Contingency Plan was activated. Worst case scenarios projected tens of thousands of medical evacuees from the Persian Gulf and predicted that U.S. Military Communication Zone and CONUS bed capacity would quickly be ...

Education should be practiced with attention to principles derived from both the research in medical education and the practical experience of health professions instructors. The authors summarize both the major questions addressed by researchers in medical education during recent years and some of the answers. This paper is divided into ...

Philosophy offers us the ability to think logically and critically about any field of knowledge, podiatric medical education included. By proceeding in an orderly manner, the growth of the profession will be ensured as long as the thinkers are willing to be truthful. Ironically, conformity is not a necessity and ...

Many problems exist within the contemporary medical education process in general and the osteopathic medical profession in particular. Part 2 of this series suggests that the single greatest impediment to solving these problems is an institutional infrastructure that is not congruent with the institution's functions, as defined in its mission ...

Over the past 50 years, many Canadian medical educators have pursued ideas and visions, as individuals in the 1950s and 1960s and later in partnership with various national bodies. Relations between universities and national medical organizations have been productive in dealing with issues of postgraduate education and clinical assessment, in ...

Initiated by Associated Medical Services (AMS), Educating Future Physicians for Ontario is a 5-year collaborative project whose overall goal is to make medical education in Ontario more responsive to that province's evolving health needs. It is supported by AMS, the five universities with medical schools or academic health sciences centres ...

Despite the fact that clinical pharmacology is already an established discipline in many (developed) countries, in Eastern Europe it has not yet been fully recognized and therefore its development has lagged. On the basis of the WHO recommendations--together with the planned medical educational reform--it would be desirable to establish university ...

OBJECTIVE: To provide well-written, easy-to-read, comprehensible education materials without losing sight of their medical accuracy. PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR DUTIES: Employees from all hospital departments develop first drafts. A multidisciplinary committee, patient-education program (PEP), composed of a pharmacist, dietitian, respiratory therapist, radiology technician, medical illustrator, and inpatient and outpatient nurses facilitate ...

Over the last three decades, the concept of Western disease has become well established. Medicine has approached this group of diseases by searching for new cures but has achieved relatively little success. We argue that medicine should now accept the failure of this strategy and place a major emphasis on ...

The Flexner Report, one of the most cited publications in medical education, describes the site-visits to 163 medical schools in 40 American states, in terms of admission requirements, number of students, number of faculty, etcetera. The Flexner Reports (there are three!) are still worth reading. For instance, Flexner holds a ...

To educate a geographically and professionally diverse group of health care providers about teratology in an economic and efficient manner, we developed a locally written and distributed teratology newsletter. Response to the newsletter, from readers as well as from our staff and funding agencies, suggests that such a newsletter can ...

Universities and medical schools must leave their cloistered environment. The time has come for them to venture out into the world and grapple with the problems of society, taking actual responsibility for the health of their local populations. And medical students should be educated in the ideals and practicalities of ...

A major disadvantage of rural medical practice is the limited reserve of consultative options. To determine the perceived clinical utility and educational impact of the West Virginia University Medical Access and Referral System (MARS), a 24-hour prompt telephone-consultation service, a mailed questionnaire was administered to 303 West Virginia clinicians who ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an educational intervention on the knowledge and behaviour of hospital staff pertaining to death certification. A questionnaire was administered, and certification error assessed both before and after written educational material was provided. Although the response rate to the questionnaire ...

The design, development and implementation of medical education software often occurs without sufficient consideration of the potential benefits that can be realized by making the software network aware. These benefits can be considerable and can greatly enhance the utilization and potential impact of the software. This article details how multiple ...

Less attention has been paid to Flexner's educational philosophy as compared with the recommendations he made to reform American medical education in Bulletin No. 4 of the Carnegie Foundation, the so-called "Flexner Report." His philosophy begins with the education of the child, having much in common with the educational theories ...

The education of residents is shifting to the ambulatory care setting. In addition, there is a growing trend toward managed care and increasing competition for patients to be served by "real-world" practices. The authors describe the formation and operation of a program that was established in 1981 at the Stanford ...

Despite recommendations by medical reformers that medical sociology be included in the curriculum, there is currently little evidence of a far-reaching integration of sociological perspectives in American medical education. Yet, support for the relevance of sociological knowledge has since the late 1960s helped to diffuse external pressures for change in ...

The development of medical education in China occurred quite differently to medical education in the rest of the world. A review of the literature has been presented regarding the historical development and the evolution of medical education research and development (MERAD) units in modern China. The history of medical education ...