The application of radionuclides to medical diagnosis and treatment has a relatively short history. The phenomenon of radioactivity was originally discovered by Henri Bacquerel in 1896, whereas Pierre and Marie Curie isolated the naturally occurring element radium in 1899. The use of radium in the treatment of malignant disease was ...

Timely rehabilitation of facial defects necessitates provisional prostheses during the period following surgery. The possibilities of using microwave radiation in the drying of gypsum casts, the preparation of stone molds, the curing of silicone elastomers, and the extrinsic coloring of silicone prostheses are presented. Microwave radiation has the potential for ...

Six chronic smokers of mid- to high-carbon monoxide (CO) yield cigarettes smoked ultralow- (1.6 mg CO), low- (5.9 mg CO) and high- (14.3 mg CO) yield commercial cigarettes under controlled smoking conditions in which either puff number or puff spacing was manipulated. CO exposure (pre- to postsmoking increments) was directly ...

An estimate of the neutron production of medical electron accelerators is of interest in order to quantify the radiological risk for the staff operating such machines. First, we used a theoretical procedure, based on the Montecarlo method, in order to get some information about the neutron spectrum. Second, by using ...

This month FDA Consumer offers the second of two articles on the wide array of radiological techniques that physicians can use to help them 'see' inside the body. The first article, in last month's issue, covered techniques that use X-rays, though often in ways far different from the traditional X-ray ...

The presented study deals with the changes of thermooptic qualities of thermographic sheet, provoked by UV irradiation. The thermographic sheets of inland provenance produced by are possible to use in medical coloured surface thermography. The method adapted for measuring gives quite reproducible results and for its relative simplicity it is ...

After the accidents at Chernobyl, the Soviet Union, and in Goiania, Brazil, there is increasing concern about the medical risks from radiation accidents. This overview summarizes the principles of nuclear energy, the biologic effects of accidental radiation exposure, the emergency response to nuclear accidents, and approaches to treating radiation injuries. ...

A method of medical diagnosis of toxic elements, using a neutron beam from a mobile nuclear reactor to perform partial-body in-vivo prompt gamma-ray activation technique, has been developed. Both neutron and gamma-ray dose equivalents in an irradiated phantom and around medical researchers were measured and evaluated. Neutron flux at various ...

Probability of causation (PC) is sometimes viewed as a great improvement by those persons who are not happy with the present rulings of courts in radiation cases. The author does not share that hope and expects that PC will not play a significant role in these issues for at least ...

Since 1967 at the times of their biennial ABCC/RERF radiological examinations, all Adult Health Study (AHS) subjects have been interviewed to determine the exposures to medical x-rays they experienced in institutions other than RERF in order to estimate the numbers of examinations and corresponding doses which they received. These data ...

The production of 75Br by the 78Kr (d,n alpha)75Br reaction using a 21.5 MeV deuteron beam was investigated. With our 78Kr gas target, the production yield was found to be 5.9 +/- 0.9 mCi/microA at saturation. The major impurities in the 75Br product were 76Br and 77Br which amounted to ...

The immediate medical response to the nuclear accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station involved containment of the radioactivity and evacuation of the nearby population. The next step consisted of assessment of the radiation dose received by individuals, based on biological dosimetry, and treatment of those exposed. Medical care involved ...

Advanced life support medications stored in emergency department stretcher areas, diagnostic radiology rooms, and radiotherapy suites are exposed to ionizing radiation. We hypothesized that radiation may decrease the potency and thus the shelf life of medications stored in these areas. Atropine, dopamine, epinephrine, and isoproterenol were exposed to a wide ...

A general method for extending the principles and techniques of NCRP Report No. 49 of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements has been developed. Equations are derived that determine the photon exposure through a radiation barrier taking into account the primary, scatter and leakage radiation from multiple radiation ...

An analytical model was developed to estimate the availability and frequency of medical radiation use on a worldwide basis. This model includes medical and dental x-ray, nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy. The development of an analytical model is necessary as the first step in estimating the radiation dose to the ...

Brushland wildlife within the Lower Rio Grande Valley of south Texas were studied following applications of eleven insecticides to nearby sugarcane or cotton fields. During the study no wildlife were found dead. Mean brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of great-tailed grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) and mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) was significantly lower ...

Midsummer solar UV-radiation in southern Finland was measured by a spectroradiometer, polysulphone film dosimeters, and a solid-state UV-meter. Solar UV-irradiance was compared with radiation from different phototherapy devices (UVB, SUP, and PUVA therapy equipment). Measured by the spectroradiometer, the solar UVB irradiance at noon was 55 microW/cm2; it varied from ...

The medical care given to a victim of a radiation accident is one aspect of a larger emergency response that involves the establishment of control of the radiation source, prevention of secondary contamination of all persons having contact with the injured, organization of a general evacuation, and panic control. We ...

New 915 MHz microwave interstitial applicators with improved treatment volume have been developed for clinical hyperthermia. The applicators are made from semi-rigid miniature coaxial cables by removing sections of the outer copper conductor to create multiple nodes while preserving the integrity of the teflon dielectric insulators. The homogeneity of the ...

The effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the spontaneous membrane-associated oxidative metabolism of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and mononuclear leukocytes (MNL), co-incubated in the presence and absence of the non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) benoxaprofen at various concentrations, were investigated in vitro. Assays of superoxide generation and luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) were ...

To ascertain radiation exposure to medical personnel during percutaneous nephrolithotomy, lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were utilized for the radiographic monitoring of 7 consecutive patients. Average fluoroscopy time per procedure was 27.8 minutes of which 15.1 minutes were for nephrostomy tube insertion and 12.7 minutes were for calculi extraction. The ...

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC EC 4.1.1.17) induction in mouse epidermis after single or multiple topical applications of chrysarobin differed from that following topical application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Following a single application of 220 nmol chrysarobin, ODC activity began to rise at 24 h reaching a peak at 56 h and returned ...

The efforts to clean up hazardous waste disposal sites have led to an increasing number of workers involved in these activities. Industrial hygiene surveys have demonstrated that these workers are potentially exposed to low levels of multiple contaminants during the work day and to high levels of some contaminants for ...

This review article describes several applications of the widely used enzyme immunoassay (EIA) procedure. EIA methods have been adapted to solve problems in diagnostic virology where sensitivity, specificity, or practicability is required. Concurrent developments in hybridoma and conjugation methods have increased significantly the use of these assays. A general overview ...

The microscopic precision required to produce minute integrated circuits is dependent on several processes utilizing radiofrequency and microwave radiation. This article provides a review of radiofrequency and microwave exposures in microelectronics and of the physical and biologic properties of these types of radiation; summarizes the existing, relevant medical literature; and ...

The present concept of radiation protection emphasizes the protection of man against ionizing radiation from manmade sources. But the overwhelming radiation exposure in a given population results from the natural radiation environment (NRE) and the use of radiation in medicine, while less than 2% of the total dose is due ...

Due to the increased use of high intensity ultrasonic devices, there is now a greater risk of worker exposure to ultrasonic radiation than there was in the past. Exposure to high power ultrasound may produce adverse biological effects. High power ultrasound, characterized by high intensity outputs at frequencies of 20-100 ...

A method for fabrication of a radiation carrier with an adaptation of the afterloading technique has been described. The use of the afterloading technique allows for quick and easy placement of multiple radioactive sources; thus time and exposure to the radiotherapist and the patient are minimized during the period of ...

Cancer has been the second most common cause of death in Canada for decades, and its nonsurgical management has largely been carried out by radiation oncologists for many years. Most of these specialists are not Canadian medical graduates, and the supply of suitably trained radiation oncologists is steadily diminishing in ...

The hematological and blood-chemistry effects of chronic microwave radiation on unrestrained rhesus monkeys trained to expose their face and eyes to 9.3GHz microwave radiation at an average incident power density of 150 or 300mW/cm2 are reported. Only inconsistent transient effects were found. The lack of significant hematological effects, together with ...

Ionizing radiation has been used much more frequently in the past than at the present in the treatment of benign conditions. As progress continued in the medical sciences, the use of radiotherapy narrowed considerably due to better understanding of the nature of ionizing radiation and its potential complications. Other agents ...

In conventional radiation-therapy facilities, radiation doses to medical personnel originate from the leakage radiation of 60Co teletherapy systems or from photoneutrons produced during the operation of x-ray generators at energies over 10 MeV in unsuitably shielded therapy rooms. In neutron-therapy facilities, during patient set-ups and position verifications, medical personnel are ...

A calculation of the energy lost by antiprotons stopping in water shows that the radiation transferred is localized within 1 mm of the stopping point. This "focusing" of the radiation is mainly due to heavily ionizing particles emitted from the nuclei on which the annihilation takes place. At present antiproton ...

A local authority and its medical adviser collaborated to assess the needs of applicants who have special requirements for medical rehousing. Some characteristics of the applicants were examined, together with how successfully their needs were met. Over half the applicants were aged over 55. Some three years after their initial ...

The application of agarose in hemoperfusion is hampered by the lack of a suitable sterilization method. A technique has been developed for the crosslinking of agarose encapsulated sorbents by the reaction with 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (DCP) under strong alkaline conditions. A twofold molar excess of DCP with respect to agarose and an ...

Groups of rotifers of the species Asplanchna brightwelli were exposed to U.V. irradiation at dosages ranging from 50 to 4800 J/m2. The lifespan of the rotifers was significantly reduced by exposure to U.V. in the range of 200 to 4800 J/m2. A logarithmic decline in lifespan was seen as the ...

Ultrastructural studies were conducted in order to determine morphologic and functional differences in melanocytes and melanosomes in PUVA lentigines and solar lentigines, and light-protected buttock skin. Compared to melanocytes in solar lentigines from 7 subjects and light-protected buttock skin from 5 subjects (none of these subjects had received UV radiation ...

ISABELLE is a high-intensity 400-GeV proton-storage ring under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The radiation-protection problems encountered in its design are in many ways similar to those at high-energy fixed-target facilities: both the laboratory personnel nearby and the public several kilometers away must be appropriately protected from high-energy neutron ...

The composition of the radioiodine species that is released in a hospital by nuclear medical therapy is investigated. More than 90% are found to be organic iodine. This leads to a reduction of the calculated radiation exposure in the environment by more than a factor of ten with regard to ...

Laser radiation has been successfully applied in several areas of medical practice. However, its use in cardiology and specifically its effects on obstructive atherosclerosis have largely been unexplored. To evaluate effects of laser radiation on atherosclerotic plaques 25 fresh necropsy atherosclerotic coronary artery segments were exposed to laser radiation with ...

The literature contains a number of tabulations of conversion factors that permit the direct computation of dose equivalent to organs and tissues of the human body for exposure from external radiation sources. Notable among these are conversion factors normalized to external field quantities for full body exposure to monoenergetic photons, ...

Radiation safety is rapidly becoming a major concern of every patient. Poor understanding of ionizing radiation and its effects frequently heightens anxiety. The average United States resident receives about 125 mrem of radiation per year from natural background radiation and another 120 mrem from man-made sources. The 240 million x-ray ...

Radiation accidents may produce external or internal contamination with radionuclides, local or whole-body exposure to penetrating radiation, or a combination of these. Trauma and medical problems which require rapid diagnosis and treatment may accompany a radiation injury. The role of the medical technologist in the early post-injury period may include ...

The Radiation Registry of Physicians was established to study the biologic effects of prolonged occupational exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. Questionnaire responses from radiologists and a comparable group of medical specialists, pathologists, provided information about personal and familial exposure to medical radiation. This first report from the 1973 ...

To summarize, from preliminary observations on the possible effects of radioactive fall-out, it may be inferred that in addition to the secondary products of ionizing irradiation per se, the stable end-products of the transmutation of certain radionuclides may adversely influence cellular metabolism, including mutagenesis. The discussion of the possible role ...

Measurements have been made using an air sampler to measure airborne radioactivity produced during the routine handling of large activities of technetium-99m, iodine-125 and iodine-131. The results indicate that 99Tcm can be safely handled in environments without direct exhaust of the ventilated air but that 125I and 131I should always ...

Two airmen exposed to radio-frequency radiation 38 times above the Air Force permissible exposure level were medically evaluated for physical effects from exposure. Initial anxiety and hypertension were found, but these problems resolved with therapy. This case is reported with the hope that further research will be undertaken to understand ...

Open-ended rectangular waveguides, potentially useful as microwave antennas for medical diagnostics are described. Reflection coefficients have been measured for the waveguides fitted with standard flanges in contact with water and skin. Antenna matching to the tissue is discussed. Near-field radiation patterns in phantom solutions were measured to obtain operature and ...

The medical use of heat produced by microwave radiation is called microwave diathermy, which has been the subject of considerable study by FDA over the last few years. The lack of reliable safety controls on many of these machines to prevent possible overexposure of harmful radiation to patients is one ...

Temporary threshold shift (TTS) was studied in pop musicians as well as in listeners. It appears that TTS is less pronounced in pop musicians than in listeners. This can only in part be explained by slightly inferior hearing threshold levels than in the audience before exposure. Further, male listeners showed ...