Biochemical and bacteriological study of urine, nidus and chemical analysis of 100 calculi from 100 patients admitted in the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal from November, 1997 to October 1999 were done. About 47% of the cases had positive urine culture and nidus culture. Escherichia coli was the commonest ...

The renewed success of ancient atomism in the seventeenth century has baffled historians not only because of the lack of empirical evidence in its favor but also because of the exotic heterogeneity of the models that were proposed under its name. This essay argues that one of the more intriguing ...

Medical schools' long-awaited recognition of the varied contributions of their faculty has caused active dialogue and debate. The discourse centers on the best approach for incorporating a broader definition of scholarship, including professional service, into the traditional promotion and tenure processes. At the School of Medicine of the Uniformed Services ...

The term molecular biology was coined by Warren Weaver, a mathematician who was head of the natural sciences section of the Rockefeller Foundation, in his report to the president of the Foundation in 1938. The origins of the subject may be located in various places or periods, but Sir Peter ...

The character of early medieval medical manuscripts makes it difficult to generalize about the nature of medical knowledge in this period. In order to reconstitute one field of medical science, namely diagnosis and prognosis, while avoiding the pitfalls of unjustified generalization, this essay limits itself to reconstructing the understanding of ...

As the population ages and medical science advances, more and more patients with complex medical histories will be seeking care in private dental practices. This paper will review a variety of disease entities as well as potential drug interactions pertinent to the use of local anesthetic agents in medically complex ...

In this month's essay, Anne McLaren traces the winding and pitted pathways that connect the early days of the cell theory of biology in the 1830s to the new and unfolding era of cloning science and technology that came to worldwide attention in 1997 with the announcement of the birth ...

The nineteenth century witnessed many advances in neuroscientific concepts. Among the notable are Charles Bell's (1774-1842) and François Magendie's (1783-1855) identification of sensory and motor pathways, Thomas Henry Huxley's (1825-1895) elaboration of evolutionary theory in the context of comparative neuroanatomy, and Emile Du Bois-Reymond's (1818-1896) and Hermann von Helmholtz's (1821-1894) ...

In many ways, the practice of medicine has been a visual science from the time of the early Renaissance anatomists to the high-speed scanners of today. But images of patients and their anatomical parts do not necessarily lead to an understanding of their problems. Meaning must follow the sensory experience ...

Uremia is a chemical, toxic, potentially fatal condition. In a variable pattern, uremia ultimately kills almost every cell in the body. Uremia is produced by hundreds of diseases, both kidney and systemic (e.g., diabetes). These kinds of uremic conditions range from the acute and catastrophic to the slowly and moderately ...

BACKGROUND: During the 20th century medical education has been preoccupied largely with discussions of the venues and methods for teaching. Little attention has been paid to what should be learned about the scientific paradigm underlying research and practice. A 17th century model has gradually produced a technically efficient but increasingly ...

Informatics has a key characteristic of a new discipline in a technically transient environment--there is no universal definition of it. This is not surprising, given its complex and diverse nature. In a broad sense informatics is the interface between developing technologies and the decision sciences, in particular clinical sciences. Telemedicine ...

Cause-of-death as an established global medical institution faces its greatest challenge in the commonplace observation that the healthy do not necessarily survive and the diseased do not necessarily die. A logical analysis of the assumed relationships between disease and death provides some insights that allow questioning the taken-for-granted relationship between ...

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu is sometimes mentioned by both medical and literary historians as the introducer to England of smallpox inoculation. Usually, the story is garbled by confusion with Edward Jenner's later invention, vaccination. Some historians have rejected her claim, arguing that the credit belongs to the medical establishment of ...

Physician-scientists play a key role in bringing basic science advances anticipated in the new millennium to the bedside. However, the existence of such individuals is in jeopardy, the reasons for which are summarized in first part of this article. Solutions to this problem are suggested and specific recommendations are directed ...

Racism has been a particular focus of the history of Western medicine in colonial South Africa. Much of the research to date has paradoxically interpreted Western medicine as both a handmaiden of colonialism and as a racist gatekeeper to the benefits of Western medical science. This essay suggests that while ...

My generation has seen more progress in science and technology than all preceding generations together. We have also witnessed several intellectual, technological, medical and social revolutions spearheaded by the contraceptive revolution and followed by those in reproductive health, gender equity, information, communication, globalization, international assistance, etc. The results of the ...

While there is increasing pressure on scarce health care resources, advances in medical science have blurred the boundary between life and death. Individuals can survive for decades without consciousness and individuals whose whole brains are dead can be supported for extended periods. One suggested response is to redefine death, justifying ...

The emergence of new medical science in the mid-19th century was usually greeted with derision by "practical men" who saw their academic colleagues as elitist intellectuals whose work bore little or no relation to the rough-and-tumble aspects of patient care. This schism, which was nowhere greater than in the field ...

For decades it has been known that students who major in non-science fields perform as well as science majors who go to medical school. Yet the overwhelming majority of future medical students still major in biology or chemistry, and organic chemistry has come to be the defining premedical science course. ...

Microneurosurgery is Professor Yaşargil's legacy. Its impact on patient outcomes, surgeons' abilities, the field of neurosurgery in particular, and the art of surgery in general is great, profound, and everlasting. Professor Yaşargil led a revolution that has transformed neurosurgery into the fine art we practice today. His ingenuity, devotion, energy, ...

Nowadays Europe encompasses more than 30 countries. These countries differ in climate, in culture, in population density, in history, in socio-economic system and in the organization of medical care. Despite these differences there is a general trend of unification in politics, in industry and in science. In the field of ...

John Langdon Down was the son of a village grocer. Born in Torpoint, Cornwall, in 1828, he was the 6th child of religious parents. He worked in the family business until he was 18 years old and he then qualified as a pharmacist before ultimately entering medical school at the ...

This paper aims to show how medical scientists may use metaphor in ways closely parallel to poets. Those who believe metaphor has any role at all in science may describe its use in various ways. Associationists think metaphors are based upon likenesses, and collapse the notions of model and metaphor ...

This paper reviews the author's experience in becoming a medical sociologist before the field had become formalized. The contributions to medical sociology of sociologist Selden D. Bacon and physician and medical educator William R. Willard are described. The relationship of medical sociology to medical behavioral science, as experienced at the ...

Nagoya Journal of Medical Science, 62(1-2), 1999, p. 39-45

It is commonly thought that the horrific medical abuses occurring during the era of the Third Reich were limited to fringe physicians acting in extreme locales such as the concentration camps. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that there was a widespread perversion of medical practice and science that extended ...

This paper is the report of a meeting held in Geneva under the auspices of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) on 27-28 October 1998. It contains definitions of terms used in reporting adverse drug reactions of the system-organ classes clinical pathology and general disorders, and basic ...

The therapeutic role of general practitioners (GPs) is one that, over the years, has slowly diminished with the growing fashion for evidence-based medicine. However, it is clear that the art of healing and the strength of the doctor-patient relationship play a vital role in improving the well-being of patients. This ...

In the light of insights drawn from historical sociology and Parsons' theory of differentiation/modernization, an attempt is made to conceptualize modernity in such a way as to avoid both eurocentrism and the total rejection of the concept by those who view it as an ideological means for the further advancement ...

There has been intense debate about medical curriculum reform since the early 1950s. The last 25 years have seen a steady shift ward problem-based learning curriculum design in schools of medicine and allied health sciences. This trend has been less challenging for clinical departments than for departments of basic science, ...

Perceptions are often merely regarded as the basic elements of knowledge. They have, however, a complex structure of their own and are far from being elementary. My paper will analyze two basic patterns of perception and some of the resulting medical implications. Most basically, all object perception is characterized by ...

The traveller Nicholas Senn, visited India in the early part of this century, to make detailed enquiries about the development of medical science, general education and to obtain proficiency in the professions and arts. According to him revolutionary changes were taking place day to day in research and discoveries in ...

Coleridge has been seen by some not so much as a poet spoiled by philosophy, but as a philosopher who was also a poet. It could be argued that his major endeavor was an attempt to save the life sciences form the mechanistic interpretation which he saw as the outcome ...

The intellectual renaissance of the closing decades of the sixteenth century provided the fertile ground in which the budding spirit of scientific inquiry emerged in the seventeenth century. Direct observation, soon augmented by instrumentation that allowed for quantification and, therefore, verification, became the revelatory medium for the progress of the ...

An examination of the early history of Nobel Committee deliberations, coupled with a survey of discoveries for which prizes have been awarded to date--and, equally revealing, discoveries for which prizes have not been awarded--reveals a pattern. This pattern suggests that Committee members may have internalized the received, biomedical model and ...

The discovery of radium by Pierre and Marie Curie in December 1898 opened a new era in science and within a few years provided medicine with a new means of tumor treatment. Their personal contribution to the start and early development of clinical applications should not be overlooked. The Curies ...

Henri Becquerel presented the discovery of radium by Pierre and Marie Curie at the Paris Academy of Science on 26th December 1898. One century later, radium has been abandoned, mainly for radiation protection difficulties. It is, however, likely that modern techniques of brachytherapy have inherited to those designed for radium ...

Of all medical sciences in Slovenia, occupational medicine has the longest tradition. It is not a mere coincidence that it had developed already at the beginning of 18th century in Idria. The Mercury mine in Idria, is the second largest European mine of its kind, next to the Spanish Almaden, ...

Aristotle described the earth as a cold and dry body and paid no attention to the phenomenon of terrestrial heat. Renaissance physicians, by contrast, when seeking to understand the origin of hot springs in the context of their balneological studies, came to defend a theory of subterranean fires. This tradition, ...

Medical informatics is an interdisciplinary field that deals with the intellectual activities; information management; and communication tasks of medical practice, basic science and clinical research, and medical education. By projecting the future of medical informatics as it specifically relates to applications in end-stage renal disease, this report focuses on some ...

Focusing on symptom classification and on the outcome of somatic interventions, Berrios and Shorter challenge the social constructionist and anti-psychiatry tendencies that have framed the writing of the history of psychiatry for the past quarter-century. Contextualizing clinical interventions, these studies point out the value of examining the proposition that practitioners ...

The development of positron emission tomography (PET) illustrates how advances in basic science translates into benefits for human beings. In 1930 Ernest Lawrence and co-workers conceived of the cyclotron. By 1938 Lawrence, Livingston, et al had designed a "medical cyclotron." The subsequent production of C-11, N-13, O-15, and F-18 found ...

Early Roman medicine was a mixture of religion and witchcraft, but as time went by, it became more influenced by the Greek medical sciences, which were more developed. The most famous Greek physician during the Roman period was Galen (129-200 AD). In the 4th century A. D. The Byzantine physicians ...

The use of x-ray in the solution of forensic problems commenced within days of Röntgen's discovery; indeed, most of the applications of radiology to the forensic sciences were accomplished or anticipated within the next two years. The scope of forensic radiology ranges widely and includes determination of identity, evaluation of ...

Cholera has now lasted for about 6 months in our hilly region in Mwanza, Tanzania. The heavy rains coupled with the poor sanitary conditions and sewage disposal system have worsened the situation. The pit latrines used by the majority of low-income people are either not adequately and properly used for ...

Ours is the age of science and technology. The conclusions of modern medical science and theories are derived from experimental research developed since the last century by the life sciences, with the methods of the exact and physical sciences, and the invaluable aid of technology. This paper compares past systems ...

Relatively few countries have legislation addressing oocyte donation. Where such legislation does exist it is entirely in the context of broader legislation concerned with the regulation of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or assisted reproduction more generally. Within Western Europe only nine countries so far have passed Acts addressing assisted reproduction. These ...

At the heart of medical science is the responsibility for investigators and practitioners to use the scientific method to seek and apply new knowledge to better understand the mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. At times it is difficult to differentiate hypothesis or speculation from documented fact. This essay ...

Medical thinkers in China visualized the liver in microcosmal and macrocosmal terms. An anatomical tradition did not exist, hence the liver was described grossly in broad outline. It was recognized as being functionally important in the movement of qi (vital energy) and storage of xue ('blood'). The liver corresponded to ...