The interplay between surgery and dramatic literature in the plays of Shakespeare is reviewed. This review attempts to explore medical references in Shakespeare's works and to analyse the medical and social background of his time. Caution should be taken in interpreting Shakespeare's works through a modern medical view; diseases and ...

Unappreciated during his career and largely uncelebrated today, Ernest A. Codman made profound contributions to medical practice and outcomes research. The origin of the present emphasis on evidence-based medicine began with Codman and his "end result" idea. Codman's ideas, courage, and persistence played a critical role in the transition from ...

This article explores the nature of the 12 anatomy departments in Australian and New Zealand medical schools. The transformation of these departments from medically oriented to science-oriented ones is examined. Contemporary trends in staffing, research emphases, and teaching methodologies are discussed, and recent developments in medical curricula reviewed. The relationship ...

There has been a modern epidemic of heart attacks in the western world, and this paper is concerned with this 'new' medical condition and how it arose. Two competing theories are commonly proposed, relating either to conventional accounts of medical science, or to social construction. Whilst recognising that aspects of ...

Coartemether is a fixed 1:6 ratio of artemether and lumefantrine (benflumetol), a joint development between Novartis Pharma and the Academy of Military Medical Sciences (Beijing, China). It is well tolerated and has a high efficacy against uncomplicated and drug resistant falciparum malaria by oral administration. The preclinical profile of coartemether ...

RAMS, Siberian Branch, has been actively participating for the last 25 years in elaboration and realization of numerous scientifically applied programs aimed at improving diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of the most widespread diseases among the Native and newcoming populations of the Russian Far North (Taimyr, Yakutia, and Chukotka). The medical ...

Medical science occupies a peculiar status in American life. On the one hand, people often view medical science as a privileged and authoritative body of knowledge that transcends other kinds of knowledge. On the other hand, medical-scientific authority can be easily conjured from the popular symbols of science, e.g., credentials, ...

On the occasion of the 95th anniversary of the discovery of the first hormone, the definition and use of terms "hormone" and "second messenger" are discussed. The term "hormonology" is proposed to denote the fundamental science of hormones. The combined session in 1950 of the Academy of Sciences and the ...

This paper relates the history leading to the validation of the Institute of Medical Illustrators (IMI) Diploma as a part-time, work-based, Bachelor of Science Degree by Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU) on the 11th June 1996. It also outlines a description of the structure and content of this degree programme. The ...

In 1986, immediately after the Chernobyl accident, the USSR Ministry of Health adopted a large scale programme of establishing an All-Union Distributed Registry of persons affected by radiation due to the accident. The registry was based at the Medical Radiological Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (MRRC ...

At the end of World War II, medical students in Japan knew that the United States of America were the world leaders in medical science, and they dreamed of establishing such a rational and pragmatic brand of medicine in their own country. As the number of motor vehicle accidents increased ...

It is my contention in this paper that the bioethical landscape is closely linked to the model of health and disease with which we work, as scientists or as medical practitioners. The Human Genome Project is the logical extension of the dissection process, which has constituted the history of medical ...

There has been increasing criticism of medical basic science teaching; much of this has focused on overcrowding of the curriculum, inadequate application to clinical medicine, and the limited commitment of the faculty to teach. We have analyzed some of the factors that may contribute to these complaints, such as the ...

Sir Austin Bradford Hill (1897-1991), son of a prominent medical physiologist, was destined for the study of medicine when World War I intervened. He chase to enlist as a pilot in the Royal Navy Air Service. Having contracted tuberculosis on his way to the Dardanelles, Hill was 'sent home to ...

The history of cardiology encompasses some of the most revered names in medical history, many belonging to physicians who have advanced knowledge beyond their time. However, there have been countless others whose work in the basic sciences has paid large dividends to clinical cardiology. The original example of such an ...

As a result of international nomenclatures being in Latin, with the terms usually being undefined and translated into national vernacular languages, the same terms have been used in different ways in different countries. Fascia is an example of this, the limits of the meaning of the word differing in English-, ...

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) published his book, On Vision and the Colors in 1816. He started from Aristotle's linear color system and Goethe's three pairs of contrast colors. His work preceded Hering's theory of opponent colors but his path to insight was blocked by his anti-Newtonianism and his neo-Hellenistic attitude toward ...

Integrating basic medical sciences such as pharmacology, into the teaching of medical students is not easy. The material usually provided through lectures and laboratories seems irrelevant to the practice of clinical medicine. The essence of pharmacology can be gleaned from the aphorism: Drug MEETS Body; Body MEETS Drug. The central ...

A new generation of intelligent systems is growing up in the community of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. The main goal of these systems is the representation and use of real theory of diseases, as they are represented in medical textbooks or in scientific articles, rather than the heuristic shortcuts of ...

The aim of this paper is to emphasize the distinction between basic medical science (and reasoning) and clinical science (and reasoning) in order to illuminate some basic philosophical and cognitive issues in medical education. The Kunhian concept of exemplar refers to the field of growth of scientific knowledge and in ...

Nagoya Journal of Medical Science, 59(3-4), 1996, p. 97-105

It is very important for those involved in military medicine to understand the difference between fratricide, accidents, and other causes of wounding. The military medical care provider is often considered an authority on wounding. This is usually not the case. The three examples discussed in this paper illustrate some of ...

As the numbers of identified viruses increase, it is expected that one of the classifications of medications receiving a great deal of attention is the antivirals. To understand the difficulty in developing these medications, the nurse must understand some of the basic principles underlying the way viruses develop, multiply, and ...

Epidemiology is a small but not unimportant field in medicine. It has a clear identity and special spirit. It is a science that has to avoid methodologic dogmatism. It is a science that is strongly dependent upon collaboration with medical practice and basic medical science. And it is a science ...

One of the most difficult problems in twentieth-century medical education has been finding ways to successfully integrate the basic and applied sciences into the medical curriculum. Not only have medical students regarded basic sciences such as physics and biochemistry with distaste, but these subjects traditionally have been taught by pure ...

The term "race" has many definitions, ranging from a family unit to a species, but in common and medical usage, defining "race" has meant separating Homo sapiens into three to six groups. This division of Homo sapiens into race taxons started in the 18th century, when the sciences of genetics ...

Commenting on a paper by Van Bemmel (Medical Informatics, Art or Science? [1]), the following questions are raised: What is the meaning of medical informatics?, How to systematize medical informatics?, is medical informatics an art, a science or a technology?. It is argued that medical informatics is concerned with the ...

The basic scientist in a clinical department is a relatively recent phenomenon in the long course of the development of academic medicine. It came about as a response to the enormous growth in medical and scientific knowledge in comparatively recent times, coupled with the relative inability of medically educated clinicians ...

FDI World has featured the atraumatic restorative technique on several occasions. In this article, Dr. Adenike A. Adewakun of the School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences at the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, describes a workshop which took place to introduce the concept and practicalities of ...

Entrainment is a phenomenon that has come to have considerable utility in cardiac electro-physiology diagnosis and treatment; specifically, to identify a zone of slow conduction in a reentrant circuit, a zone hypothetically vulnerable to intervention from the application of RF energy. The observation of entrainment has gone through an evolutionary ...

The informational content of histopathological reports generated between 1985 and 1995 was assessed. This showed an exponential rise over the past five years. It is postulated that this has arisen from developments in medical science and demands from clinical colleagues. This increase in workload is not addressed by present methods ...

This paper examines the introduction of European anatomy to Japan via translated medical texts in the eighteenth century. It argues how detailed illustrations of the body found in the texts presented a new discourse by which to objectify and control the body, and new metaphors and analogies by which to ...

Although the Cleveland family is well known in the profession for the two colleges that carry its name, relatively few of the details of the early activities of these chiropractic pioneers are recalled. This paper traces the early lives and careers of Ruth Ashworth and Carl S. Cleveland, Sr. from ...

Legal medicine in Turkey, has an educational background that goes back to 1839 and the first autopsy in modern terms was performed in 1841. In the early days, it was common practice for those involved in this work to extend their investigative knowledge into areas not directly concerned with medical ...

This paper examines three 'innovations in acumoxa' (zhenjiu) that were promulgated by the Chinese government during the Maoist periods of the Great Leap Forward (1958-61) and the Cultural Revolution (1966-76): acupuncture analgesia (zhenjiu mazui), scalp acupuncture (touzhen) and ear acupuncture (erzhen). They all bear features of Chinese and Western medical ...

This article presents a theoretical model that outlines various possible explanations for the healing effects of prayer. Four classes of mechanisms are defined on the basis of whether healing has naturalistic or supernatural origins and whether it operates locally or nonlocally. Through this framework, most of the currently proposed hypotheses ...

This paper presents an argument for more extensive use of single-case experimental research designs in medical education research. Single-case experimental designs consist of a group of experimental techniques that are widely used in the social sciences but are just beginning to be utilized by medical researchers. The method emphasizes reliable ...

Indigenous Medical wisdom in India known as Ayurveda goes back to a hoary past. We find references in Vedas not only to medical science but to various drugs also. The medico-historical review of Khadira (Acasia Catechu linn.) including the historical perspectives, identity, varieties, formulae and therapeutic usage etc. is presented ...

Pre-clinical medical students are often unconvinced that the basic sciences are clinically valuable. Also, they are hesitant about formulating ideas on their own from non-textbook sources. First-year medical students taking histology or neurobiology were persuaded to consult articles from the current biomedical literature. I set brief short-answer and labeled-sketch questions ...

Despite powerful opposition, natural medicine (NM) has achieved a toe-hold in the state-run biomedical system in the Slovak Republic. The physician-leader of the NM movement hopes to leverage his ministerial post as NM 'supreme expert' and his interlocking NM clinical and research facilities to achieve a complex, unified health care ...

Medicine and medical practice have undergone dramatic changes in the recent past. Technological advances have exceeded the norms of social thought (e.g., frozen embryos, surrogate motherhood, assisted suicide, and the right to die), and there has been a loss of professional control of the provision of medical services because of ...

This paper describes the roles and responsibilities of the associate director for medical education at the Primary Care Resource Center (PCRC), School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo (UB). The PCRC was established to increase the number of UB medical school graduates who selected ...

Medical geography is slowly including more social and cultural theory in its analysis of health issues. Yet there is still room for theoretical growth in the discipline, in areas such as historical inquiry, metaphoric landscapes of disease, and the role of disease and its interpretations in the production of place. ...

Testimonials of miraculous healing offered by Lubavitch Hasidim evoke images of exile and restitution which derive from Kabbalistic texts. Mediated practically through the person of the Rebbe, these testimonials articulate both immediate affliction and ultimate meaning, physical embodiment as well as symbolic representation, each constituting the other. Both Kabbalah and ...

We studied a wide variety of medical publications to find out whether late-nineteenth-century nervous or hysterial vomiting was clinically consistent with modern bulima nervosa. Since modern diagnostic criteria of bulimia nervosa my be time- and culture-bound, we made use of adapted criteria, focusing on the more overt, physical and behavioural ...

Since the time of Hippocrates, medical science sought to develop a practice based on "knowledge rather than opinion". However, in the light of recent alternative approaches to healing and a philosophy of science that, through thinkers like Kuhn, Rorty, and Foucault, is critical of claims to objective truth, we must ...

There is currently an unrecognized chapter in medical illnesses, occurring in living human beings, that defies recognition in explaining the diseases' origin and growth, and failing accurately to account for the pathophysiology involved. It is pertinent, therefore, to alert medical science, based upon facts as uncovered by my research studies ...

Imagine medical schools faced with applicants who know or care little about science because they are the products of an educational system that did not motivate them to take an interest in the subject. Now imagine what kind of physicians they would be if they managed to get into medical ...

Nagoya Journal of Medical Science, 58(1-2), 1995, p. 13-28

Ancient Egypt was one of the greatest civilizations to have arisen, becoming the cradle of scientific enquiry and social development over 3 millennia; undoubtedly its knowledge of medicine has been vastly underestimated. Few artefacts survive which describe the medical organization, but from the extent of the diseases afflicting that ancient ...